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Psicologia, Reflexao E Critica :... Jun 2024Body image is the mental representation of the body and can be influenced by cognitive, biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental factors. University... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Body image is the mental representation of the body and can be influenced by cognitive, biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental factors. University students often encounter challenges related to it.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review examined interventions aimed at holistically developing a positive body image within this population.
METHODS
The PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICO method were employed to identify, select, assess, and synthesize studies. The consulted databases included Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO, with inclusion criteria targeting body image interventions for university students aged 18 to 39. Study quality was evaluated using the QATSDD tool.
RESULTS
Twenty-one relevant studies were identified, primarily from the United States, mostly employing quantitative methods, with a focus on female participants. Various intervention strategies were utilized, including cognitive-behavioral approaches, media literacy, and physical/resistance training, with a growing use of technology like mobile applications. The majority of studies reported effective outcomes, such as reduced body dissatisfaction and increased self-esteem following interventions. Nevertheless, literature gaps were identified, such as the scarcity of formative interventions and limited use of qualitative approaches.
CONCLUSION
While technology in interventions offers promising opportunities, careful assessments and judicious selection of evaluation instruments are fundamental for reliable results. Future research should focus on addressing identified gaps, such as exploring more formative interventions and incorporating qualitative methodologies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of body image interventions among university students.
PubMed: 38913140
DOI: 10.1186/s41155-024-00307-0 -
ENeurologicalSci Jun 2024Intractable hiccups, persisting beyond 48 h, pose a clinical challenge, particularly in demyelinating diseases like Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) and Multiple Sclerosis...
BACKGROUND
Intractable hiccups, persisting beyond 48 h, pose a clinical challenge, particularly in demyelinating diseases like Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Understanding the complex neural pathways of the hiccup reflex and the impact of high-dose steroid therapy is crucial for managing this rare but distressing symptom. The hiccup reflex involves afferents from the vagus, phrenic, and sympathetic nerves, with the reflex center in the anterior horns at the C3 to 5 level and the medulla oblongata. The potential interplay between demyelination and corticosteroid therapy in triggering persistent hiccups requires exploration.
CASE REPORT
This case report details a 21-year-old male with undiagnosed demyelinating disorder, presenting persistent hiccups following high-dose steroid therapy for an acute disease flare. The patient's history included vertigo and progressive neurological symptoms, leading to an MS diagnosis with significant brain and spinal lesions. Persistent hiccups, initiated by steroid administration, were recurrent but responsive to metoclopramide after other measures failed.
DISCUSSION
The discussion centers on investigating the cause of hiccups in a patient with demyelination following steroid administration. Steroids' impact on neurological systems, including neurotransmitter function, and the potential disruption of neurological pathways due to demyelination may contribute to hiccups. Successful hiccup resolution with metoclopramide suggests a potential pharmacological approach for corticosteroid-induced hiccups in demyelinating diseases. This case emphasizes the need for further research into the intricate relationship between demyelination, steroid therapy, and hiccups to enhance management strategies for this uncommon yet impactful symptom.
PubMed: 38911508
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2024.100509 -
Cureus May 2024Atlantoaxial dislocations (AAD) are a diverse set of C1-C2 rotatory subluxations that include the inferior and superior axial facet articulations. C1-C2 segments are...
Atlantoaxial dislocations (AAD) are a diverse set of C1-C2 rotatory subluxations that include the inferior and superior axial facet articulations. C1-C2 segments are both covered by cranial-cervical ligaments, indicating that AAD would damage both joints. Whenever the posterior elements are missing or impaired, lateral mass screw fixation has replaced alternative posterior cervical fixation procedures as the preferred treatment for securing the sub-axial cervical spine. An increase in muscle tone, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes, digit/hand clumsiness, and gait deviations caused by spinal cord compression at the cervical level are the most common clinical features. A 23-year-old female patient came with the chief complaint of weakness, tingling sensation, and numbness in both upper and lower limbs along with imbalance while walking. She had a history of falls which was managed conservatively. As the symptoms progressed, an MRI, a CT scan, and an X-ray of the neck were done to rule out the level of injury which revealed AAD, and the patient was operated on for C1-C2 lateral mass fixation. Post-operatively, the patient was referred to the physiotherapy department for further management. The patient's quality of life and daily functioning were positively affected after undergoing early intervention as measured by the Functional Independence Measure, Neck Disability Index, Berg Balance Scale, and Dynamic Gait Index.
PubMed: 38910634
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60913 -
BMC Public Health Jun 2024With an increasing number of grandparents providing care to their grandchildren, calls have been made for these caregivers to be considered important stakeholders in...
BACKGROUND
With an increasing number of grandparents providing care to their grandchildren, calls have been made for these caregivers to be considered important stakeholders in encouraging children's engagement in health-promoting behaviors, such as physical activity. Understanding the perspectives of grandparents who provide care is crucial to informing efforts that aim to increase children's physical activity, yet little is understood about their perceptions of specific barriers and enablers to promoting children's physical activity and reducing screen time. The present study sought to explore these perceptions.
METHODS
Semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with grandparents who reported providing care to a grandchild aged 3 to 14 years. A total of 20 grandparents were sampled (mean age = 67.8 years). Data were subjected to reflexive thematic analysis.
RESULTS
Key reported barriers to physical activity included (i) the effort (physical and logistical) and financial cost associated with organizing physical activities, (ii) grandparents' age and mobility issues (e.g., due to injury or illness), (iii) caring for children of different ages (e.g., older children having different physical activity interests than younger children), and (iv) a local environment that is not conducive to physical activity (e.g., lack of appropriate facilities). Barriers to reducing screen time included (i) parents sending children to care with electronic devices and (ii) children's fear of missing out on social connection that occurs electronically. Strategies and enablers of physical activity included (i) integrating activity into caregiving routines (e.g., walking the dog), (ii) involving grandchildren in decision making (e.g., asking them in which physical activities they wish to engage), (iii) encouraging grandchildren to engage in activity with other children, and (iv) creating a physical and social environment that supports activity (e.g., owning play equipment). A common strategy for reducing screen time was the creation of a home environment that is not conducive to this activity (e.g., removing electronic devices from view).
CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that grandparents may benefit from resources that assist them to identify activities that are inexpensive and require minimal effort to organize. Activities that account for grandparents' age and health status, as well as any environmental barriers, are likely to be well-received.
Topics: Humans; Grandparents; Child; Female; Male; Focus Groups; Aged; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Qualitative Research; Australia; Screen Time; Health Promotion; Middle Aged; Intergenerational Relations; Exercise; Interviews as Topic; Motor Activity; Adult
PubMed: 38909205
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19178-2 -
BMJ Open Jun 2024The underdevelopment of preterm infants can lead to delayed progression through key early milestones. Demonstration of safe oral feeding skills, constituting proper...
INTRODUCTION
The underdevelopment of preterm infants can lead to delayed progression through key early milestones. Demonstration of safe oral feeding skills, constituting proper suck-swallow reflex are requirements for discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to ensure adequate nutrition acquisition. Helping an infant develop these skills can be draining and emotional for both families and healthcare staff involved in the care of preterm infants with feeding difficulties. Currently, there are no systematic reviews evaluating both family and healthcare team perspectives on aspects of oral feeding. Thus, we first aim to evaluate the current knowledge surrounding the perceptions, experiences and needs of families with preterm babies in the context of oral feeding in the NICU. Second, we aim to evaluate the current knowledge surrounding the perceptions, experiences and needs of healthcare providers (physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, dietitians, speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists) in the context of oral feeding in the NICU.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
A literature search will be conducted in multiple electronic databases from their inception, including PubMed, CINHAL, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials and PsycINFO. No restrictions will be applied based on language or data of publication. Two authors will screen the titles and abstracts and then review the full text for the studies' inclusion in the review. The data will be extracted into a pilot-tested data collection sheet by three independent authors. To evaluate the quality, reliability and relevance of the included studies, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist will be used. The overall evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. We will report the results of the systematic review by following the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the synthesis of Qualitative research checklist.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
Ethical approval of this project is not required as this is a systematic review using published and publicly available data and will not involve contact with human subjects. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42023479288.
Topics: Humans; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Infant, Newborn; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Infant, Premature; Qualitative Research; Health Personnel; Family; Research Design
PubMed: 38908851
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084884 -
Neuropeptides Jun 2024Previous research has demonstrated that basal forebrain (BF) regulates arousal during propofol anesthesia. However, as the BF comprises cholinergic neurons alongside two...
Previous research has demonstrated that basal forebrain (BF) regulates arousal during propofol anesthesia. However, as the BF comprises cholinergic neurons alongside two other types of neurons, the specific role of cholinergic neurons has not been definitively elucidated. In our study, calcium signal imaging was utilized to monitor the real-time activities of cholinergic neurons in the BF during propofol anesthesia. Additionally, we selectively stimulated these neurons to investigate EEG and behavioral responses during propofol anesthesia. Furthermore, we specifically lesioned cholinergic neurons in the BF to investigate the sensitivity to propofol and the induction time. The results revealed that propofol suppressed calcium signals of cholinergic neurons within the BF following intraperitoneal injection. Notably, upon recovery of the righting reflex, the calcium signals partially recovered. Spectral analysis of the EEG elucidated that optical stimulation of cholinergic neurons led to a decrease in δ power underlie propofol anesthesia. Conversely, depletion of cholinergic neurons in the BF enhanced sensitivity to propofol and shortened the induction time. These findings clarify the role of cholinergic neurons in the anesthesia-arousal process, as well as the depth and the sensitivity of propofol anesthesia.
PubMed: 38908356
DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102449 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... Jun 2024Malignant melanoma is a highly invasive tumor with very poor prognosis. Common metastases of MM are noted in lungs, Central nervous system, liver, lymph nodes and...
INTRODUCTION
Malignant melanoma is a highly invasive tumor with very poor prognosis. Common metastases of MM are noted in lungs, Central nervous system, liver, lymph nodes and isolated spinal metastases are extremely rare. To our knowledge only one case of isolated lumbar spinal metastases of MM was reported.
CASE PRESENTATION
An 80-year-old female presented with pain at upper thoracic spine and progressive weakness of bilateral lower limbs. She gives history of recurrent MM of nose, for which she underwent excision of tumor twice. On examination she had spastic gait with exaggerated lower limb reflexes and lower limb motor grade of 3/5. The MRI scan of thoracic spine revealed lobulated enhancing mass involving the right half of the T3 vertebral body and corresponding posterior elements. The patient underwent palliative spinal decompression and excision of tumor. Histopathology confirmed MM. The PET scan done post operatively ruled out any other sites of metastases.
DISCUSSION
Though the incidence of isolated manifestation of spinal metastases of MM is extremely rare, clinical suspicion and advanced imaging can help to diagnose early. The treatment strategy should be guided by current neurological status, nature of the tumor, presence of mechanical instability and patient's fitness to undergo surgical intervention.
CONCLUSION
Patient diagnosed with MM should be closely followed up even in absence of any recurrence at the primary site. Surgical decompression can improve neurological symptoms and decrease pain to improve quality of life even at advanced stage of the disease.
PubMed: 38908160
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109921 -
PLOS Global Public Health 2024Humanitarian health actors are beginning to better consider and manage non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, in emergency and protracted crisis settings. However,...
Humanitarian health actors are beginning to better consider and manage non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, in emergency and protracted crisis settings. However, a focus on the more globally prevalent type 2 diabetes (T2D) dominates. Blind spots prevail in the unmet needs for type 1 diabetes (T1D), a chronic autoimmune condition where individuals are unable to produce insulin, thereby dependent on lifelong insulin therapy and blood glucose management. Although some T1D management requirements overlap with those of T2D, the immediate risk of fatal complications following insulin therapy disruption, the earlier age of onset during childhood, adolescence or young adulthood, and its lower prevalence compared to T2D within communities and local health systems mean that T1D requires nuanced consideration and targeted interventions. Intending to inform program and policy design for people with T1D (PWT1D), we synthesized themes of lived experience from PLWT1D and their caregivers, and the tacit working knowledge of health providers and policymakers in the context of local humanitarian operations. Through a strategic search of health databases (up to July 2023), we identified 11 articles that include interview excerpts from PWT1D, caregivers, healthcare providers and policymakers about T1D management in humanitarian settings. We used reflexive thematic analysis to guide data extraction, coding, and synthesis, resulting in the identification of four overarching themes: food and insulin security, family relations, knowledge translation, and response to diagnosis. The narratives highlight harsh trade-offs made by PWT1D and their families in the face of insulin and food insecurity, as well as the damaging impact of low T1D education in families, communities and health systems. Targeted family and community-based solutions are urgently required, alongside systemic reforms and international collaboration to enable better T1D coping and management in humanitarian settings.
PubMed: 38905318
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003027