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Open Forum Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Rhinoviruses (RVs) are among the most frequently detected viruses from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infections, being classified into RV-A, RV-B,...
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are among the most frequently detected viruses from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infections, being classified into RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C (4 clades: C, GAC1, GAC2, and A2). This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and respiratory tract illness severity between the RV species and RV-C clades in children in primary care and hospital settings in rural communities in the Philippines.
METHODS
Clinical samples and information of children <5 years old in the Philippines were collected from 2014 to 2016. The samples were tested by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the 5'-untranslated region. PCR-positive samples were sequenced, and RV species were identified by phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
Overall, 3680 respiratory tract illness episodes in 1688 cohort children were documented; 713 of those were RV positive and identified as RV-A (n = 271), RV-B (n = 47), and RV-C (n = 395: C [n = 76], GAG1 [n = 172], GAG2 [n = 8], A2 [n = 138], and unidentified [n = 1]). Severe illnesses, low oxygen saturation, cough, and wheezing were more common in patients with RV-C, especially with GAC1, than in those with RV-A or RV-B. Furthermore, severe illness was significantly more common in RV-C (GAC1)-positive cases than in RV-A-positive cases (odds ratio, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.17-4.13]).
CONCLUSIONS
Children infected with RV-C had more severe illnesses than children infected with RV-A and RV-B. Moreover, emerging clades of RV-C were associated with increased severity.
PubMed: 36267245
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac387 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Jan 2023We determine the presence and diversity of rhinoviruses in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 248 individuals who presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) at a...
We determine the presence and diversity of rhinoviruses in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 248 individuals who presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) at a university clinic in the Southwest United States between October 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021. We identify at least 13 rhinovirus genotypes (A11, A22, A23, A25, A67, A101, B6, B79, C1, C17, C36, and C56, as well a new genotype [AZ88**]) and 16 variants that contributed to the burden of ILI in the community. We also describe the complete capsid protein gene of a member (AZ88**) of an unassigned rhinovirus A genotype.
Topics: Humans; Rhinovirus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Universities; Picornaviridae Infections; Enterovirus Infections; Virus Diseases; Genotype
PubMed: 36168937
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13057 -
Viruses Aug 2022Rhinoviruses (RV) account for a significant number of asthma exacerbations, and RV species C may be associated with a severe course in vulnerable patient groups. Despite...
Rhinoviruses (RV) account for a significant number of asthma exacerbations, and RV species C may be associated with a severe course in vulnerable patient groups. Despite important evidence on the role of RV reported by clinicians and life scientists, there are still unanswered questions regarding their influence on asthma exacerbation in young patients. Thus, we measured the RVspecies-specific IgG titers in our German pediatric exacerbation cohort using a microarray-based technology. For this approach, human sera of patients with exacerbated asthma and wheeze, as well as healthy control subjects ( = 136) were included, and correlation analyses were performed. Concordantly with previously published results, we observed significantly higher cumulative levels of RV species A-specific IgG ( = 0.011) and RV-C-specific IgG ( = 0.051) in exacerbated asthma group compared to age-matched controls. Moreover, atopic wheezers had increased RV-specific IgG levels for species A ( = 0.0011) and species C ( = 0.0009) compared to non-atopic wheezers. Hypothesizing that bacterial infection positively correlates with immune memory against RV, we included nasopharyngeal swab results in our analyses and detected limited correlations. Interestingly, the eosinophil blood titer positively correlated with RV-specific IgG levels. With these observations, we add important observations to the existing data regarding exacerbation in pediatric and adolescent medicine. We propose that scientists and clinicians should pay more attention to the relevance of RV species in susceptible pediatric patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Antibody Formation; Asthma; Child; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 36146664
DOI: 10.3390/v14091857 -
Cureus Mar 2022The occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in pediatric patients is considered a rare complication that can follow certain viral infections in a syndrome better defined as...
The occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in pediatric patients is considered a rare complication that can follow certain viral infections in a syndrome better defined as virus-associated rhabdomyolysis. In this research, we will present the case of a ten-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with chief complaints of severe bilateral leg pain and inability to walk. Furthermore, the patient complained of dysphagia for both solid and liquid along with dark-colored urine. Initial investigations showed an increase in creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), and liver enzymes. Additionally, urine analysis was obtained with positive traces of blood, protein, and white blood cell. X-ray was ordered with no significant finding. Finally, the diagnosis was reached in accordance to the results of the respiratory panel multiplex (PCR) as the third case of rhinovirus-induced rhabdomyolysis. He was treated with isotonic intravenous fluids, and he was discharged on hospital day 20 with a CK of 2062 IU/L. The patient was discharged fully recovered, was able to stand and walk alone, and with no complications. In this third to be reported case of rhinovirus-induced rhabdomyolysis, we aim to increase the knowledge among the general pediatric field regarding the possible presentation and treatment of any similar case.
PubMed: 35371843
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22784 -
Archives of Virology Apr 2022Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5'...
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and the VP4/VP2 region are widely used for genotyping of HRVs. Members of the species Rhinovirus A and Rhinovirus C have been reported to be more frequently associated with severe disease than members of the species Rhinovirus B. We report the clinical and molecular epidemiological characteristics of HRVs circulating from 2012 to 2020 in Shanghai. A total of 5832 nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with acute respiratory infections were collected. A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used for virus detection. The 5' untranslated region and VP4/VP2 region were amplified and sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The overall rate of rhinovirus detection was 2.74% (160/5832), with members of species A, B, and C accounting for 68.13% (109/160), 20.00% (32/160), and 11.88% (19/160) of the total, respectively. A peak of HRV infection was observed in autumn (5.34%, 58/1087). Patients in the 3- to 14-year-old age group were the most susceptible to HRV infection (χ = 23.88, P = 0.017). Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected more frequently than other pathogens in cases of coinfection. Recombination events were identified in 10 strains, which were successfully genotyped by phylogenetic analysis based on the 5' UTR-VP4/VP2 region but not the 5' UTR region alone. We observed a high degree of variability in the relative distribution of HRV genotypes and the prevalence of HRV infection in Shanghai and found evidence of recombination events in the portion of the genome containing the 5' UTR and the VP4/VP2 region between HRV-C strains and HRV-A-like strains. This study is important for surveillance of the spread of HRVs and the emergence of new variants.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35303167
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05405-x -
International Journal of Infectious... May 2022Rhinoviruses are commonly considered simple "common cold" agents. The link between their molecular epidemiology and patient clinical presentation and outcomes remains...
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses are commonly considered simple "common cold" agents. The link between their molecular epidemiology and patient clinical presentation and outcomes remains unclear in adult populations.
MATERIALS/METHODS
All nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavages were screened using multiplex PCR in 3 Parisian hospitals from January 2018 to September 2018. For all detected rhinoviruses, the VP2/VP4 region was subtyped by sequencing.
RESULTS
The study included 178 unique patients who were positive for human rhinovirus (HRV). They were primarily men (56%), with a median age of 62.2 years (IQR: 46.8-71.4), frequently presenting chronic respiratory diseases (56%) and/or immunosuppression (46%). Of these, 63% were admitted for respiratory distress, including 25% for pneumonia; 95 (53%), 27 (15%), and 56 (32%) were positive for HRV-A, -B, and -C, respectively. HRV-B appeared to be more associated with immunosuppressive treatments (58% vs 30% and 36% of patients for HRV-A and -C, respectively, p = 0.038), higher coinfection rates (54% vs 34% and 23%, p = 0.03), and higher intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates (35% vs 17% and 13%, p = 0.048). Conversely, HRV-A was more frequently associated with pneumonia (54% vs 31% and 11% for HRV-B and -C, respectively, p = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights the high proportion of chronic respiratory diseases or immunosuppression among hospitalized patients infected with a rhinovirus.
IMPORTANT
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are frequently detected in patients hospitalized for respiratory distress. Understanding their molecular differences is crucial to finding target treatments and improving patient outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Enterovirus; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35248716
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.055 -
Open Forum Infectious Diseases Dec 2021Rhinoviruses (RVs) are ubiquitous pathogens and the principal etiological agents of common cold. Despite the high frequency of RV infections, data describing their...
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are ubiquitous pathogens and the principal etiological agents of common cold. Despite the high frequency of RV infections, data describing their long-term epidemiological patterns in a defined population remain limited.
METHODS
Here, we analyzed 1070 VP4/VP2 genomic region sequences sampled at Kilifi County Hospital on the Kenya coast. The samples were collected between 2007 and 2018 from hospitalized pediatric patients (<60 months of age) with acute respiratory illness.
RESULTS
Of 7231 children enrolled, RV was detected in 1497 (20.7%) and VP4/VP2 sequences were recovered from 1070 samples (71.5%). A total of 144 different RV types were identified (67 , 18 , and 59 ) and at any month, several types co-circulated with alternating predominance. Within types, multiple genetically divergent variants were observed. Ongoing RV infections through time appeared to be a combination of (1) persistent types (observed up to 7 consecutive months), (2) reintroduced genetically distinct variants, and (3) new invasions (average of 8 new types annually).
CONCLUSIONS
Sustained RV presence in the Kilifi community is mainly due to frequent invasion by new types and variants rather than continuous transmission of locally established types/variants.
PubMed: 34988244
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab571 -
Viruses Nov 2021Rhinoviruses (RV), like many other viruses, modulate programmed cell death to their own advantage. The viral protease, 3C has an integral role in the modulation, and we...
Rhinoviruses (RV), like many other viruses, modulate programmed cell death to their own advantage. The viral protease, 3C has an integral role in the modulation, and we have shown that RVA-16 3C protease cleaves Receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1), a key host factor that modulates various cell death and cell survival pathways. In the current study, we have investigated whether this cleavage is conserved across selected RV strains. RIPK1 was cleaved in cells infected with strains representing diversity across phylogenetic groups (A and B) and receptor usage (major and minor groups). The cleavage was abrogated in the presence of the specific 3C protease inhibitor, Rupintrivir. Interestingly, there appears to be involvement of another protease (maybe 2A protease) in RIPK1 cleavage in strains belonging to genotype B. Our data show that 3C protease from diverse RV strains cleaves RIPK1, highlighting the importance of the cleavage to the RV lifecycle.
Topics: 3C Viral Proteases; Antiviral Agents; Apoptosis; HeLa Cells; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Isoxazoles; Phenylalanine; Picornaviridae Infections; Protease Inhibitors; Pyrrolidinones; Rhinovirus; Valine
PubMed: 34960671
DOI: 10.3390/v13122402 -
Whole genome sequencing of two human rhinovirus A types (A101 and A15) detected in Kenya, 2016-2018.Wellcome Open Research 2021Virus genome sequencing is increasingly utilized in epidemiological surveillance. Genomic data allows comprehensive evaluation of underlying viral diversity and...
Virus genome sequencing is increasingly utilized in epidemiological surveillance. Genomic data allows comprehensive evaluation of underlying viral diversity and epidemiology to inform control. For human rhinovirus (HRV), genomic amplification and sequencing is challenging due to numerous types, high genetic diversity and inadequate reference sequences. We developed a tiled amplicon type-specific protocol for genome amplification and sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform of two HRV types, A15 and A101. We then assessed added value in analyzing whole genomes relative to the VP4/2 region only in the investigation of HRV molecular epidemiology within the community in Kilifi, coastal Kenya. We processed 73 nasopharyngeal swabs collected between 2016-2018, and 48 yielded at least 70% HRV genome coverage. These included all A101 samples (n=10) and 38 (60.3%) A15 samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kilifi A101 sequences interspersed with global A101 genomes available in GenBank collected between 1999-2016. On the other hand, our A15 sequences formed a monophyletic group separate from the global genomes collected in 2008 and 2019. An improved phylogenetic resolution was observed with the genome phylogenies compared to the VP4/2 phylogenies. We present a type-specific full genome sequencing approach for obtaining HRV genomic data and characterizing infections.
PubMed: 34522789
DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16911.2 -
Virology Journal Aug 2021Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the major viruses of acute respiratory tract disease among infants and young children. This work aimed to understand the epidemiological...
BACKGROUND
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the major viruses of acute respiratory tract disease among infants and young children. This work aimed to understand the epidemiological and phylogenetic features of HRV in Guangzhou, China. In addition, the clinical characteristics of hospitalized children infected with different subtype of HRV was investigated.
METHODS
Hospitalized children aged < 14 years old with acute respiratory tract infections were enrolled from August 2018 to December 2019. HRV was screened for by a real-time reverse-transcription PCR targeting the viral 5'UTR.
RESULTS
HRV was detected in 6.41% of the 655 specimens. HRV infection was frequently observed in children under 2 years old (57.13%). HRV-A and HRV-C were detected in 18 (45%) and 22 (55%) specimens. All 40 HRV strains detected were classified into 29 genotypes. The molecular evolutionary rate of HRV-C was estimated to be 3.34 × 10 substitutions/site/year and was faster than HRV-A (7.79 × 10 substitutions/site/year). Children who experienced rhinorrhoea were more common in the HRV-C infection patients than HRV-A. The viral load was higher in HRV-C detection group than HRV-A detection group (p = 0.0148). The median peak symptom score was higher in patients with HRV-C infection as compared to HRV-A (p = 0.0543), even though the difference did not significance.
CONCLUSION
This study revealed the molecular epidemiological characteristics of HRV in patients with respiratory infections in southern China. Children infected with HRV-C caused more severe disease characteristics than HRV-A, which might be connected with higher viral load in patients infected with HRV-C. These findings will provide valuable information for the pathogenic mechanism and treatment of HRV infection.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Enterovirus; Genetic Variation; Humans; Infant; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 34425845
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01645-6