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BMC Oral Health May 2024To evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), funme peptide (FP) as well as domiphen against oral pathogens, and assess the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), funme peptide (FP) as well as domiphen against oral pathogens, and assess the efficacy of a BOP® mouthwash supplemented with this combination in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque in a clinical trial.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the compound against Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were determined by the gradient dilution method. Subsequently, the CCK-8 assay was used to detect the toxicity of mouthwash on human gingival fibroblastst, and the effectiveness in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque of the mouthwash supplemented with the combination was analyzed by a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled clinical trial.
RESULTS
The combination exhibited significant inhibitory effects on tested oral pathogens with the MIC < 1.56% (v/v) and the MBC < 3.13% (v/v), and the mouthwash containing this combination did not inhibit the viability of human gingival fibroblasts at the test concentrations. The clinical trial showed that the test group displayed notably lower volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) at 0, 10, 24 h, and 7 d post-mouthwash (P < 0.05), compared with the baseline. After 7 days, the VSC levels of the and control groups were reduced by 50.27% and 32.12%, respectively, and notably cutting severe halitosis by 57.03% in the test group. Additionally, the Plaque Index (PLI) of the test and control group decreased by 54.55% and 8.38%, respectively, and there was a significant difference in PLI between the two groups after 7 days (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The combination of ε-PL, FP and domiphen demonstrated potent inhibitory and bactericidal effects against the tested oral pathogens, and the newly formulated mouthwash added with the combination exhibited anti-dental plaque and anti-halitosis properties in a clinical trial and was safe.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The randomized controlled clinical trial was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR2300073816, Date: 21/07/2023).
Topics: Humans; Halitosis; Mouthwashes; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Male; Female; Polylysine; Adult; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Young Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Fibroblasts; Peptides; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 38702623
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04255-0 -
BMC Microbiology May 2024Fluoride-resistant Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) strains have developed due to the wide use of fluoride in dental caries prevention. However, the metabolomics of...
BACKGROUND
Fluoride-resistant Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) strains have developed due to the wide use of fluoride in dental caries prevention. However, the metabolomics of fluoride-resistant S. mutans remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to identify metabolites that discriminate fluoride-resistant from wild-type S. mutans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell supernatants from fluoride-resistant and wild-type S. mutans were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Principal components analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis were performed for the statistical analysis by variable influence on projection (VIP > 2.0) and p value (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05). Metabolites were assessed qualitatively using the Human Metabolome Database version 2.0 ( http://www.hmdb.ca ), or Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ( http://www.kegg.jp ), and Metaboanalyst 6.0 ( https://www.metaboanalyst.ca ).
RESULTS
Fourteen metabolites differed significantly between fluoride-resistant and wild-type strains in the early log phase. Among these metabolites, 5 were identified. There were 32 differential metabolites between the two strains in the stationary phase, 13 of which were identified. The pyrimidine metabolism for S. mutans FR was matched with the metabolic pathway.
CONCLUSIONS
The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate concentration increased in fluoride-resistant strains under acidic conditions, suggesting enhanced acidogenicity and acid tolerance. This metabolite may be a promising target for elucidating the cariogenic and fluoride resistant mechanisms of S. mutans.
Topics: Streptococcus mutans; Metabolomics; Fluorides; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fructosediphosphates; Humans; Metabolome; Dental Caries; Chromatography, Liquid
PubMed: 38702601
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03310-8 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Jun 2024To assess the impact of various cavity disinfectants PC-PDT (Phycocyanin activated by Photodynamic therapy), PC@AgNPs-PDT (Phycocyanin and silver nanoparticles activated...
Phycocyanin-loaded silver nanoparticles activated with photodynamic therapy and Nd: YAG laser for caries-affected dentin disinfection: Impact on Streptococcus mutans survival rate and shear bond strength to the tooth-colored restorative material.
To assess the impact of various cavity disinfectants PC-PDT (Phycocyanin activated by Photodynamic therapy), PC@AgNPs-PDT (Phycocyanin and silver nanoparticles activated by PDT), and Nd: YAG laser on the survival rate of S.mutans and the bond integrity of composite restoration METHODS: Sixty human mandibular molars that scored 4 and 5 based on ICDAS criteria were included. The infected dentin was removed while the CAD was preserved based on visual, tactile, and staining assessment. S.mutans were cultured on the CAD of twenty samples. All the specimens were indiscriminately distributed into four groups based on cavity disinfection (n=20 each includes n = 5 each group incubated with S.mutans) Group 1: CHX, Group 2: Nd:YAG laser, Group 3: PC-PDT and Group 4: PC@AgNPs-PDT. S.mutans survival rate was assessed for each group(n = 5). Forty samples underwent composite bonding for SBS and failure mode assessment using universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope. The calculations for the mean and standard deviation (SD) and their comparison among different groups were performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05) RESULTS: CAD surface treated disinfected with PC@AgNPs-PDT yielded the lowest survival rates (0.13 ± 0.05 CFU/ml) and highest SBS (17.23 ± 1.45 MPa). Group 1 (CHX) unveiled the highest survival rate of S.mutans (0.33 ± 0.12 CFU/ml). However, Group 2 (Nd:YAG Laser) (11.87 ± 0.67 MPa) presented the lowest SBS CONCLUSION: The combination of Phycocyanin loaded with silver nanoparticles and activated with Photodynamic therapy demonstrates the highest antimicrobial potential and bond strength of composite restorations.
Topics: Photochemotherapy; Silver; Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Metal Nanoparticles; Phycocyanin; Photosensitizing Agents; Lasers, Solid-State; Dental Caries; Dentin; Disinfection; Shear Strength; Molar
PubMed: 38697450
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104108 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2024Specific products containing natural resources can contribute to the innovation of complete denture hygiene.
UNLABELLED
Specific products containing natural resources can contribute to the innovation of complete denture hygiene.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct an in vitro evaluation of experimental dentifrices containing essential oils of Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth (BvK), Copaifera officinalis (Co), Eucalyptus citriodora (Ec), Melaleuca alternifolia (Ma) and Pinus strobus (Ps) at 1%.
METHODOLOGY
The variables evaluated were organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics, abrasiveness (mechanical brushing machine) simulating 2.5 years, and microbial load (Colony Forming Units - CFU/mL), metabolic activity (XTT assay) and cell viability (Live/Dead® BacLight™ kit) of the multispecies biofilm (Streptococcus mutans: Sm, Staphylococcus aureus: Sa, Candida albicans: Ca and Candida glabrata: Cg). Specimens of heat-polymerized acrylic resins (n=256) (n=96 specimens for abrasiveness, n=72 for microbial load count, n=72 for biofilm metabolic activity, n=16 for cell viability and total biofilm quantification) with formed biofilm were divided into eight groups for manual brushing (20 seconds) with a dental brush and distilled water (NC: negative control), Trihydral (PC: positive control), placebo (Pl), BvK, Co, Ec, Ma or Ps. After brushing, the specimens were washed with PBS and immersed in Letheen Broth medium, and the suspension was sown in solid specific medium. The organoleptic characteristics were presented by descriptive analysis. The values of density, pH, consistency and viscosity were presented in a table. The data were analyzed with the Wald test in a generalized linear model, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn's test (mass change) and the Bonferroni test (UFC and XTT). The Wald test in Generalized Estimating Equations and the Bonferroni test were used to analyze cell viability.
RESULTS
All dentifrices showed stable organoleptic characteristics and adequate physicochemical properties. CN, Ec, Ps, Pl and PC showed low abrasiveness. There was a significant difference between the groups (p<0.001) for microbial load, metabolic activity and biofilm viability.
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that the BvK, Ec and Ps dentifrices are useful for cleaning complete dentures, as they have antimicrobial activity against biofilm. The dentifrices containing Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth showed medium abrasiveness and should be used with caution.
Topics: Biofilms; Dentifrices; Oils, Volatile; Denture, Complete; Materials Testing; Time Factors; Reproducibility of Results; Toothbrushing; Colony Count, Microbial; Staphylococcus aureus; Statistics, Nonparametric; Streptococcus mutans; Analysis of Variance; Microbial Viability; Candida albicans; Reference Values; Acrylic Resins
PubMed: 38695444
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0397 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2024Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol derived from Green Tea, is one of the sources of natural bioactive compounds which are currently being developed as...
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol derived from Green Tea, is one of the sources of natural bioactive compounds which are currently being developed as medicinal ingredients. Besides other biological activities, this natural compound exhibits anti-cariogenic effects. However, EGCG has low physical-chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop and characterize lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle with EGCG and to evaluate its in vitro activity against cariogenic planktonic microorganisms. Lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle (LCHNP-EGCG) were prepared by emulsion and sonication method in one step and characterized according to diameter, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE), mucoadhesion capacity and morphology. Strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei were treated with LCHNP- EGCG, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. LCHNP-EGCG exhibited a size of 217.3 ± 5.1 nm with a low polydispersity index (0.17) and positive zeta potential indicating the presence of chitosan on the lipid nanoparticle surface (+33.7 mV). The LCHNP-EGCG showed a spherical morphology, high stability and a mucoadhesive property due to the presence of chitosan coating. In addition, the EGCG encapsulation efficiency was 96%. A reduction of almost 15-fold in the MIC and MBC against the strains was observed when EGCG was encapsulated in LCHNP, indicating the potential of EGCG encapsulation in lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles. Taking the results together, the LCHNP-EGCG could be an interesting system to use in dental care due to their nanometric size, mucoadhesive properties high antibacterial activity against relevant planktonic microorganisms.
Topics: Catechin; Chitosan; Streptococcus mutans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcus sobrinus; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Lipids; Plankton; Dental Caries; Drug Carriers; Particle Size; Emulsions; Sonication
PubMed: 38692893
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23155 -
Nutrients Apr 2024Cariogenic microorganisms are crucial pathogens contributing to the development of early childhood caries. Snacks provide fermentable carbohydrates, altering oral pH...
Cariogenic microorganisms are crucial pathogens contributing to the development of early childhood caries. Snacks provide fermentable carbohydrates, altering oral pH levels and potentially affecting microorganism colonization. However, the relationship between snack intake and cariogenic microorganisms like and in young children is still unclear. This study aimed to assess this association in a prospective underserved birth cohort. Data from children aged 12 to 24 months, including oral microbial assays and snack intake information, were analyzed. Sweet and non-sweet indices based on the cariogenic potential of 15 snacks/drinks were created. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between sweet and non-sweet indices and and carriage. Random forest identified predictive factors of microorganism carriage. Higher non-sweet index scores were linked to increased carriage in plaques (OR = 1.67, = 0.01), potentially strengthening with age. Higher sweet index scores at 12 months were associated with increased carriage, reversing at 24 months. Both indices were top predictors of and carriage. These findings underscore the associations between snack intake and cariogenic microorganism carriage and highlight the importance of dietary factors in oral health management for underserved young children with limited access to dental care and healthy foods.
Topics: Humans; Snacks; Infant; Female; Male; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Streptococcus mutans; Candida; Prospective Studies; Mouth; Social Class; Low Socioeconomic Status
PubMed: 38674804
DOI: 10.3390/nu16081113 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2024Sleep quality has a significant impact on a child's health and is linked to oral and systemic diseases. It affects the circadian rhythm, which plays a crucial role in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Sleep quality has a significant impact on a child's health and is linked to oral and systemic diseases. It affects the circadian rhythm, which plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of the endocrine and hormonal systems. Current research has focused on exploring its role in the development of caries, which is influenced by inherent oral factors such as the composition of the oral microbiome and pH levels.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bacterial population, pH, and buffering properties of saliva and sleep patterns in 8- to 12-year-old children.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 85 elementary school children aged 8-12 years. After obtaining written consent, non-stimulating saliva samples were collected using the spitting method. The participants' sleep pattern information was obtained with the use of the Persian version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Based on the results of the CSHQ, the participants were divided into 2 groups: those with appropriate sleep patterns; and those with inappropriate sleep patterns. The study compared the bacterial population of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. and Candida albicans, as well as the buffering capacity and pH of the saliva between the 2 groups. The statistical analysis employed the χ2 test, the independent samples t-test and Spearman's correlation.
RESULTS
The group with inappropriate sleep patterns had significantly lower pH and buffering capacity (p < 0.001) and significantly higher colony counts of Lactobacillus and S. mutans (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). There was no association between C. albicans and sleep patterns (p = 0.121).
CONCLUSIONS
Inappropriate sleep patterns increase the population of caries-causing bacteria and reduce salivary pH and buffering capacity. This can be a significant factor in the development of dental caries in children aged 8-12 years.
Topics: Humans; Child; Saliva; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Male; Dental Caries; Streptococcus mutans; Candida albicans; Buffers; Lactobacillus; Sleep
PubMed: 38668709
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/167411 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2024This study evaluated the surface roughness, wettability and adhesion of multispecies biofilms (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) on...
OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the surface roughness, wettability and adhesion of multispecies biofilms (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) on 3D-printed resins for complete denture bases and teeth compared to conventional resins (heat-polymerized acrylic resin; artificial pre-fabricated teeth).
METHODOLOGY
Circular specimens (n=39; 6.0 mm Ø × 2.0 mm) of each group were subjected to roughness (n=30), wettability (n=30) and biofilm adhesion (n=9) tests. Three roughness measurements were taken by laser confocal microscopy and a mean value was calculated. Wettability was evaluated by the contact angle of sessile drop method, considering the mean of the three evaluations per specimen. In parallel, microorganism adhesion to resin surfaces was evaluated using a multispecies biofilm model. Microbial load was evaluated by determining the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were subjected to the Wald test in a generalized linear model with multiple comparisons and Bonferroni adjustment, as well as two-way ANOVA (α=5%).
RESULTS
The roughness of the conventional base resin (0.01±0.04) was lower than that of the conventional tooth (0.14±0.04) (p=0.023) and 3D-printed base (0.18±0.08) (p<0.001). For wettability, conventional resin (84.20±5.57) showed a higher contact angle than the 3D-printed resin (60.58±6.18) (p<0.001). Higher microbial loads of S. mutans (p=0.023) and S. aureus (p=0.010) were observed on the surface of the conventional resin (S. mutans: 5.48±1.55; S. aureus: 7.01±0.57) compared to the 3D-printed resin (S. mutans: 4.11±1.96; S. aureus: 6.42±0.78). The adhesion of C. albicans was not affected by surface characteristics. The conventional base resin showed less roughness than the conventional dental resin and the printed base resin.
CONCLUSION
The 3D-printed resins for base and tooth showed less hydrophobicity and less adhesion of S. mutans and S. aureus than conventional resins.
Topics: Biofilms; Surface Properties; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Streptococcus mutans; Staphylococcus aureus; Candida albicans; Wettability; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Materials Testing; Denture Bases; Microscopy, Confocal; Acrylic Resins; Bacterial Adhesion; Analysis of Variance; Reproducibility of Results; Denture, Complete; Reference Values; Colony Count, Microbial; Linear Models
PubMed: 38656049
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0326 -
MBio May 2024Microorganisms resist fluoride toxicity using fluoride export proteins from one of several different molecular families. Cariogenic species and extrude intracellular...
UNLABELLED
Microorganisms resist fluoride toxicity using fluoride export proteins from one of several different molecular families. Cariogenic species and extrude intracellular fluoride using a CLC F/H antiporter and FEX fluoride channel, respectively, whereas oral commensal eubacteria, such as export fluoride using a Fluc fluoride channel. In this work, we examine how genetic knockout of fluoride export impacts pathogen fitness in single-species and three-species dental biofilm models. For biofilms generated using with the genetic knockout of the CLC transporter, exposure to low fluoride concentrations decreased counts, synergistically reduced the populations of , increased the relative proportion of oral commensal , and reduced properties associated with biofilm pathogenicity, including acid production and hydroxyapatite dissolution. Biofilms prepared with with genetic knockout of the FEX channel also exhibited reduced fitness in the presence of fluoride but to a lesser degree. Imaging studies indicate that is highly sensitive to fluoride, with the knockout strain undergoing complete lysis when exposed to low fluoride for a moderate amount of time. Biochemical purification of the CLC transporter and functional reconstitution establishes that the functional protein is a dimer encoded by a single gene. Together, these findings suggest that fluoride export by oral pathogens can be targeted by specific inhibitors to restore biofilm symbiosis in dental biofilms and that is especially susceptible to fluoride toxicity.
IMPORTANCE
Dental caries is a globally prevalent condition that occurs when pathogenic species, including and , outcompete beneficial species, such as , in the dental biofilm. Fluoride is routinely used in oral hygiene to prevent dental caries. Fluoride also has antimicrobial properties, although most microbes possess fluoride exporters to resist its toxicity. This work shows that sensitization of cariogenic species and to fluoride by genetic knockout of fluoride exporters alters the microbial composition and pathogenic properties of dental biofilms. These results suggest that the development of drugs that inhibit fluoride exporters could potentiate the anticaries effect of fluoride in over-the-counter products like toothpaste and mouth rinses. This is a novel strategy to treat dental caries.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida albicans; Streptococcus mutans; Fluorides; Streptococcus gordonii; Gene Knockout Techniques; Bacterial Proteins; Dental Caries
PubMed: 38624207
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00184-24 -
PLoS Pathogens Apr 2024Post-transcriptional regulation by small RNAs and post-translational modifications (PTM) such as lysine acetylation play fundamental roles in physiological circuits,...
Post-transcriptional regulation by small RNAs and post-translational modifications (PTM) such as lysine acetylation play fundamental roles in physiological circuits, offering rapid responses to environmental signals with low energy consumption. Yet, the interplay between these regulatory systems remains underexplored. Here, we unveil the cross-talk between sRNAs and lysine acetylation in Streptococcus mutans, a primary cariogenic pathogen known for its potent acidogenic virulence. Through systematic overexpression of sRNAs in S. mutans, we identified sRNA SmsR1 as a critical player in modulating acidogenicity, a key cariogenic virulence feature in S. mutans. Furthermore, combined with the analysis of predicted target mRNA and transcriptome results, potential target genes were identified and experimentally verified. A direct interaction between SmsR1 and 5'-UTR region of pdhC gene was determined by in vitro binding assays. Importantly, we found that overexpression of SmsR1 reduced the expression of pdhC mRNA and increased the intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA, resulting in global changes in protein acetylation levels. This was verified by acetyl-proteomics in S. mutans, along with an increase in acetylation level and decreased activity of LDH. Our study unravels a novel regulatory paradigm where sRNA bridges post-transcriptional regulation with post-translational modification, underscoring bacterial adeptness in fine-tuning responses to environmental stress.
Topics: Animals; Acetylation; Bacterial Proteins; Dental Caries; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Small Untranslated; Streptococcus mutans; Virulence; Female; Rats
PubMed: 38620039
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012147