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Plant Disease Jun 2024Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are among the most devastating grapevine diseases globally. GTDs are caused by numerous fungi belonging to different taxa, which release... (Review)
Review
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are among the most devastating grapevine diseases globally. GTDs are caused by numerous fungi belonging to different taxa, which release spores into the vineyard and infect wood tissue, mainly through wounds caused by viticultural operations. The timing of operations to avoid infection is critical concerning the periodicity of GTD spores in vineyards, and many studies have been conducted in different grape-growing areas worldwide. However, these studies provide conflicting and fragmented information. To synthesize current knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review, extracted quantitative data from published papers, and used these data to identify trends and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future studies. Our database included 26 papers covering 247 studies and 3,529 spore sampling records concerning a total of 29 fungal taxa responsible for Botryosphaeria dieback (BD), Esca complex (EC), and Eutypa dieback (ED). We found a clear seasonality in the presence and abundance of BD spores, with a peak from fall to spring, more in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere, but not for EC and ED. Spores of these fungi were present throughout the growing season in both hemispheres, possibly because of higher variability in spore types, sporulation conditions, and spore release mechanisms in EC and ED fungi than in BD. Our analysis has limitations because of knowledge gaps and data availability for some fungi (e.g., basidiomycetes, which cause EC). These limitations are discussed to facilitate further research.
Topics: Vitis; Plant Diseases; Seasons; Spores, Fungal; Air Microbiology; Ascomycota; Fungi
PubMed: 37874281
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-04-23-0709-RE -
Frontiers in Surgery 2022This study aimed to analyze the correlation between quantitative computed tomography (CT) parameters and airflow obstruction in patients with COPD. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to analyze the correlation between quantitative computed tomography (CT) parameters and airflow obstruction in patients with COPD.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Knowledge were searched by two investigators from inception to July 2022, using a combination of pertinent items to discover articles that investigated the relationship between CT measurements and lung function parameters in patients with COPD. Five reviewers independently extracted data, and evaluated it for quality and bias. The correlation coefficient was calculated, and heterogeneity was explored. The following CT measurements were extracted: percentage of lung attenuation area <-950 Hounsfield Units (HU), mean lung density, percentage of airway wall area, air trapping index, and airway wall thickness. Two airflow obstruction parameters were extracted: forced expiratory volume in the first second as a percentage of prediction (FEV%pred) and FEV divided by forced expiratory volume lung capacity.
RESULTS
A total of 141 studies (25,214 participants) were identified, which 64 (6,341 participants) were suitable for our meta-analysis. Results from our analysis demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between quantitative CT parameters and lung function. The absolute pooled correlation coefficients ranged from 0.26 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.33) to 0.70 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.75) for inspiratory CT and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.60) to 0.74 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.80) for expiratory CT.
CONCLUSIONS
Results from this analysis demonstrated that quantitative CT parameters are significantly correlated with lung function in patients with COPD. With recent advances in chest CT, we can evaluate morphological features in the lungs that cannot be obtained by other clinical indices, such as pulmonary function tests. Therefore, CT can provide a quantitative method to advance the development and testing of new interventions and therapies for patients with COPD.
PubMed: 36684267
DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1066031 -
Fertility and Sterility Aug 2022Climate change is a major risk factor for overall health, including reproductive health, and well-being. Increasing temperatures, due mostly to increased greenhouse... (Review)
Review
Climate change is a major risk factor for overall health, including reproductive health, and well-being. Increasing temperatures, due mostly to increased greenhouse gases trapping excess heat in the atmosphere, result in erratic weather patterns, wildfires, displacement of large communities, and stagnant water resulting in vector-borne diseases that, together, have set the stage for new and devastating health threats across the globe. These conditions disproportionately affect disadvantaged and vulnerable populations, including women, pregnant persons, young children, the elderly, and the disabled. This review reports on the evidence for the adverse impacts of air pollution, wildfires, heat stress, floods, toxic chemicals, and vector-borne diseases on male and female fertility, the developing fetus, and obstetric outcomes. Reproductive health care providers are uniquely positioned and have an unprecedented opportunity to educate patients and policy makers about mitigating the impact of climate change to assure reproductive health in this and future generations.
Topics: Air Pollution; Climate Change; Female; Humans; Male; Reproductive Health; Vulnerable Populations; Weather
PubMed: 35878942
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.06.005 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Oct 2021Asthma is one of the commonest respiratory illnesses among elderly patients undergoing surgery. Detailed preoperative assessment, pharmacotherapy and safe anaesthetic... (Review)
Review
Asthma is one of the commonest respiratory illnesses among elderly patients undergoing surgery. Detailed preoperative assessment, pharmacotherapy and safe anaesthetic measures throughout perioperative period are the keys to decrease complications. Resistance to expiratory airflow results in positive alveolar pressures at the end of expiration, which causes air-trapping and hyperinflation of the lungs and thorax, increased work of breathing, and alteration of respiratory muscle function. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic review and metanalysis (PRISMA) statement. Search engines like PubMed through HINARI, Cochrane database and Google Scholars were used to find evidences. Low-dose IV ketamine, midazolam, IV lidocaine or combined with salbutamol are recommended to be used as premedication before induction. Propofol, ketamine, halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane are best induction agents and maintenance for asthmatic surgical patients respectively. Among the muscle relaxants, vecuronium is safe for use in asthmatics. In addition, Succinylcholine and pancronium which releases low levels of histamine has been used safely in asthmatics with little morbidity.
PubMed: 34603720
DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102874 -
JAMA Otolaryngology-- Head & Neck... Sep 2021Although various clinical prediction models (CPMs) have been described for diagnosing pediatric foreign body aspiration (FBA), to our knowledge, there is still no... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Although various clinical prediction models (CPMs) have been described for diagnosing pediatric foreign body aspiration (FBA), to our knowledge, there is still no consensus regarding indications for bronchoscopy, the criterion standard for identifying airway foreign bodies.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate currently available CPMs for diagnosing FBA in children.
DATA SOURCES
Performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL database with citation searching of retrieved studies.
STUDY SELECTION
Prediction model derivation and validation studies for diagnosing FBA in children were included. Exclusion criteria included adult studies; studies that included variables that were not available in routine clinical practice and outcomes for FBA were not separate or extractable.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
We followed the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies and the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool framework. Data were pooled using a random-effects model.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome was the diagnosis of FBA as confirmed by bronchoscopy. Characteristics of CPMs and individual predictors were evaluated. The final model presentation with available measures of performance was provided by narrative synthesis. A meta-analysis of individual predictor variables and prediction models was performed.
RESULTS
After screening 4233 articles, 7 studies (0.2%; 1577 patients) were included in the final analysis. There were 6 model derivation studies and 1 validation study. Air trapping (odds ratio [OR], 8.3; 95% CI, 4.4-15.5), unilateral reduced air entry (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 3.5-6.5), witnessed choking (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.0-9.6), wheezing (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.2), and suspicious findings suggestive of FBA on radiography (OR, 18.5; 95% CI, 5.0-67.7) were the most commonly used predictor variables. Model performance varied, with discrimination scores (C statistic) ranging from 0.74 to 0.88. The pooled weighted C statistic score of all models was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80-0.92). All studies were deemed to be at high risk of bias, with overfitting of models and lack of validation as the most pertinent concerns.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that existing CPMs for FBA in children are at a high risk of bias and have not been adequately validated. No current models can be recommended to guide clinical decision-making. Future CPM studies that adhere to recognized standards for development and validation are required.
Topics: Bronchoscopy; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Decision Rules; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Infant; Models, Statistical; Pediatrics; Respiratory Aspiration; Respiratory System
PubMed: 34264309
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.1548 -
Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Innovations,... Mar 2019To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) not associated with transplantation or point-source...
OBJECTIVE
To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) not associated with transplantation or point-source exposures to inhaled toxins.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We compiled all confirmed diagnoses of OB at our institution and analyzed their demographic characteristics, treatments, and outcomes as defined by pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and transplant-free mortality. The study period ranged from July 2007 to August 2017. Histological diagnosis was confirmed by a pathologist, and high-resolution chest computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed and scored by chest radiologists. We also performed a systematic literature review of sporadic OB series.
RESULTS
We identified 19 confirmed cases at our institution and 9 publications in the literature containing 104 patients. In both our series and the literature, patients were disproportionately middle-aged Caucasian women. The disease was idiopathic in 42% and was associated with connective tissue diseases and inhalational exposures in 31% and 15%, respectively. Chest CT showed expiratory air trapping in all patients. Patients were treated with corticosteroids, steroid-sparing agents, and macrolides in 77%, 46%, and 22%, respectively. Over a median follow-up in our series of 1703 days (range, 11-3206 days), PFTs did not change significantly. In all series combined, mortality incidence from any cause was 82/1000 patient-years (95% CI, 65-102). Of 14 patients who died, 3 deaths were due to respiratory failure and 5 were potentially related to complications of immunosuppressive therapy.
CONCLUSION
Sporadic OB is a rare disease that is uniformly associated with air trapping on high-resolution chest CT. The diagnosis should be established with surgical biopsy if possible. The illness is not typically progressive.
PubMed: 30899912
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.10.003 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia :... 2017The objective of this systematic review was to characterize chest CT findings in patients with dysphagia and pulmonary aspiration, identifying the characteristics and... (Review)
Review
The objective of this systematic review was to characterize chest CT findings in patients with dysphagia and pulmonary aspiration, identifying the characteristics and the methods used. The studies were selected from among those indexed in the Brazilian Virtual Library of Health, LILACS, Indice Bibliográfico Español de Ciencias de la Salud, Medline, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and PubMed databases. The search was carried out between June and July of 2016. Five articles were included and reviewed, all of them carried out in the last five years, published in English, and coming from different countries. The sample size in the selected studies ranged from 43 to 56 patients, with a predominance of adult and elderly subjects. The tomographic findings in patients with dysphagia-related aspiration were varied, including bronchiectasis, bronchial wall thickening, pulmonary nodules, consolidations, pleural effusion, ground-glass attenuation, atelectasis, septal thickening, fibrosis, and air trapping. Evidence suggests that chest CT findings in patients with aspiration are diverse. In this review, it was not possible to establish a consensus that could characterize a pattern of pulmonary aspiration in patients with dysphagia, further studies of the topic being needed.
Topics: Deglutition Disorders; Humans; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 28767772
DOI: 10.1590/S1806-37562016000000273 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... Jul 2017Pneumosinus dilatans (PD) is a rare pathologic hyperaeration of the paranasal sinuses that causes serious deformation of the overlying bone and soft tissue. The... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Pneumosinus dilatans (PD) is a rare pathologic hyperaeration of the paranasal sinuses that causes serious deformation of the overlying bone and soft tissue. The condition occurs most commonly in the frontal sinus of young men who present with different complaints, including cosmetic. More than 100 cases have been reported in the literature since it was first described in 1898; however, the etiology of this condition remains unclear.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review of all available clinical publications on the subject of PD was conducted in the PubMed electronic database. The resultant articles were grouped based on evidence supporting or refuting various theoretical etiologies to further characterize the condition.
RESULTS
In total, 134 known cases were reported in 117 articles. Most affected patients were young men in the third decade of life. Only 19 (16.2%) articles offered some form of evidence in support of a particular etiology. The most substantiated etiologies of PD included a "ball-valve" mechanism of sinus outflow obstruction leading to air trapping or a primary fibro-osseous pathologic process that disrupts the cellular milieu. Less substantiated theories included hormonal dysregulation or a spontaneously draining mucocele. No data exist to support causation by gas-forming bacteria. A bimodal distribution of incidence, a younger population (16 to 25 yr), and an older population (36 to 40 yr) might suggest multiple possible etiologies.
CONCLUSIONS
Several theories on the etiology of PD exist, but none have been substantiated by reliable scientific evidence. Standardizing the clinical evaluation, classification, management, and pathologic analysis of patients with PD could aid in elucidating its true etiology.
Topics: Dilatation, Pathologic; Humans; Paranasal Sinus Diseases; Time Factors
PubMed: 28315298
DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.02.010 -
Endoscopy International Open Jan 2017Carbon dioxide (CO) insufflation has been suggested to be an ideal alternative to room air insufflation to reduce trapped air within the bowel lumen after balloon...
Carbon dioxide (CO) insufflation has been suggested to be an ideal alternative to room air insufflation to reduce trapped air within the bowel lumen after balloon assisted enteroscopy (BAE). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of utilizing CO insufflation as compared to room air during BAE. The primary outcome is mean change in visual analog scale (VAS; 10 cm) at 1, 3, and 6 hours to assess pain. Secondary outcomes include insertion depth (anterograde or retrograde), adverse events, total enteroscopy rate, diagnostic yield, mean anesthetic dosage, and PaCO at procedure completion. We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception until May 2015. Multiple independent extractions were performed, the process was executed as per the standards of the Cochrane collaboration. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis. VAS at 6 hours favored CO over room air (MD 0.13; 95 % CI 0.01, 0.25; p = 0.03). Anterograde insertion depth (cm) was improved in the CO group (MD, 58.2; 95 % CI 17.17, 99.23; p = 0.005), with an improvement in total enteroscopy rate in the CO group (RR 1.91; 95 % CI 1.20, 3.06; p = 0.007). Mean dose of propofol (mg) favored CO compared to air (MD, - 70.53; 95 % CI - 115.07, - 25.98; = 0.002). There were no differences in adverse events in either group. Despite the ability of CO to improve insertion depth and decrease amount of anesthesia required, further randomized control trials are needed to determine the agent of choice for insufflation in balloon assisted enteroscopy.
PubMed: 28191497
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-118702 -
European Clinical Respiratory Journal 2015Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A, resulting in accumulation of glycosphingolipids in multiple... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A, resulting in accumulation of glycosphingolipids in multiple organs, primarily heart, kidneys, skin, CNS, and lungs.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed database, leading to a total number of 154 hits. Due to language restriction, this number was reduced to 135; 53 papers did not concern Fabry disease, 19 were either animal studies or gene therapy studies, and 36 papers did not have lung involvement in Fabry disease as a topic. The remaining 27 articles were relevant for this review.
RESULTS
The current literature concerning lung manifestations describes various respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea or shortness of breath, wheezing, and dry cough. These symptoms are often related to cardiac involvement in Fabry disease as respiratory examinations are seldom performed. Pulmonary function tests primarily show obstructive airway limitation, but a few articles also report of patients with restrictive limitation and a mixture of both. No significant association has been found between smoking and the development of symptoms or spirometry abnormalities in patients with Fabry disease. Electron microscopy of lung biopsy and induced sputum show lamellar inclusion bodies (Zebra bodies) in the cytoplasm of cells in the airway wall. X-ray and CT scan have shown patchy ground-glass pulmonary infiltrations, fibrosis, and air trapping. Fibrosis diagnosed by high-resolution CT has not been significantly correlated with lung spirometry.
CONCLUSION
Consistent findings have not been shown in the current literature. Pulmonary function tests and registration of symptoms showed various results; however, there is a trend towards obstructive airway limitation in patients with Fabry disease. Further studies are needed to evaluate pathogenesis, progression, and the effects of treatment.
PubMed: 26557248
DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.26721