-
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Dec 2022Melanin plays an important role in protecting human skin, while excessive synthesis of melanin can cause abnormal pigmentation and induce skin diseases. Long-term use of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Melanin plays an important role in protecting human skin, while excessive synthesis of melanin can cause abnormal pigmentation and induce skin diseases. Long-term use of commercial whitening agents in managing skin melanin such as kojic acid and arbutin can lead to some negative effects such as dermatitis and liver cancer. Although past studies have researched the melanin inhibitory effect of plant extracts, the effective dose and mechanisms are not well summarized and discussed. This study aims to explore the melanin inhibitory property of phytochemicals and tries to answer the following research questions: (1) Which plant extracts and phytochemicals could inhibit melanin biosynthesis in the skin? what is the mechanism of action? (2) Have human trials been conducted to confirm their melanin inhibitory effect? (3) If not, which phytochemicals are recommended for further human trials? This article would provide information for future research to develop natural and safe skin whitening products.
METHODS
A preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) systematic review method and OHAT risk-of-bias tool were applied to screen literature from 2000 to 2021 and 50 research articles met the selection criteria.
RESULTS
Flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and terpenes are main classes of phytochemicals responsible for the melanin inhibitory effects. The in vitro/in vivo melanin inhibitory effects of these plant extracts/phytochemicals are achieved via three main mechanisms: (1) the ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa Indica cv., and phytochemicals such as galangin and origanoside could manage melanin biosynthesis through competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition or mixed-type inhibition of tyrosinase; (2) phytochemicals such as ginsenoside F1, ginsenoside Rb1 and 4‑hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde could inhibit melanogenesis through down-regulating microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF) gene expression via different signalling pathways; (3) the ethanolic extracts of Dimorphandra gardneriana, Dimorphandra gardneriana, Lippia microphylla and Schinus terebinthifolius have a good ultraviolet absorption ability and high sun protective factor (SPF) values, thereby inhibiting UV induced melanogenesis in the skin.
CONCLUSION
Although many plant extracts and phytochemicals have been found to inhibit melanin production, most of the results were only proved in cellular and/or animal models. Only the ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa Indica cv. panicle, and ginsenoside F1 were proved effective in human trials. Animal studies proved the effectiveness of galangin, origanoside, ginsenoside Rb1 and 4‑hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde with effective dose below 3 mM, and therefore recommended for future human trial. In addition, cellular studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of oxyresveratrol, mulberroside A, kurarinol, kuraridinol, plumbagin, (6aR,11aR)-3,8-dihydroxy-9‑methoxy pterocarpan, ginsenoside Rh4, cardamonin, nobiletin, curcumin, β-mangostin and emodin in inhibiting melanin synthesis at low concentrations of 20 µM and proved the low SPF values of Dimorphandra gardneriana, Dimorphandra gardneriana, Lippia microphylla and Schinus terebinthifolius extracts, and therefore recommended for further animal and human trials.
Topics: Acetates; Acrolein; Animals; Arbutin; Bleaching Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Curcumin; Emodin; Flavonoids; Ginsenosides; Glucosides; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Melanins; Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Pterocarpans; Stilbenes; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36126406
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154449 -
PloS One 2022Oxidative stress is involved in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. Acupuncture shows an excellent clinical efficacy in practical application but its... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Oxidative stress is involved in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. Acupuncture shows an excellent clinical efficacy in practical application but its mechanism remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed at assessing the effect of acupuncture on oxidative stress in animal models.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science database were retrieved for randomized controlled trials about acupuncture on oxidative stress in animal models from inception to August 2021. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used the mean difference (MD)/standardized mean difference (SMD) to perform an effect size analysis and selected fixed-effect or random-effect models to pool the data, depending on a 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
A total of 12 studies comprising 125 samples were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Compared with sham acupuncture, acupuncture (manual acupuncture, electropuncture, and laser acupuncture) reduced the level of malondialdehyde (SMD, -3.03; CI, -4.40, -1.65; p < 0.00001) and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SMD, 3.39; CI, 1.99, 4.79; p < 0.00001), glutathione peroxidase (SMD, 2.21; CI, 1.10, 3.32; p < 0.00001), and catalase (SMD, 2.80; CI, 0.57, 5.03; p = 0.01).
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture can regulate oxidative stress by lowering the lipid peroxidation and activating the antioxidant enzyme system. In consideration of heterogeneity between studies, future studies should be performed by complying with strict standards and increasing sample size in animal experiments to reduce bias.
Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Animals; Glutathione Peroxidase; Malondialdehyde; Models, Animal; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 36084019
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271098 -
Quintessence International (Berlin,... Aug 2022To systematically evaluate and meta-analyze the short-and long-term clinical and radiologic failure rates of Biodentine versus formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To systematically evaluate and meta-analyze the short-and long-term clinical and radiologic failure rates of Biodentine versus formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth.
DATA SOURCES
Relevant medical databases were searched until May 2021 for randomized controlled trials that used Biodentine and formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth with deep caries. Primary outcomes included clinical and radiologic failure rates at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were clinical and radiologic failure rates at 3, 6, 9, 13 to 24, and 25 to 48 months.
RESULTS
Nine randomized controlled trials (N = 626) with low risk of bias were included. Pooled analysis showed that compared to formocresol, Biodentine had significantly lower clinical failure rates (relative risk [RR] 0.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03 to 0.87; six randomized controlled trials; N = 394; GRADE, low) and radiologic failure rates (RR 0.19; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.49; six randomized controlled trials; N = 393; GRADE, low) at 12 months. Radiologic failure rates at 6 and 9 months were significantly lower in the Biodentine group compared to the formocresol group.
CONCLUSION
Compared to formocresol, Biodentine may be a superior medicament when used for pulpotomy in primary teeth. Adequately powered randomized controlled trials are needed to substantiate this evidence.
Topics: Calcium Compounds; Drug Combinations; Formocresols; Humans; Molar; Pulpotomy; Silicates; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 35976738
DOI: 10.3290/j.qi.b3240043 -
Cells Aug 2022This study aimed to identify the role of crosslinking agents in the resin-dentin bond strength (BS) when used as modifiers in adhesives or pretreatments to the dentin... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study aimed to identify the role of crosslinking agents in the resin-dentin bond strength (BS) when used as modifiers in adhesives or pretreatments to the dentin surface through a systematic review and meta-analysis. This paper was conducted according to the directions of the PRISMA 2020 statement. The research question of this review was: "Would the use of crosslinkers agents improve the BS of resin-based materials to dentin?" The literature search was conducted in the following databases: Embase, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Science. Manuscripts that reported the effect on the BS after the use of crosslinking agents were included. The meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager v5.4.1. The comparisons were performed by comparing the standardized mean difference between the BS values obtained using the crosslinker agent or the control group. The subgroup comparisons were performed based on the adhesive strategy used (total-etch or self-etch). The immediate and long-term data were analyzed separately. A total of 50 articles were included in the qualitative analysis, while 45 articles were considered for the quantitative analysis. The meta-analysis suggested that pretreatment with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), carbodiimide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), glutaraldehyde, and riboflavin crosslinking agents improved the long-term BS of resin composites to dentin ( ≤ 0.02). On the other hand, the use of proanthocyanidins as a pretreatment improved both the immediate and long-term BS values ( ≤ 0.02). When incorporated within the adhesive formulation, only glutaraldehyde, riboflavin, and EGCG improved the long-term BS to dentin. It could be concluded that the application of different crosslinking agents such as carbodiimide, EDTA, glutaraldehyde, riboflavin, and EGCG improved the long-term BS of adhesive systems to dentin. This effect was observed when these crosslinkers were used as a separate step and when incorporated within the formulation of the adhesive system.
Topics: Adhesives; Carbodiimides; Collagen; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Edetic Acid; Glutaral; Materials Testing; Resin Cements; Riboflavin
PubMed: 35954261
DOI: 10.3390/cells11152417 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling disorder. The underlying mechanism of ethanol neurotoxicity and the involvement of oxidative... (Review)
Review
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling disorder. The underlying mechanism of ethanol neurotoxicity and the involvement of oxidative stress is still not fully elucidated. However, ethanol metabolism has been associated with increased oxidative stress through alcohol dehydrogenase, the microsomal ethanol oxidation system, and catalase metabolic pathways. We searched the PubMed and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) catalog databases to review the literature systematically and summarized the findings focusing on AUD and alcohol abstinence in relation to oxidative stress. In addition, we reviewed the ClinicalTrials.gov resource of the US National Library of Medicine to identify all ongoing and completed clinical trials that include therapeutic interventions based on antioxidants. The retrieved clinical and preclinical studies show that oxidative stress impacts AUD through genetics, alcohol metabolism, inflammation, and neurodegeneration.
PubMed: 35883865
DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071374 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Oct 2022To study differences in oxidative stress markers and antioxidants among patients with bipolar depression (BPD) and unipolar depression (UPD). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
To study differences in oxidative stress markers and antioxidants among patients with bipolar depression (BPD) and unipolar depression (UPD).
METHODS
Data sources. Electronic MEDLINE/PubMed/Cochrane Library/Scopus/TripDatabase database search until 30/06/2021.
STUDY SELECTION
Included were articles comparing antioxidant or oxidative stress markers between adults with BPD or UPD and healthy controls (HCs).
DATA EXTRACTION
Two authors extracted data independently. Random effects meta-analysis, calculating standardized mean differences for results from ≥3 studies.
RESULTS
Oxidative stress markers reported in 40 studies -1 published repeatedly- (UPD, studies = 30 n = 3072; their HCs, n = 2856; BPD, studies = 11 n = 393; their HCs, n = 540; with 1 study reporting on both UPD and BPD) included thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), antioxidant uric acid and antioxidant-enhancing enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPX). Compared with HCs, UPD and BPD were associated with significantly higher levels of TBARS, without differences between UPD and BPD (P = 0.11). Compared with HCs, UPD and BPD did not differ regarding the activity of the CAT (P = 0.28), SOD (P = 0.87) and GPX (P = 0.25) enzymes. However, uric acid levels were significantly higher vs HCs in BPD than in UPD among adult patients (P = 0.004). Results were heterogenous, which, for some parameters, decreased after stratification by the blood source (serum, plasma red blood cells, whole blood).
LIMITATIONS
The main limitations are the small number of studies/participants in the BPD subgroup, and heterogeneity of the results.
SUMMATIONS
Both BPD and UPD may be associated with an impaired oxidative stress balance, with significantly higher uric acid levels vs. HCs in UPD than in BPD.
Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Bipolar Disorder; Catalase; Depression; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Uric Acid
PubMed: 35868596
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.015 -
Journal of Environmental Health Science... Jun 2022Cosmetic products, especially perfumes and colognes, are widely used in various communities. However, the use of these products can have side effects on consumers. This... (Review)
Review
Cosmetic products, especially perfumes and colognes, are widely used in various communities. However, the use of these products can have side effects on consumers. This article aims to review the relevant literature published up to August 2020 to determine whether perfumes and colognes can affect people's health. Relevant articles were identified through electronic search. A total of 562 articles were selected and finally 37 related articles were included in the study after the screening process. The results of this systematic study showed that phthalates, aldehydes, parabens and aluminum-based salts are the most important contaminants in aromatic products that cause side effects such as allergies, breast cancer, reproductive disorders, especially in males, skin allergies, nervous system damage and migraine headaches for consumers. The incidence of complications in people using these products depends on parameters such as age, gender, race, amount of substance consumed, duration of use and economic status, and regarding the relationship between diseases such as cancer, respiratory disorders and endocrine with common contaminants in aromatic products, incidence of these diseases is probable in consumers which require further research to prove.
PubMed: 35669814
DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00783-x -
The Science of the Total Environment Sep 2022One of the more important classes of potentially toxic indoor air chemicals are the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). However, due to a limited understanding of the...
One of the more important classes of potentially toxic indoor air chemicals are the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). However, due to a limited understanding of the relationships between indoor concentrations of individual VOCs and health outcomes, there are currently no universal health-based guideline values for VOCs within Europe including the UK. In this study, a systematic search was conducted designed to capture evidence on concentrations, emissions from indoor sources, and health effects for VOCs measured in European residences. We identified 65 individual VOCs, and the most commonly measured were aromatic hydrocarbons (14 chemicals), alkane hydrocarbons (9), aldehydes (8), aliphatic hydrocarbons (5), terpenes (6), chlorinated hydrocarbons (4), glycol and glycol ethers (3) and esters (2). The pathway of interest was inhalation and 8 individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes were associated with respiratory health effects. Members of the chlorinated hydrocarbon family were associated with cardiovascular neurological and carcinogenic health effects and some were irritants as were esters and terpenes. Eight individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes identified in European residences were associated with respiratory health effects. Of the 65 individual VOCs, 52 were from sources associated with building and construction materials (e.g. brick, wood products, adhesives and materials for flooring installation etc.), 41 were linked with consumer products (passive, electric and combustible air fresheners, hair sprays, deodorants) and 9 VOCs were associated with space heating, which may reflect the relatively small number of studies discussing emissions from this category of sources. A clear decrease in concentrations of formaldehyde was observed over the last few years, whilst acetone was found to be one of the most abundant but underreported species. A new approach based on the operational indoor air quality surveillance will both reveal trends in known VOCs and identify new compounds.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution, Indoor; Aldehydes; Alkanes; Environmental Monitoring; Esters; Glycols; Hydrocarbons; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Terpenes; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 35623519
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156201 -
European Archives of Paediatric... Dec 2022This meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic success rate of Biodentine as an alternative to Formocresol to provide a critical appraisal of the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
This meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic success rate of Biodentine as an alternative to Formocresol to provide a critical appraisal of the available literature and evidence-based conclusion as well as update the previous systematic review.
METHODS
MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to 20 October 2021 to identify RCTs evaluating pulpotomy with Biodentine/Formocresol in carious primary molars among children ≤ 10 years old. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool. RRs and corresponding 95% CIs were calculated to pool results that RR ˃ 1 indicated a higher success rate in the Biodentine group and RR < 1 indicated a higher success rate in the Formocresol group. Heterogeneity was calculated using the I and τ statistics. In addition, trial sequential analysis was performed to adjust results for type I and type II errors and evaluate power of the meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Nine RCTs were identified and eight RCTs were included in the meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. The obtained evidence showed no significant difference between Biodentine and Formocresol in terms of clinical efficacy. However, considering the radiographic success rate the results of the meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis significantly favoured Biodentine.
CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of the present review and based on the retrieved findings it has been clearly shown that Biodentine is superior compared to Formocresol in terms of radiographic success rate with firm evidence in this regard. Although the performed meta-analysis showed no significant clinical difference between Biodentine and Formocresol, however, trial sequential analysis revealed a lack of firm evidence in this regard.
Topics: Child; Humans; Formocresols; Aluminum Compounds; Tooth, Deciduous; Molar; Calcium Compounds; Silicates; Pulpotomy; Drug Combinations
PubMed: 35596042
DOI: 10.1007/s40368-022-00715-9 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Sep 2022Genomic and transcriptomic findings greatly broaden the biological knowledge regarding substance use. However, systematic convergence and comparison evidence of...
Common and distinguishing genetic factors for substance use behavior and disorder: an integrated analysis of genomic and transcriptomic studies from both human and animal studies.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Genomic and transcriptomic findings greatly broaden the biological knowledge regarding substance use. However, systematic convergence and comparison evidence of genome-wide findings is lacking for substance use. Here, we combined all the genome-wide findings from both substance use behavior and disorder (SUBD) and identified common and distinguishing genetic factors for different SUBDs.
METHODS
Systemic literature search for genome-wide association (GWAS) and RNA-seq studies of alcohol/nicotine/drug use behavior (partially meets or not reported diagnostic criteria) and alcohol use behavior and disorder (AUBD), nicotine use behavior and disorder (NUBD) and drug use behavior and disorder (DUBD) was performed using PubMed and the GWAS catalog. Drug use was focused upon cannabis, opioid, cocaine and methamphetamine use. GWAS studies required case-control or case/cohort samples. RNA-seq studies were based on brain tissues. The genes which contained significant single nucleotide polymorphism (P ≤ 1 × 10 ) in GWAS and reported as significant in RNA-seq studies were extracted. Pathway enrichment was performed by using Metascape. Gene interaction networks were identified by using the Protein Interaction Network Analysis database.
RESULTS
Total SUBD-related 2910 genes were extracted from 75 GWAS studies (2 773 889 participants) and 17 RNA-seq studies. By overlapping the genes and pathways of AUBD, NUBD and DUBD, four shared genes (CACNB2, GRIN2B, PLXDC2 and PKNOX2), four shared pathways [two Gene Ontology (GO) terms of 'modulation of chemical synaptic transmission', 'regulation of trans-synaptic signaling', two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of 'dopaminergic synapse', 'cocaine addiction'] were identified (significantly higher than random, P < 1 × 10 ). The top shared KEGG pathways (Benjamini-Hochberg-corrected P-value < 0.05) in the pairwise comparison of AUBD versus DUBD, NUBD versus DUBD, AUBD versus NUBD were 'Epstein-Barr virus infection', 'protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum' and 'neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction', respectively. We also identified substance-specific genetic factors: i.e. ADH1B and ALDH2 were unique for AUBD, while CHRNA3 and CHRNA4 were unique for NUBD.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review identifies the shared and unique genes and pathways for alcohol, nicotine and drug use behaviors and disorders at the genome-wide level and highlights critical biological processes for the common and distinguishing vulnerability of substance use behaviors and disorders.
Topics: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Animals; Cocaine; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genomics; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Nicotine; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Substance-Related Disorders; Tobacco Use Disorder; Transcriptome
PubMed: 35491750
DOI: 10.1111/add.15908