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Phytomedicine : International Journal... May 2023Food intake behavior is influenced by both physiological and psychological complex processes, such as appetite, satiety, and hunger. The neuroendocrine regulation of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Food intake behavior is influenced by both physiological and psychological complex processes, such as appetite, satiety, and hunger. The neuroendocrine regulation of food intake integrates short- and long-term acting signals that modulate the moment of intake and energy storage/expenditure, respectively. These signals are classified as orexigenic, those that activate anabolic pathways and the desire of eating, and anorexigenic, those that activate the catabolic pathways and a sensation of satiety. Appetite control by natural vegetal compounds is an intense area of research and new pharmacological interventions have been emerging based on an understanding of appetite regulation pathways. Several validated psychometric tools are used to assess the efficacy of these plant ingredients. However, these data are not conclusive if they are not complemented with physiological parameters, such as anthropometric evaluations (body weight and composition) and the analysis of hormones related to adipose tissue and appetite in blood.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this manuscript is the critical analysis of the plant compounds studied to date in the literature with potential for the neuroendocrine regulation of hunger in order to determine if the use of phytochemicals for the treatment of obesity constitutes an effective and/or promising therapeutic tool.
METHODS
Relevant information on neuroendocrine regulation of hunger and satiety for the treatment of obesity by plant compounds up to 2022 in English and/or Spanish were derived from online databases using the PubMed search engine and Google Scholar with relevant keywords and operators.
RESULTS
Accordingly, the comparison performed in this review between previous studies showed a high degree of experimental heterogeneity. Among the studies reviewed here, only a few of them establish comprehensively a potential correlation between the effect of the ingredient on hunger or satiety, body changes and a physiological response.
CONCLUSIONS
More systematic clinical studies are required in future research. The first approach should be to decode the pattern of circulating hormones regulating hunger, satiety, and appetite in overweight/obese subjects. Thereafter, studies should correlate brain connectivity at the level of the hypothalamus, gut and adipose tissue with the hormone patterns modulating appetite and satiety. Extracts whose mode of action have been well characterized and that are safe, can be used clinically to perform a moderate, but continuous, caloric restriction in overweight patients to lose weight excess into a controlled protocol.
Topics: Humans; Hunger; Overweight; Appetite; Obesity; Hormones; Energy Intake
PubMed: 36921427
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154735 -
Appetite Jan 2023Taste receptors are located on the epithelial surface throughout the alimentary canal to identify nutrients and potential toxins. In the oral cavity, the role of taste...
Taste receptors are located on the epithelial surface throughout the alimentary canal to identify nutrients and potential toxins. In the oral cavity, the role of taste is to encourage or discourage ingestion, while in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the taste receptors help the body prepare for an appropriate response to the ingested foods. The GI sensing of bitter compounds may alter the secretion of appetite-related hormones thereby reducing food intake, which may have potential use for managing health outcomes. This systematic literature review investigated the acute effects of administering different bitter tasting compounds on circulating levels of selected GI hormones, subjective appetite, and energy intake in humans. A literature search was conducted using Medline, CINAHL and Web of Science databases. Of 290 articles identified, 16 met the inclusion criteria. Twelve studies assessed food intake; four of these found bitter administration decreased food intake and eight did not. Fourteen studies assessed subjective appetite; seven found bitter administration affected at least one measure of appetite and seven detected no significant changes. Nine studies included measures of GI hormones; no significant effects were found for changes in GLP-1, CCK or PYY. Four studies measured motilin and ghrelin and found mostly consistent changes in either food intake or subjective appetite. Overall, the data on food intake and subjective appetite were inconsistent, with only motilin and ghrelin responsive to post-oral bitter administration. There is limited consistent conclusive evidence that bitter compounds influence food intake, appetite or hormones with the reasons for this discussed within. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42021226102.
Topics: Humans; Appetite Regulation; Energy Intake; Hormones
PubMed: 36216215
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106336 -
Appetite Jan 2023In light of the increasing prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, the underconsumption of fiber is concerning due to its various associated health benefits... (Review)
Review
In light of the increasing prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, the underconsumption of fiber is concerning due to its various associated health benefits such as weight management. Adding extracted or isolated dietary fibers into various consumer products is a practical strategy for addressing the fiber gap. This comprehensive review identified evidence on the efficacy of different types of extracted and isolated fibers in reducing appetite and energy intake. Published reports of randomized controlled trials assessing appetite or energy intake in healthy adults were systematically searched, and those investigating extracted and isolated fibers following acute or chronic intake were selected. A total of 136 studies, consisting of 107 acute studies and 29 chronic studies, were included in the review. Overall, most fiber types did not show significant effects on appetite ratings and energy intakes. Acute intakes of two viscous fibers, alginate or guar gum, as well as oat fiber, were observed to most frequently result in reductions in appetite ratings. Additionally, chronic, but not acute, intakes of resistant maltodextrin/dextrin were also beneficial for appetite ratings. Viscous fibers were more likely to improve appetite ratings compared to non-viscous fibers, and fermentability did not appear to affect appetite ratings. Unfortunately, the current evidence base is highly varied due to the many differences in methodology and limited research on many of the fibers. While the possible benefits of extracted and isolated fibers on appetite sensations, food intake, and ultimately body weight regulation should not be completely dismissed, our review highlights the complexity of this research area and the gaps that need to be addressed to improve the robustness of the evidence.
Topics: Humans; Energy Intake; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36216214
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106340 -
Life Sciences Nov 2022Eating behavior is regulated by central and peripheral signals, which interact to modulate the response to nutrient intake. Central control is mediated by the... (Review)
Review
Eating behavior is regulated by central and peripheral signals, which interact to modulate the response to nutrient intake. Central control is mediated by the hypothalamus through neuropeptides that activate the orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways. Energy homeostasis depends on the efficiency of these regulatory mechanisms. This neuroendocrine regulation of hunger and appetite can be modulated by nutritional sensors such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Thus, this systematic review discusses the literature on correlations between AMPK and hypothalamic neuropeptides regarding control of eating behavior. Lilacs, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were searched for articles published from 2009 to 2021 containing combinations of the following descriptors: "eating behavior," "hypothalamus," "neuropeptide," and "AMPK." Of the 1330 articles found initially, 27 were selected after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the selected articles, 15 reported decreased AMPK activity, due to interventions using angiotensin II infusion, fructose, glucose, cholecystokinin, leptin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection; dietary control through a low-protein diet or a high-fat diet (60 % fat); induction of hyperthyroidism; or injection of AMPK inhibitors. Seven studies showed a decrease in neuropeptide Y (NPY) through CV4 AICAR administration; fructose, glucose, leptin, or angiotensin II injections; or infusion of LPS from Escherichia coli and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) overexpression. Eleven studies reported a decrease in food consumption due to a decrease in AMPK activity and/or hypothalamic neuropeptides such as NPY. The results indicate that there is a relationship between AMPK and the control of eating behavior: a decrease in AMPK activity due to a dietary or non-dietary stimulus is associated with a consequent decrease in food intake. Furthermore, AMPK activity can be modulated by glucose, thyroid hormones, estradiol, leptin, and ghrelin.
Topics: Leptin; Ghrelin; Neuropeptide Y; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Lipopolysaccharides; Angiotensin II; Hypothalamus; Neuropeptides; Feeding Behavior; Eating; Cholecystokinin; Glucose; Thyroid Hormones; Estradiol; Adenosine Monophosphate; Fructose
PubMed: 36096244
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120947 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Sep 2022Bovine rotavirus is the primary pathogen causing diarrhea in cattle and can be transmitted vertically through the placenta. It mainly presents with clinical signs such... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Bovine rotavirus is the primary pathogen causing diarrhea in cattle and can be transmitted vertically through the placenta. It mainly presents with clinical signs such as depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the prevalence of BRV infection in mainland China. We conducted a literature search on the prevalence of BRV infection in pigs between Jan 1, 1979 and Dec 31, 2021 in English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Clinical Trials, VIP, CNKI, and WanFang database. Selections were made based on the title and the abstract of the paper, Search strings included if they reported the cattle samples of more than 15 cattle and provided information that allowed us to establish the prevalence of BRV. Moreover, we excluded repeated studies, reviews, other hosts. Finally, we extracted the number of cattle with BRV infection from the obtained studies and provided information that permitted us to estimate the prevalence of BRV infection in cattle in mainland China.
RESULTS
The data of 29 articles (including data on 10677 cattle) are compliant with the standards. The pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle in China was 46%(6635/10677), the pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle from Northeast China (40%) was significantly lower than those from other regions. In addition, the prevalence of BRV was associated with publication time of paper, detection methods, age of cattle, and clinical symptoms(diarrhea, etc.).
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that BRV infection is common among cattle in China. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out further research and monitor the prevalence of BRV infection. Furthermore, powerful and effective regulatory measures should be taken to prevent the transmission and spread of BRV among cattle populations.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; China; Diarrhea; Female; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Swine
PubMed: 35988882
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105727 -
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Oct 2022Impaired hormonal regulation of appetite may contribute to higher cardiovascular risk in bipolar disorder (BD). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Impaired hormonal regulation of appetite may contribute to higher cardiovascular risk in bipolar disorder (BD). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating peripheral blood levels of appetite-regulating hormones in BD and controls. A total of 32 studies were included. Leptin and insulin levels were significantly elevated in patients with BD during euthymia, but not in other mood states. Greater differences in the number of male participants between patients with BD and healthy controls were associated with higher effect size estimates for the levels of insulin. There were significant positive correlations of effect size estimates for the levels of adiponectin with the percentage of individuals with type I BD and duration of BD. Our findings point to the mechanisms underlying high rates of cardiometabolic comorbidities in BD. Moreover, they suggest that investigating hormonal regulation of appetite might help to understand differences in the neurobiology of BD types.
Topics: Humans; Male; Bipolar Disorder; Appetite; Adiponectin; Insulin
PubMed: 35792198
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101013 -
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Jul 2022Some studies showed that dietary factors such as whey protein (WP) are effective on glycemic regulation. Due to the current controversy about WP effects and mechanisms... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Some studies showed that dietary factors such as whey protein (WP) are effective on glycemic regulation. Due to the current controversy about WP effects and mechanisms of its action on glycemic control, we conducted this systematic review to shed light on the subject.
METHODS
Web of Science, Medline (Pubmed), and Scopus online databases were searched from 2012 up to February 2022 using the following keywords: "whey protein" and "glycemic control"/"glycemia"/"glucose"/"insulin". The search included original English articles, human clinical trials with WP supplementation and measurement of glucose or insulin as an outcome, studies on healthy individuals/patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)/impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
RESULTS
Title/abstract of 1991 studies were reviewed. After excluding studies due to inappropriate full title and duplication, and exercising inclusion criteria, 58 studies were reviewed in detail. Ample evidence showed that WP decreased postprandial glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and increased iAUCs of insulin and incretin hormones. WP affects glycemic control mainly through stimulating insulin and incretins secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and appetite suppression.
CONCLUSION
Although most of the recent evidence showed beneficial effects of WP supplementation on glycemic response, further long-term clinical trials are required which assess the long-term impact of WP supplementation and its exact mechanisms.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Incretins; Insulin; Whey; Whey Proteins
PubMed: 35772356
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102540 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Childhood obesity has been linked to physical and psychological comorbidities that can be carried into adulthood. A bidirectional link between body weight and the stress... (Review)
Review
Childhood obesity has been linked to physical and psychological comorbidities that can be carried into adulthood. A bidirectional link between body weight and the stress system appears to exist, as cortisol may affect the regulation of appetite, while adiposity can affect cortisol secretion. Among the biological tissues used to evaluate cortisol concentrations, scalp hair can provide retrospective measures. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the difference in hair cortisol concentrations between obese and non-obese minors ≤ 19 years of age. Children and adolescents with genetic, somatic or psychiatric comorbidities were excluded. The work was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, using prespecified search terms in the Pubmed database. The initial search yielded 56 studies, while the last step of the screening procedure concluded in 9 observational studies. Among them, the results could be characterized as inconclusive. Five of them demonstrated significantly higher hair cortisol concentrations in obese children and adolescents than normal weight subjects. On the contrary, the remaining four found no statistically significant differences in hair cortisol concentrations between obese and non-obese subjects. Different methodologies applied, and confounding factors could explain the inconsistency in the findings. Further research is needed to provide more solid results.
PubMed: 35626892
DOI: 10.3390/children9050715 -
Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Aug 2022Whey protein (WP) can increase insulin secretion, produce an incretin effect, delay gastric emptying, and regulate appetite, resulting in improved glycemic control. We... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Whey protein supplementation improves postprandial glycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Whey protein (WP) can increase insulin secretion, produce an incretin effect, delay gastric emptying, and regulate appetite, resulting in improved glycemic control. We hypothesized that WP supplementation is associated with postprandial glycemia regulation in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to test this hypothesis. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus databases, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry for relevant RCTs published before March 2022. We assessed the pooled effects using a random-effects model on glucose and insulin levels at 60 and 120 minutes, total glucagon-like peptide-1 (tGLP-1) at 30 and 60 minutes, and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of glucose, insulin, tGLP-1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Five RCTs involving 134 persons were included. Postprandial glycemia was significantly lower at 60 minutes (weighted mean difference: -2.67 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval, -3.62 to -1.72 mmol/L) and 120 minutes (-1.59 mmol/L; -2.91 to -0.28 mmol/L) in WP group than in placebo group. The iAUC of insulin was significantly higher in WP group (24.66 nmol/L × min, 1.65-47.66 nmol/L × min) than in placebo group. Although other results favored the WP group, differences between the groups were not statistically significant. The present study showed that premeal WP supplementation is beneficial for postprandial glycemia in persons with mild or well-controlled T2DM without substantial adverse effects. However, the level of certainty of current evidence is not high enough. Further larger and well-designed clinical trials are warranted for evaluating optimal dose and long-term effects of WP supplementation.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Insulin; Postprandial Period; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Whey Proteins
PubMed: 35605541
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.04.002 -
Nutrients Mar 2022Chrononutrition is an emerging branch of chronobiology focusing on the profound interactions between biological rhythms and metabolism. This framework suggests that,... (Review)
Review
Chrononutrition is an emerging branch of chronobiology focusing on the profound interactions between biological rhythms and metabolism. This framework suggests that, just like all biological processes, even nutrition follows a circadian pattern. Recent findings elucidated the metabolic roles of circadian clocks in the regulation of both hormone release and the daily feeding-fasting cycle. Apart from serving as energy fuel, ketone bodies play pivotal roles as signaling mediators and drivers of gene transcription, promoting food anticipation and loss of appetite. Herein we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the effects of the ketogenic diets on biological processes that follow circadian rhythms, among them appetite, sleep, and endocrine function.
Topics: Appetite; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Hormones; Ketone Bodies; Sleep
PubMed: 35406023
DOI: 10.3390/nu14071410