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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jul 2019We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of appetite regulating hormones in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Meta-analyses were conducted... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of appetite regulating hormones in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models with Hedges' g as the effect size estimate. We identified 31 eligible studies, investigating the levels of 7 appetite regulating hormones (adiponectin, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, orexin, resistin and visfatin) in 1792 FEP patients and 1364 controls. The insulin levels in FEP patients were higher than in controls (g = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.19 - 0.49, p < 0.001), even considering only antipsychotic-naïve patients (g = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.12 - 0.66, p = 0.005). The severity of negative symptoms was positively associated with the effect size estimates (β = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.01 - 0.16, p = 0.030). Moreover, we found lower levels of leptin in antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients (g = -0.62, 95%CI: -1.11 - 0.12, p = 0.015). Impaired appetite regulation, in terms of elevated insulin levels and decreased leptin levels, occurs in early psychosis, before antipsychotic treatment. Hyperinsulinemia might be related to negative symptoms.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Humans; Insulin; Leptin; Obesity; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 31121198
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.018 -
Clinical Gastroenterology and... Jan 2020Gastric emptying (GE) is involved in the regulation of appetite. We compared times of GE after different bariatric endoscopic and surgical interventions and associations... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Gastric emptying (GE) is involved in the regulation of appetite. We compared times of GE after different bariatric endoscopic and surgical interventions and associations with weight loss.
METHODS
We performed a comprehensive search of publication databases, through September 14, 2018, for randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting outcomes of weight-loss surgeries. Two independent reviewers selected and appraised studies. The outcome of interest was GE T (min), measured before and after the procedure. A random-effects model was used to pool the mean change in T (min) after the intervention. We performed a meta-regression analysis to find associations between GE and weight loss. Heterogeneity was calculated using the I statistic. Methodologic quality was assessed.
RESULTS
From 762 citations, the following studies were included in our analysis: 9 sleeve gastrectomies, 5 intragastric balloons, and 5 antral botulinum toxins. After sleeve gastrectomy, the pooled mean reduction in GE T at 3 months was 29.2 minutes (95% CI, 40.9-17.5 min; I = 91%). Fluid-filled balloons increased GE T by 116 minutes (95% CI, 29.4-203.4 min; I = 58.6%). Air-filled balloons did not produce a statistically significant difference in GE T. Antral botulinum injections increased GE T by 9.6 minutes (95% CI, 2.8-16.4 min; I = 13.3%). Placebo interventions reduced GE T by 6.3 minutes (95% CI, 10-2.6 min). Changes in GE were associated with weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy and intragastric balloons, but not botulinum toxin injections.
CONCLUSIONS
In a systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that sleeve gastrectomy reduced GE T whereas fluid-filled balloons significantly increased GE T. Air-filled balloons do not significantly change the time of GE, which could account for their low efficacy. Antral botulinum toxin injections produced small temporary increases in GE time, which were not associated with weight loss. Changes in GE time after surgical and endoscopic bariatric interventions correlated with weight loss and might be used to select interventions, based on patients' physiology.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Obesity, Morbid; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss
PubMed: 30954712
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.047 -
Peptides Apr 2019The recently discovered peptide phoenixin was initially implicated in reproduction as a regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated luteinizing hormone...
The recently discovered peptide phoenixin was initially implicated in reproduction as a regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary. Subsequently, various functions of phoenixin have been demonstrated including mediation of itching sensation, stimulation of vasopressin secretion, stimulation of white adipogenesis and hypothalamic nutrient sensing. Subsequently, additional actions of phoenixin have been described, namely effects on behavior. A systematic search of four data bases was performed and original articles selected accordingly. The present systematic review will present the current knowledge on the effects of phoenixin on different behaviors such as anxiety and food intake as well as cognition. Lastly, gaps in knowledge will be mentioned to stimulate further research.
Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Appetite Regulation; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cognition; Humans; Hypothalamic Hormones; Mice; Peptide Hormones; Rats
PubMed: 30953667
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.002 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Jul 2019This review aims to investigate whether interventions that enhance satiety and/or reduce hunger lead to beneficial effects on body weight management in the context of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Is reducing appetite beneficial for body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis from clinical trials assessing body weight management after exposure to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing products.
This review aims to investigate whether interventions that enhance satiety and/or reduce hunger lead to beneficial effects on body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity. A comprehensive review protocol was prepared before conducting a systematic search in PubMed identifying 517 papers with 12 meeting the inclusion criteria. A thorough risk of bias assessment was performed based on the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Based on a meta-analysis, the average of 75 subjects exposed to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing foods during more than 8 weeks coincidently reduced their body weight by 3.60 (1.05; 6.15) kg (mean (95% confidence interval)) more compared with controls. Two studies analysed whether individual reductions in appetite were associated with body weight. Decreased ad libitum energy intake after exposure to the satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions explained 58% (P < 0.001) and 23% (P < 0.001) of the variations in the subsequent weight losses over 12 and 8 weeks, respectively. Robust acute effects on appetite were found equally likely to be linked to improved body weight management as sustained effects. Satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions are supported to improve body weight management, but studies specifically designed to demonstrate a causal link remain needed.
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Energy Intake; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Satiation; Satiety Response; Weight Reduction Programs
PubMed: 30945414
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12854 -
Journal of Affective Disorders May 2019Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder in which clinical symptoms can widely differ among patients. Neurovegetative symptoms, i.e....
BACKGROUND
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder in which clinical symptoms can widely differ among patients. Neurovegetative symptoms, i.e. decreased or increased appetite, changes in body weight and sleep disturbances, described as 'melancholic' or 'atypical' features of a depressive episode, are the most variable symptoms among patients with MDD. We hypothesized biomarkers differences underlying this neurovegetative variability in major depression.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed, according to the PRISMA guidelines, the role of specific metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in drug-free MDD patients, that could have neurobiological effects on appetite, weight regulation and circadian rhythms, influencing eating behaviour and sleep patterns. All studies regarding the co-occurrence of disturbed sleep and appetite were examined.
RESULTS
Besides the well-known leptin and ghrelin, other biomarkers such as BDNF, VEGF, NPY, orexin, and the recent discovered nesfatin-1 seem to be involved in neurovegetative changes in depressive disorders playing a role in the regulation of affective states, stress reactions and sleep patterns. Interestingly, based on the existing evidence, ghrelin, orexin and nesfatin-1 could be linked both to sleep and appetite regulation in depressed patients.
LIMITATIONS
Heterogeneous studies with low sample size.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the wide heterogeneity of results, studies on biomarkers of appetite and sleep in MDD are an interesting field of research to explain the neurobiological substrates of depressive symptoms that deserve further investigation.
Topics: Appetite; Biomarkers; Depressive Disorder, Major; Energy Metabolism; Hormones; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Sleep
PubMed: 30870775
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.015 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2019Consumption of soluble dietary fibre is recommended as part of a healthy diet. Evidence has shown that soluble dietary fibre slows gastric emptying, increases perceived... (Review)
Review
Unravelling the Effects of Soluble Dietary Fibre Supplementation on Energy Intake and Perceived Satiety in Healthy Adults: Evidence from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised-Controlled Trials.
Consumption of soluble dietary fibre is recommended as part of a healthy diet. Evidence has shown that soluble dietary fibre slows gastric emptying, increases perceived satiety and plays a significant role in appetite regulation. This systematic review examined the effects of soluble dietary fibre using randomised-controlled trials (RCTs). Three different electronic databases were used, namely PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Effect size (Cohen's ) was calculated based on the intergroup mean difference and standard deviation () followed by Cochran's Q and ² determination. The effect size was statistically pooled in the meta-analyses and presented as a forest plot. The risk of bias was high for each study as assessed using the Jadad scale. Meta-analysis of statistically pooled data for guar gum showed a sizeable effect on post-meal energy intake, followed by β-glucan, alginate, polydextrose and pectin, with pooled effect sizes of -0.90, -0.44, -0.42, -0.36 and -0.26, respectively. Guar gum (5 g) effectively reduced energy intake when prepared in milk beverages compared with control milk ( < 0.001). Alginate, when prepared in liquid (5 g) or solid (9 g) meals, effectively reduced energy intake compared with control ( < 0.001). A high dose of polydextrose (25 g) prepared in liquid meal form significantly reduced energy intake ( = 0.01). This study suggests that soluble fibres are not all created equal. Further interventional studies are needed to determine whether combinations of these soluble fibres might have greater effects than individual fibres per se.
PubMed: 30621363
DOI: 10.3390/foods8010015 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research Aug 2018Cytokines are signalling molecules, which play an important role in both immune system function and brain development and function, and subsequently mental states and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Cytokines are signalling molecules, which play an important role in both immune system function and brain development and function, and subsequently mental states and behaviour. Cytokines have been implicated in eating disorders (EDs) due to their role in psychological health, body weight and appetite regulation. This meta-analysis examined cross-sectional and longitudinal studies measuring concentrations of cytokines in individuals with EDs. Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed relevant articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, independently, firstly with all EDs combined and then stratified by ED diagnosis. Twenty-five studies were included: serum/plasma cytokine concentrations were measured in people with anorexia nervosa (AN) in 23 studies and bulimia nervosa (BN) in 4 studies. TNF-α and IL-6 were elevated in ED participants compared to healthy controls (HCs). Specifically, this pattern was seen only when comparing AN participants to HCs. Concentrations of these cytokines did not differ between people with BN and HCs. IL-1β and TGF-β did not differ between HCs and any ED group. Therefore, AN seems to be associated with elevated concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6. Considering the role of cytokines in appetite, mood regulation, and anxiety, these pro-inflammatory cytokines could be a potential future drug target to help people with AN, not only with weight gain, but also with various coexisting psychological problems. Future studies should consider confounding factors that affect cytokine concentrations and report ED-relevant clinical characteristics.
Topics: Cytokines; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 29906710
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.002 -
Nutrients Apr 2018The diagnostic construct of "food addiction" is a highly controversial subject. The current systematic review is the first to evaluate empirical studies examining the... (Review)
Review
The diagnostic construct of "food addiction" is a highly controversial subject. The current systematic review is the first to evaluate empirical studies examining the construct of "food addiction" in humans and animals. Studies were included if they were quantitative, peer-reviewed, and in the English language. The 52 identified studies (35 articles) were qualitatively assessed to determine the extent to which their findings indicated the following addiction characteristics in relation to food: brain reward dysfunction, preoccupation, risky use, impaired control, tolerance/withdrawal, social impairment, chronicity, and relapse. Each pre-defined criterion was supported by at least one study. Brain reward dysfunction and impaired control were supported by the largest number of studies ( = 21 and = 12, respectively); whereas risky use was supported by the fewest ( = 1). Overall, findings support food addiction as a unique construct consistent with criteria for other substance use disorder diagnoses. The evidence further suggests that certain foods, particularly processed foods with added sweeteners and fats, demonstrate the greatest addictive potential. Though both behavioral and substance-related factors are implicated in the addictive process, symptoms appear to better fit criteria for substance use disorder than behavioral addiction. Future research should explore social/role impairment, preoccupation, and risky use associated with food addiction and evaluate potential interventions for prevention and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cost of Illness; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Food Addiction; Humans; Models, Animal; Neural Conduction; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Social Behavior; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 29649120
DOI: 10.3390/nu10040477 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Jan 2018Malnutrition in children with cancer is a significant risk factor for negative outcomes, but in the clinical practice setting, it is difficult to pinpoint which factors... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Malnutrition in children with cancer is a significant risk factor for negative outcomes, but in the clinical practice setting, it is difficult to pinpoint which factors operate to cause substantial weight loss and malnutrition in a given patient. Appetite-related hormones like ghrelin and leptin are among possible mediators. However, only few studies have examined the role of these hormones in pediatric patients with cancer to date. Thus, the purpose of this study was to systematically review possible changes in the levels of appetite hormones, specially leptin and ghrelin, in pediatric patients with cancer.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We systematically reviewed the literature using PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo, as well as manual bibliographical reference search of the studies. According to the Medical Subject Headings of the National Library of Medicine (MeSH), "childhood cancer", "ghrelin" and "leptin" were used as descriptors.
RESULTS
Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review published in English, from 2000 to 2015. A total of 863 patients were evaluated, ages ranging from 0 to 21 years, and most of the studies reported on children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors. Most studies analyzed leptin levels; only two studies evaluated levels of ghrelin.
CONCLUSION
This review confirms that changes in the responses of the ghrelin and leptin hormones in children and adolescents with cancer are quite diverse, probably due to the different types of cancer observed, different treatments performed and biological characteristics of this age group.
Topics: Adolescent; Appetite Regulation; Child; Ghrelin; Hormones; Humans; Leptin; Neoplasms; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 29565170
DOI: 10.20960/nh.1221 -
Hormone and Metabolic Research =... Nov 2017Gut hormones are known to play an important role in long-term weight loss maintenance after bariatric surgery. However, the interplay between gut hormones and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Gut hormones are known to play an important role in long-term weight loss maintenance after bariatric surgery. However, the interplay between gut hormones and diet-induced weight changes remains unclear. Our aims were to evaluate the alterations of gut hormones in diet-induced weight loss, weight maintenance, and weight regain periods. Available studies were searched on MEDLINE, EMASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane Library, and Web of science from inception to October 2016. After selection, 16 studies with 656 participants were included. Based on current evidence, we found significant alterations of gut hormones induced by different diets. In weight-loss diets, decreased fasting total PYY, GLP-1, CCK, GIP, PP, and amylin along with increased ghrelin levels were observed in most studies. After weight loss, the persistent decreases of fasting total PYY and GLP-1 levels as well as increased appetite were reported, suggesting the profound impact of altered gut hormones on later weight regain after dietary intervention. The differences between diet-induced changes in gut hormones and other treatments such as bariatric surgery and exercise are also discussed in this review. Although significant alterations of gut hormones were found during weight changes, huge heterogeneity exists in methods and populations. More large-scale studies with elaborate design addressing the gut hormone alterations in dietary weight regulation are required in the future.
Topics: Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, High-Protein; Diet, Reducing; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Weight Loss
PubMed: 28934819
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-115646