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European Journal of Nutrition Apr 2024We conducted a network meta-analysis which aims to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different supplementation dosages of vitamin D on cardiometabolic and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
We conducted a network meta-analysis which aims to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different supplementation dosages of vitamin D on cardiometabolic and bone-metabolic indicators as well as insulin resistance in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity.
METHODS
Eligible studies published before December 10, 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to express pooled estimates. Network meta-analysis of multiple doses, including low (< 1000 IU/day, LDS), medium (1000-2000 IU/day, MDS), high (2000-4000 IU/day, HDS), and extremely high (> 4000 IU/day, EHDS) dosage strategy, was conducted using STATA/MP 14.0.
RESULTS
Our network meta-analysis of 15 RCTs suggested that, compared with placebo and LDS, EHDS was increased 25-(OH)-D, with a pooled MD of 8.65 (95% CI 4.72-12.58) and 7.66 (95% CI 0.91-14.41), respectively. Meanwhile, EHDS also decreased ho meostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (MD: - 0.74; 95% CI: - 1.45 to - 0.04) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (MD: - 18.99; 95% CI - 21.60 to - 16.38), and EHDS was also better than LDS (MD: - 18.47; 95% CI - 20.66 to - 16.28) and MDS (MD: - 19.69; 95% CI - 22.17 to - 17.21) in decreasing CRP. Ranking probability suggested that EHDS ranked best for increasing 25-(OH)-D, and decreasing HOMA-IR and CRP, with a probability of 86.1%, 83.1%, and 76.6%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of our network meta-analysis suggest that EHDS may be the best strategy for vitamin D supplementation to reduce inflammatory responses as well as improve insulin resistance in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42023387775.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Insulin Resistance; Overweight; Network Meta-Analysis; Vitamin D; Obesity; Dietary Supplements; C-Reactive Protein
PubMed: 38160221
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03301-x -
Journal of Sport and Health Science Jul 2024The ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance are well-established, even if differences exist among individuals in response to caffeine intake. The... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance are well-established, even if differences exist among individuals in response to caffeine intake. The genetic variation of a specific gene, human cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) (rs762551), may be one reason for this difference. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the influence of CYP1A2 gene types on athletes' exercise performance after caffeine intake.
METHODS
A literature search through 4 databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) was conducted until March 2023. The effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) by calculating fixed effects meta-analysis if heterogeneity was not significant (I ≤ 50% and p ≥ 0.1). Subgroup analyses were performed based on AA and AC/CC genotype of CYP1A2.
RESULTS
The final number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was 12 (n = 666 participants). The overall analysis showed that the cycling time trial significantly improved after caffeine intake (WMD = -0.48, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.83 to -0.13, p = 0.007). In subgroup analyses, acute caffeine intake improved cycling time trial only in individuals with the A allele (WMD = -0.90, 95%CI: -1.48 to -0.33, p = 0.002), but not the C allele (WMD = -0.08, 95%CI: -0.32 to 0.17, p = 0.53). Caffeine supplementation did not influence the Wingate (WMD = 8.07, 95%CI: -22.04 to 38.18, p = 0.60) or countermovement jump test (CMJ) performance (WMD = 1.17, 95%CI: -0.02 to 2.36, p = 0.05), and these outcomes were not influenced by CYP1A2 genotype.
CONCLUSION
Participants with the CYP1A2 genotype with A allele improved their cycling time trials after caffeine supplementation. However, compared to placebo, acute caffeine supplementation failed to increase the Wingate or CMJ performance, regardless of CYP1A2 genotype.
Topics: Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Humans; Caffeine; Athletic Performance; Performance-Enhancing Substances; Genotype; Dietary Supplements; Bicycling
PubMed: 38158179
DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.005 -
Appetite Mar 2024Dietary intake during infancy shapes later food preferences and is important for short- and long-term health and wellbeing. Although caregivers are thought to influence... (Review)
Review
Dietary intake during infancy shapes later food preferences and is important for short- and long-term health and wellbeing. Although caregivers are thought to influence the developing food preferences of infants, children less than two years have been notably absent in existing meta-analyses on the topic. This scoping review seeks to fill this gap by using a systematic process to identify and summarize the published literature on the resemblance of caregiver and infant diet during the period of complementary feeding (6-23 months). Articles were included if they assessed intake of foods or beverages other than human milk or commercial milk formula and reported a test of association between the intake of caregivers and infants. Four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Global Health) were systematically searched for articles published since 2000. Thirty-three articles, representing 32 studies, were identified. The majority of studies examined infant intake of food groups/items (n = 20), seven studies examined infant dietary patterns, and six studies examined dietary diversity. Studies predominantly reported associations between diets of mothers and infants (n = 31); three studies reported associations for fathers. Most studies assessed infant diet at one timepoint (n = 26), with 12 studies combining the intakes of younger (0-11 months) and older infants (12-23 months). Food groups examined, in order of frequency, included 'non-core' foods and beverages (n = 14), vegetables (n = 13), fruits (n = 12), protein foods (n = 6), grains (n = 5), and dairy foods (n = 4). Definitions of variables for food groups and dietary patterns were highly heterogeneous, but consistent for dietary diversity. Nearly all studies (n = 31) reported significant associations between dietary intakes of caregivers and infants. Findings suggest caregiver diet may be a promising focus for interventions aiming to shape the food preferences and dietary intakes of infants.
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Caregivers; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Eating; Diet; Fruit
PubMed: 38141877
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107178 -
Respiratory Medicine Jan 2024Type 2 (T2) inflammation is a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of asthma. Diet may have immunomodulatory effects, and a role for diet in T2 inflammation has been... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Type 2 (T2) inflammation is a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of asthma. Diet may have immunomodulatory effects, and a role for diet in T2 inflammation has been suggested in the literature. Indeed, diet and food allergies play a role in children with atopic asthma, but less is known about diet in relation to adult asthma, which is often non-atopic.
OBJECTIVE
To review the effect of dietary interventions on markers of T2 inflammation in adults with asthma.
METHODS
The databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were searched for eligible studies until December 2022. We included studies of all types of foods, nutrients, diets or supplements, either as an exposure or as an intervention, in adults and adolescents with asthma. Outcomes of interest included the T2 biomarkers FeNO, eosinophils, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil peroxidase. The methodological quality of eligible studies was systematically evaluated, and the results were summarised according to dietary clusters.
RESULTS
The systematic search identified studies on the dietary clusters antioxidants (n = 14), fatty acids, (n = 14), Mediterranean-style diets (n = 5), phytotherapy (n = 7), prebiotics & probiotics (n = 8), vitamin D (n = 7), and other dietary factors (n = 5). Studies within the phytotherapy and omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) clusters showed possible improvements in T2 inflammation. Furthermore, we found little evidence for an effect of antioxidants, prebiotics & probiotics, and Mediterranean-style diets on T2 inflammation. However, heterogeneity in study protocols, methodological shortcomings and limited power of almost all studies make it difficult to fully determine the impact of different dietary approaches on T2 inflammation in asthma.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the current evidence does not support a specific dietary intervention to improve T2 inflammation in asthma. Interventions involving phytotherapy and omega-3 PUFA currently have the best evidence and warrant further evaluation in well-designed and adequately powered studies, while taking into account T2-high phenotypes of asthma.
Topics: Adult; Child; Adolescent; Humans; Dietary Supplements; Antioxidants; Diet; Asthma; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Inflammation
PubMed: 38141862
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107504 -
Nutrients Dec 2023Weight management during pregnancy and the postpartum period is an important strategy that can be utilized to reduce the risk of short- and long-term complications in... (Review)
Review
Weight Management during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Summary of Current Evidence and Recommendations.
BACKGROUND
Weight management during pregnancy and the postpartum period is an important strategy that can be utilized to reduce the risk of short- and long-term complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We conducted a systematic review to assess and synthesize evidence and recommendations on weight management during pregnancy and the postpartum period in women with GDM to provide evidence-based clinical guidance.
METHODS
Nine databases and eighteen websites were searched for clinical decisions, guidelines, recommended practices, evidence summaries, expert consensus, and systematic reviews.
RESULTS
A total of 12,196 records were retrieved and fifty-five articles were included in the analysis. Sixty-nine pieces of evidence were summarized, sixty-two of which focused on pregnancy, including benefits, target population, weight management goals, principles, weight monitoring, nutrition assessment and counseling, energy intake, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, fat intake, fiber intake, vitamin and mineral intake, water intake, dietary supplements, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweeteners, alcohol, coffee, food safety, meal arrangements, dietary patterns, exercise assessment and counseling, exercise preparation, type of exercise, intensity of exercise, frequency of exercise, duration of exercise, exercise risk prevention, and pregnancy precautions, and seven focused on the postpartum period, including target population, benefits, postpartum weight management goals, postpartum weight monitoring, dietary recommendations, exercise recommendations, and postpartum precautions.
CONCLUSIONS
Healthcare providers can develop comprehensive pregnancy and postpartum weight management programs for women with GDM based on the sixty-nine pieces of evidence. However, because of the paucity of evidence on postpartum weight management in women with GDM, future guidance documents should focus more on postpartum weight management in women with GDM.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Diabetes, Gestational; Postpartum Period; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Vitamins
PubMed: 38140280
DOI: 10.3390/nu15245022 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Dec 2023Lipids are important modifiers of protein function, particularly as parts of lipoproteins, which transport lipophilic substances and mediate cellular uptake of... (Review)
Review
Lipids are important modifiers of protein function, particularly as parts of lipoproteins, which transport lipophilic substances and mediate cellular uptake of circulating lipids. As such, lipids are of particular interest as blood biological markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as for conditions linked to CVD such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity and dietary states. Notably, lipid research is particularly well developed in the context of CVD because of the relevance and multiple causes and risk factors of CVD. The advent of methods for high-throughput screening of biological molecules has recently resulted in the generation of lipidomic profiles that allow monitoring of lipid compositions in biological samples in an untargeted manner. These and other earlier advances in biomedical research have shaped the knowledge we have about lipids in CVD. To evaluate the knowledge acquired on the multiple biological functions of lipids in CVD and the trends in their research, we collected a dataset of references from the PubMed database of biomedical literature focused on plasma lipids and CVD in human and mouse. Using annotations from these records, we were able to categorize significant associations between lipids and particular types of research approaches, distinguish non-biological lipids used as markers, identify differential research between human and mouse models, and detect the increasingly mechanistic nature of the results in this field. Using known associations between lipids and proteins that metabolize or transport them, we constructed a comprehensive lipid-protein network, which we used to highlight proteins strongly connected to lipids found in the CVD-lipid literature. Our approach points to a series of proteins for which lipid-focused research would bring insights into CVD, including Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2, a.k.a. COX2) and Acylglycerol kinase (AGK). In this review, we summarize our findings, putting them in a historical perspective of the evolution of lipid research in CVD.
PubMed: 38132464
DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120618 -
Nutrition Reviews Dec 2023There are contradictory findings about the relationship between various animal protein sources and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
CONTEXT
There are contradictory findings about the relationship between various animal protein sources and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of our study was to understand better the associations between total protein, animal protein, and animal protein sources and the risk of developing GDM.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science encompassing the literature up until August 2022. A random-effects model was used to combine the data. For estimating the dose-response curves, a one-stage linear mixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted.
DATA EXTRACTION
Data related to the association between animal protein consumption and the risk of GDM in the general population was extracted from prospective cohort studies.
DATA ANALYSIS
It was determined that 17 prospective cohort studies with a total of 49 120 participants met the eligibility criteria. It was concluded with high certainty of evidence that there was a significant association between dietary animal protein intake and GDM risk (1.94, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.65, n = 6). Moreover, a higher intake of total protein, total meat, and red meat was positively and significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM. The pooled relative risks of GDM were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.94; n = 3) for a 30 g/d increment in processed meat, 1.68 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.24; n = 2) and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.67; n = 4) for a 100 g/d increment in total and red meat, and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.33; n = 4) and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.52; n = 3) for a 5% increment in total protein and animal protein, respectively. GDM had a positive linear association with total protein, animal protein, total meat consumption, and red meat consumption, based on non-linear dose-response analysis.
CONCLUSION
Overall, consuming more animal protein-rich foods can increase the risk of GDM. The results from the current study need to be validated by other, well-designed prospective studies.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022352303.
PubMed: 38086331
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad144 -
Current Developments in Nutrition Dec 2023Emerging research suggests whey protein (WP) supplementation may modify type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factors, including glucose control. As systematic reviews... (Review)
Review
Emerging research suggests whey protein (WP) supplementation may modify type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factors, including glucose control. As systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) gain importance in nutrition literature, we conducted an umbrella systematic review to chronicle published systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of RCTs pertinent to WP supplementation and T2DM modifiable risk factors. This review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews standards. Potentially eligible articles were identified via a systematic search of 5 electronic health research databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL [EBSCO], Scopus, and SPORTDiscus [EBSCO]). Included articles were assessed for quality using the "A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2" critical appraisal tool. Thirteen articles, representing 109 unique RCTs, of the 2205 identified articles met the inclusion criteria. Nine articles (69%) were deemed high quality, 2 (15%) moderate quality, and 2 (15%) low quality. Findings from this umbrella review of 13 systematic reviews, including 12 meta-analyses, suggest WP may lower hemoglobin A1c, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and fasting insulin in groups classified as overweight/obese or at risk for or with metabolic syndrome; blood triglycerides in groups classified as overweight/obese or at risk for or with metabolic syndrome; and blood pressure in groups classified as overweight/obese. WP did not differentially affect C-reactive protein, body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference, nor did it adversely affect any T2DM risk factors. Insufficient evidence precluded assessing the influence of WP on glucose control-related outcomes in groups classified at lower risk for T2DM. Information regarding WP dose, duration, or types was insufficient to draw conclusions. Collectively, evidence suggests WP supplementation may improve multiple clinical indicators of glucose control, along with triglycerides and blood pressure, in groups of adults at increased risk of developing T2DM.
PubMed: 38076400
DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102017 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2023Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the scavenger class B receptor family and is encoded by the cluster of differentiation 36...
Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the scavenger class B receptor family and is encoded by the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) gene. This receptor has a high affinity for fatty acids and is involved in lipid metabolism. An abundance of FAT/CD36 during exercise occurs in mitochondria and solitary muscles. As such, we aimed to systematically review the evidence for the relationship FAT/CD36 and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise training. Five electronic databases were selected for literature searches until June 2022: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, science direct, and Google Scholar. We combined the different synonyms and used the operators ("AND", "OR", "NOT"): (CD36 gene) OR (CD36 polymorphism) OR (cluster of differentiation 36) OR (FAT/CD36) OR (fatty acid translocase) OR (platelet glycoprotein IV) OR (platelet glycoprotein IIIb) AND (adipose tissue lipolysis) OR (fatty acids) OR (metabolism lipid) OR (adipocytes) AND (physical effort) OR (endurance exercise) OR (high-intensity training). All published cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, and randomized clinical trials investigating CD36 polymorphisms and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise in subjects (elite and sub-elite athletes, non-athletes, sedentary individuals and diabetics), and using valid methods to measure FAT/CD36 expression and other biomarkers, were considered for inclusion in this review. We initially identified 476 publications according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and included 21 studies investigating FAT/CD36 and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise in our systematic review after examination of titles, abstracts, full texts, and quality assessments using the PEDro scale. There were nine studies with male-only participants, three with female-only participants, and nine studies included both female and male participants. There were 859 participants in the 21 selected studies. Studies were classified as either low quality ( = 3), medium quality ( = 13), and high quality ( = 5). In general, the data suggests an association between FAT/CD36 and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise training. Improvements in FAT/CD36 were reported during or after exercise in 6 studies, while there were no changes reported in FAT/CD36 in 4 studies. An association between fat oxidation and FAT/CD36 expression during exercise was reported in 7 studies. No agreement was reached in 5 studies on FAT/CD36 content after dietary changes and physical interventions. One study reported that FAT/CD36 protein expression in muscle was higher in women than in men, another reported that training decreased FAT/CD36 protein in insulin-resistant participants, while another study reported no differences in FAT/CD36 in young, trained individuals with type 2 diabetes. Our analysis shows an association between FAT/CD36 expression and exercise. Furthermore, an association between whole-body peak fat oxidation and FAT/CD36 expression during exercise training was demonstrated. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42022342455].
PubMed: 38074329
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1256440 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Dietary practices of masters athletes (MAs) may promote healthy ageing; however, they are poorly understood. The aims of this systematic review were to synthesise the... (Review)
Review
Dietary practices of masters athletes (MAs) may promote healthy ageing; however, they are poorly understood. The aims of this systematic review were to synthesise the literature on the dietary intakes of MAs and undertake comparisons between younger (35-50 years) and older (>50 years) MAs and the general population. A search was conducted across seven databases to identify relevant publications for screening and data extraction. Averages for energy intake (EI), macronutrients, and micronutrients were compared with data from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey (general population). Twenty-six studies ( = 2819) were included. Energy intake was higher for older (8908 kJ/d versus 7792 kJ/d) but not younger MAs (9073 kJ/d versus 8872 kJ/d) versus the general population. Younger versus older male MAs had higher energy and macronutrient intakes. Energy intake for older was comparable to younger female MAs (7819 kJ/d versus 7485 kJ/d), but older had higher protein, lower carbohydrate, and higher micronutrient intakes. Micronutrient intake was higher in MAs than the general population. Similar EIs for older MAs and younger general population may indicate potential for a higher-quality diet. Younger female MAs may restrict or misreport EI, requiring further investigation. There is a need for more comprehensive assessments of dietary intake in MAs to ascertain diet quality in relation to health.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Australia; Diet; Energy Intake; Eating; Athletes; Dietary Proteins; Micronutrients; Dietary Carbohydrates
PubMed: 38068832
DOI: 10.3390/nu15234973