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Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Sep 2022Campylobacter spp. are some of the most important food-borne zoonoses in Europe and broiler meat is considered the main source of Campylobacter infections. Organic and... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter spp. are some of the most important food-borne zoonoses in Europe and broiler meat is considered the main source of Campylobacter infections. Organic and free-range broilers have access to outdoor reservoirs of Campylobacter and are more frequently infected at slaughter than the conventional broiler flocks. Limitations to biosecurity and treatment options in these production types calls for additional solutions. This review examines intervention methods with sufficient strength and quality, which are able to reduce the load of Campylobacter safely and efficiently and discuss their applicability in organic and free-range broiler production. Four different products passed the inclusion criteria and their quality examined: ferric tyrosine chelate, a prebiotic fermentation product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, short-chain fatty acid butyrate coated on microbeads added to feed, and a mix of organic acids added to the drinking water. Though potential candidates for reducing Campylobacter in broilers were identified, there is a lack of large scale intervention studies that demonstrate an effect under field conditions of a free-range broiler production.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Chickens; Meat; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 36076217
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00644-z -
BioMed Research International 2022COVID-19 is a respiratory disease of worldwide importance as it has brought enormous health problems to the world's population. The best-known way of transmission of the... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease of worldwide importance as it has brought enormous health problems to the world's population. The best-known way of transmission of the virus is through aerosolization. However, research is needed to explore other transmission routes. Researchers hypothesized that arthropods could transmit SARs-CoV-2. This study is aimed at reviewing research on arthropods as possible reservoirs and/or vectors of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using several electronic databases/academic searches with the search terms "arthropods," "coronavirus," and "transmission." A total of 64 unique articles were identified, of which 58 were included in the review. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is tiny and invisible to the naked eye, and its presence in stools, droplets, and surfaces was detected. One doubt is whether insects can transmit the virus from one place to another. Thus, a healthy carrier of the COVID-19 virus can be at the root of the contamination of their community or their family through the transport of the virus by insects from the interior (flies, cockroaches, etc.) from their feces and food surfaces. Hygiene care within communities and families becomes a prime factor. Coronavirus infection is a significant public health problem around the world. The prevention and control of outbreaks remain very important, even with the production of new vaccines. The main option to achieve this is the proper management of the transmission of the virus. The registry of infected people is currently the basis for the transmission of COVID-19. However, questions about the possibility of infection from other sources and its prevention are not receiving adequate attention. Numerous studies have shown the possibility that SARS-COV-2 fragments could have a longer life than shed respiratory droplets. Also, this virus is larger than those of other coronavirus families.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Vectors; COVID-19; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35978635
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4329423 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Nov 2022Given the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) disease burden in poultry worldwide and the evidence of a possible role played by wild birds in the virus epidemiology, the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Given the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) disease burden in poultry worldwide and the evidence of a possible role played by wild birds in the virus epidemiology, the present study summarizes aMPV serological and molecular data on free-ranging avifauna available in the literature by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. A computerized literature research was performed on PubMed, Scopus, CAB Direct and Web of Science to identify relevant publications across the period 1990-2021, along with the screening of reference lists. A random-effect model was applied to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index statistic (I ) was applied to assess between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses for molecular studies only were performed according to geographical area of samplings, taxonomic order, genus and migration patterns of the birds surveyed. A total of 11 publications on molecular surveys and 6 on serological ones were retained for analysis. The pooled molecular prevalence was 6% (95% CI: 1-13%) and a high between-study heterogeneity was detected (I = 96%, p < .01). Moderator analyses showed statistically significant differences according to geographical area studied, taxonomic order and genus. Concerning serological prevalence, a pooled estimate of 14% (95% CI: 1-39%), along with a high between-study heterogeneity, was obtained (I = 98%, p < .01). Moderator analysis was not performed due to the scarcity of eligible serological studies included. Overall, molecular and serological evidence suggests that some wild bird taxa could play a role in aMPV epidemiology. Particularly, wild ducks, geese, gulls and pheasants, according to scientific contributions hereby considered, proved to be susceptible to aMPV, and due to host ecology, may act as a viral carrier or reservoir. Further surveys of wild birds are encouraged for a better comprehension of the poultry/wild bird interface in aMPV epidemiology and for better characterizing the virus host breadth.
Topics: Animals; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Animals, Wild; Ducks; Geese; Poultry Diseases; Chickens
PubMed: 35960706
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14680 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease resulting in hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. Its causative agent is naturally transmitted by ticks to...
Systematic Review on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Enzootic Cycle and Factors Favoring Virus Transmission: Special Focus on France, an Apparently Free-Disease Area in Europe.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease resulting in hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. Its causative agent is naturally transmitted by ticks to non-human vertebrate hosts within an enzootic sylvatic cycle. Ticks are considered biological vectors, as well as reservoirs for CCHF virus (CCHFV), as they are able to maintain the virus for several months or even years and to transmit CCHFV to other ticks. Although animals are not symptomatic, some of them can sufficiently replicate the virus, becoming a source of infection for ticks as well as humans through direct contact with contaminated body fluids. The recent emergence of CCHF in Spain indicates that tick-human interaction rates promoting virus transmission are changing and lead to the emergence of CCHF. In other European countries such as France, the presence of one of its main tick vectors and the detection of antibodies targeting CCHFV in animals, at least in Corsica and in the absence of human cases, suggest that CCHFV could be spreading silently. In this review, we study the CCHFV epidemiological cycle as hypothesized in the French local context and select the most likely parameters that may influence virus transmission among tick vectors and non-human vertebrate hosts. For this, a total of 1,035 articles dating from 1957 to 2021 were selected for data extraction. This study made it possible to identify the tick species that seem to be the best candidate vectors of CCHFV in France, but also to highlight the importance of the abundance and composition of local host communities on vectors' infection prevalence. Regarding the presumed transmission cycle involving , as it might exist in France, at least in Corsica, it is assumed that tick vectors are still weakly infected and the probability of disease emergence in humans remains low. The likelihood of factors that may modify this equilibrium is discussed.
PubMed: 35928117
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932304 -
Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2022is an anaerobic bacillus whose main target is the erythrocyte. This bacterium transmitted by the body louse notably infected the soldiers of the First World War from...
INTRODUCTION
is an anaerobic bacillus whose main target is the erythrocyte. This bacterium transmitted by the body louse notably infected the soldiers of the First World War from where the name of this disease: fever of the trenches. The 90s marked the return of this bacterial infection. infection in the homeless was reported in the literature with a high incidence in these populations worldwide. This upsurge of cases justified this study for a better understanding of infections.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the seroprevalence of infection by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to collect scientific papers from PubMed and Google Scholar based on combining keywords.
RESULTS
The review included 45 articles published from April 1996 to March 2020 with 84 subpopulations of 21 countries from 4 continents; among them, 61 subpopulations had a positive rate from 0.2% to 65%. These subpopulations were divided into four main groups: homeless people, healthy people, blood donors, and symptoms/diseases. Homeless people were the main target of this infection, and three factors related to susceptibility were homeless period, age, and alcoholism. 6/11, 12/20, and 32/41 subpopulations of healthy people, blood donors, symptoms/diseases, respectively, had a positive percentage. However, factors of exposure in these three groups were not mentioned. Other reservoirs, vectors, and transmitted routes were identified to partially explain the worldwide spread of the infection, and it is important to have more further investigations to identify potential risk factors. This will help to limit contamination and prevent effectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This serological overview indicated the importance of infection that has emerged in multiple regions, touched worldwide populations.
PubMed: 35910824
DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_220_21 -
Heart Failure Reviews Nov 2022There is an expanding body of research on the bidirectional relationship of the human gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease, including heart failure (HF).... (Review)
Review
There is an expanding body of research on the bidirectional relationship of the human gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease, including heart failure (HF). Researchers are examining the microbiome and gut metabolites, primarily trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), to understand clinically observed outcomes. This systematic review explored the current state of the science on the evaluation and testing of the gut biome in persons with HF. Using electronic search methods of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science, until December 2021, we identified 511 HF biome investigations between 2014 and 2021. Of the 30 studies included in the review, six were 16S rRNA and nineteen TMAO, and three both TMAO and 16S rRNA, and two bacterial cultures. A limited range of study designs were represented, the majority involving single cohorts (n = 10) and comparing individuals with HF to controls (n = 15). Patients with HF had less biodiversity in fecal samples compared to controls. TMAO is associated with age, BNP, eGFR, HF severity, and poor outcomes including hospitalizations and mortality. Inconsistent across studies was the ability of TMAO to predict HF development, the independent prognostic value of TMAO when controlling for renal indices, and the relationship of TMAO to LVEF and CRP. Gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with HF diagnosis, disease severity, and prognostication related to hospitalizations and mortality. Gut microbiome research in patients with HF is developing. Further longitudinal and multi-centered studies are required to inform interventions to promote clinical decision-making and improved patient outcomes.
Topics: Heart Failure; Humans; Methylamines; Microbiota; Oxides; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35726110
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-022-10254-6 -
American Journal of Otolaryngology 2022The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between Helicobacter pylori colonization of tonsillar tissue in chronic tonsillitis and in noninfectious... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between Helicobacter pylori colonization of tonsillar tissue in chronic tonsillitis and in noninfectious hyperplastic tonsils.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All included studies investigated the presence of Helicobacter pylori in tonsillar tissue removed for infectious or noninfectious factors. Included studies must have used an accepted method of testing for Helicobacter pylori. We pooled six eligible studies to perform a traditional meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Six studies were included, including 462 patients. Helicobacter pylori does have a significant role in chronic tonsillitis compared with noninfectious indications for tonsillectomy for children population. Detection methods had effects on results.
CONCLUSION
The positive rate of Helicobacter pylori in chronic tonsillitis group was significantly higher than that in simple noninfectious group for the pediatric population, but not for adults. We suspected that chronic tonsillitis is likely to be relevant to Helicobacter pylori.
Topics: Adult; Child; Chronic Disease; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Prospective Studies; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 35687938
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103515 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022We aimed to analyze HIV-1 seroreversion caused by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to explore antibody levels of anti-HIV-1 as an alternative biomarker of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
We aimed to analyze HIV-1 seroreversion caused by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to explore antibody levels of anti-HIV-1 as an alternative biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to August 2021 for publications about the performance of HIV-1 serological assays or the association between antibody responses against HIV-1 and HIV-1 reservoirs. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by meta-regression analysis, including the year of publication, country, pretreatment viral load, sample size, the timing of treatment, time on cART, and principle or type of serological assay. Twenty-eight eligible studies with a total population of 1,883 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity is 38.0% (95% CI: 28.0%-49.0%) among children with vertical HIV-1 infection and cART initiation at the age of less than 6 months, while the percentage of HIV-1 seronegativity declined to 1.0% (95% CI: 0%-3.0%) when cART was initiated at the age of >6 months. For adult patients, 16.0% (95% CI: 9.0%-24.0%) of them were serologically negative when cART was initiated at acute/early infection of HIV-1, but the seronegative reaction was rarely detected when cART was started at chronic HIV-1 infection. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among the studies to estimate the frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity in the early-cART population ( ≥ 70%, < 0.05 and all), while mild heterogeneity existed for the deferred-cART subjects. Moreover, anti-HIV-1 antibody response positively correlates with HIV-1 reservoir size with a pooled rho of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.28-0.55), suggesting that anti-HIV antibody level may be a feasible biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir size.
Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Viral Load
PubMed: 35432309
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844023 -
Viruses Mar 2022During HIV/SIV infection, the upregulation of immune checkpoint (IC) markers, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4... (Review)
Review
During HIV/SIV infection, the upregulation of immune checkpoint (IC) markers, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), CD160, 2B4 (CD244), and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), can lead to chronic T cell exhaustion. These ICs play predominant roles in regulating the progression of HIV/SIV infection by mediating T cell responses as well as enriching latent viral reservoirs. It has been demonstrated that enhanced expression of ICs on CD4 and CD8 T cells could inhibit cell proliferation and cytokine production. Overexpression of ICs on CD4 T cells could also format and prolong HIV/SIV persistence. IC blockers have shown promising clinical results in HIV therapy, implying that targeting ICs may optimize antiretroviral therapy in the context of HIV suppression. Here, we systematically review the expression profile, biological regulation, and therapeutic efficacy of targeted immune checkpoints in HIV/SIV infection.
Topics: Animals; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Progression; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Lymphocyte Activation; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
PubMed: 35336991
DOI: 10.3390/v14030581 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022When it comes to tick-borne diseases, co-infections are often mentioned. This concept includes several entities. On the one hand, tick vectors or vertebrate reservoir... (Review)
Review
When it comes to tick-borne diseases, co-infections are often mentioned. This concept includes several entities. On the one hand, tick vectors or vertebrate reservoir host can harbor several microorganisms that can be pathogenic for humans. On the other hand, human co-infections can also be understood in different ways, ranging from seropositivity without clinical symptoms to co-disease, i.e., the simultaneous clinical expression of infections by two tick-borne microorganisms. The latter, although regularly speculated, is not often reported. Hence, we conducted a systematic review on co-infections between s.l., the etiological agent of Lyme borreliosis, and other microorganisms potentially transmitted to humans by spp. ticks. A total of 68 relevant articles were included, presenting 655 cases of possible co-infections. Most cases of co-infections corresponded to patients with one tick-borne disease and presenting antibody against another tick-borne microorganism. Co-disease was particularly frequent in two situations: patients with clinical symptoms of high fever and erythema migrans (EM), and patients with neurological symptoms linked to the TBEv or a neuroborreliosis. No impact on severity was evidenced. Further studies are needed to better appreciate the frequency and the impact of co-infections between several tick-borne microorganisms.
PubMed: 35335606
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030282