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Journal of Applied Physiology... Aug 2020As studies examining the hypertrophic effects of resistance training (RT) at the cellular level have produced inconsistent results, we performed a systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
As studies examining the hypertrophic effects of resistance training (RT) at the cellular level have produced inconsistent results, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate muscle fiber size before and after a structured RT intervention in older adults. A random-effects model was used to calculate mean effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Thirty-five studies were included (age range: 59.0-88.5 yr), and 44 and 30 effects were used to estimate RT impact on myosin heavy chain (MHC) I and II fiber size. RT produced moderate-to-large increases in MHC I (ES = +0.51, 95%CI +0.31 to +0.71; < 0.001) and II (ES = +0.81, 95%CI +0.56 to +1.05; < 0.001) fiber size, with men and women having a similar response. Age was negatively associated with change in muscle fiber size for both fiber types (MHC I: = 0.11, β = -0.33, = 0.002; MHC II: = 0.10, β = -0.32, = 0.04), indicating a less robust hypertrophic response as age increases in older adults. Unexpectedly, a higher training intensity (defined as percentage of one-repetition maximum) was associated with a smaller increase in MHC II fiber size ( = 15.09%, β = -0.39, = 0.01). Notably, MHC II fiber subtypes (IIA, IIX, IIAX) were examined less frequently, but RT improved their size. Overall, our findings indicate that RT induces cellular hypertrophy in older adults, although the effect is attenuated with increasing age. In addition, hypertrophy of MHC II fibers was reduced with higher training intensity, which may suggest a failure of muscle fibers to hypertrophy in response to high loads in older adults.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Myosin Heavy Chains; Resistance Training
PubMed: 32702280
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2020 -
Journal of Cardiac Surgery Aug 2020The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the worst global pandemic of our generation, affecting 215 countries with nearly 5.5 million cases. The...
OBJECTIVES
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the worst global pandemic of our generation, affecting 215 countries with nearly 5.5 million cases. The association between COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system has been well described. We sought to systematically review the current published literature on the different cardiac manifestations and the use of cardiac-specific biomarkers in terms of their prognostic value in determining clinical outcomes and correlation to disease severity.
METHODS
A systematic literature review across PubMed, Cochrane database, Embase, Google Scholar, and Ovid was performed according to PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant articles that discussed risk factors for cardiovascular manifestations, cardiac manifestations in COVID-19 patients, and cardiac-specific biomarkers with their clinical implications on COVID-19.
RESULTS
Sixty-one relevant articles were identified which described risk factors for cardiovascular manifestations, cardiac manifestations (including heart failure, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia, and myocarditis among others) and cardiac-specific biomarkers (including CK-MB, CK, myoglobin, troponin, and NT-proBNP). Cardiovascular risk factors can play a crucial role in identifying patients vulnerable to developing cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 and thus help to save lives. A wide array of cardiac manifestations is associated with the interaction between COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Cardiac-specific biomarkers provide a useful prognostic tool in helping identify patients with the severe disease early and allowing for escalation of treatment in a timely fashion.
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 is an evolving pandemic with predominate respiratory manifestations, however, due to the interaction with the cardiovascular system; cardiac manifestations/complications feature heavily in this disease, with cardiac biomarkers providing important prognostic information.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; Biomarkers; COVID-19; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronavirus Infections; Creatine Kinase; Creatine Kinase, MB Form; Humans; Myoglobin; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Prognosis; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Shock, Cardiogenic; Troponin
PubMed: 32652713
DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14808 -
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Oct 2020Chest pain is one of the most common reasons for 999 calls and transfers to the emergency department (ED). In these patients, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is often...
INTRODUCTION
Chest pain is one of the most common reasons for 999 calls and transfers to the emergency department (ED). In these patients, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is often the diagnosis that clinicians are seeking to exclude. However, only a minority of those patients have AMI, causing a substantial financial burden to health services. Cardiac troponin (cTn) is the reference standard biomarker for the diagnosis of AMI. Several commercially available point-of-care (POC) cTn assays are portable and could feasibly be used in an ambulance. The aim of this paper is to systematically review existing evidence for the use of POC cTn assays in the prehospital setting to rule out AMI.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted on EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus databases, reference lists, and relevant grey literature, including combinations of the relevant terms. Papers published in English language since the year 2000 were eligible for inclusion. A narrative synthesis of the evidence was then undertaken.
RESULTS
The initial search and cross-referencing revealed a total of 350 papers, of which 243 were excluded. Seven papers were included in the systematic literature review.
CONCLUSION
Current evidence does not support the use of POC troponin assays to exclude AMI due to issues with diagnostic accuracy and insufficient high-quality evidence.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Medical Services; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Point-of-Care Testing; Troponin
PubMed: 32641173
DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X20000850 -
European Heart Journal. Acute... Sep 2020Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic impacting 213 countries/territories and more than 5,934,936 patients worldwide. Cardiac injury has been reported... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Cardiac injury is associated with severe outcome and death in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic impacting 213 countries/territories and more than 5,934,936 patients worldwide. Cardiac injury has been reported to occur in severe and death cases. This meta-analysis was done to summarize available findings on the association between cardiac injury and severity of COVID-19 infection. Online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched to detect relevant publications up to 20 May 2020, using relevant keywords. To pool data, a fixed- or random-effects model was used depending on the heterogeneity between studies. In total, 22 studies with 3684 COVID-19 infected patients (severe cases=1095 and death cases=365) were included in this study. Higher serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (weighted mean difference (WMD) =108.86 U/L, 95% confidence interval (CI)=75.93-141.79, <0.001) and creatine kinase-MB (WMD=2.60 U/L, 95% CI=1.32-3.88, <0.001) were associated with a significant increase in the severity of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, higher serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (WMD=213.44 U/L, 95% CI=129.97-296.92, <0.001), cardiac troponin I (WMD=26.35 pg/mL, 95% CI=14.54-38.15, <0.001), creatine kinase (WMD=48.10 U/L, 95% CI=0.27-95.94, = 0.049) and myoglobin (WMD=159.77 ng/mL, 95% CI=99.54-220.01, <0.001) were associated with a significant increase in the mortality of COVID-19 infection. Cardiac injury, as assessed by serum analysis (lactate dehydrogenase, cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase (-MB) and myoglobin), was associated with severe outcome and death from COVID-19 infection.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; Biomarkers; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Creatine Kinase, MB Form; Heart Diseases; Humans; Myocardium; Observational Studies as Topic; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Troponin I
PubMed: 32567326
DOI: 10.1177/2048872620937165 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2021
Meta-Analysis
Topics: COVID-19; Heart Diseases; Humans; Inpatients; Troponin
PubMed: 32484975
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26108 -
Life Sciences Aug 2020As of the 28th April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has infiltrated over 200 countries and affected over three million confirmed people. We review different biomarkers to...
AIMS
As of the 28th April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has infiltrated over 200 countries and affected over three million confirmed people. We review different biomarkers to evaluate if they are able to predict clinical outcomes and correlate with the severity of COVID-19 disease.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was carried out to identify relevant articles using six different databases. Keywords to refine the search included 'COVID-19', 'SARS-CoV2', 'Biomarkers', among others. Only studies which reported data on pre-defined outcomes were included.
KEY FINDINGS
Thirty-four relevant articles were identified which reviewed the following biomarkers: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, interleukin-6, lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, D-dimer, cardiac troponin, renal biomarkers, lymphocytes and platelet count. Of these, all but two, showed significantly higher levels in patients with severe complications of COVID-19 infection compared to their non-severe counterparts. Lymphocytes and platelet count showed significantly lower levels in severe patients compared to non-severe patients.
SIGNIFICANCE
Although research is still in its early stages, the discovery of how different biomarkers behave during the course of the disease could help clinicians in identifying severe disease earlier and subsequently improve prognosis. Nevertheless, we urge for more research across the globe to corroborate these findings.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Coronavirus Infections; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Humans; Interleukin-6; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphocyte Count; Neutrophils; Pandemics; Platelet Count; Pneumonia, Viral; Prognosis; SARS-CoV-2; Serum Amyloid A Protein; Troponin I
PubMed: 32475810
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117788 -
European Journal of Sport Science May 2021Genetic variation is responsible for a large amount of the inter-individual performance disparities seen in sport. As such, in the last ten years genetic association...
Genetic variation is responsible for a large amount of the inter-individual performance disparities seen in sport. As such, in the last ten years genetic association studies have become more common; with one of the most frequently researched sports being football. However, the progress and methodological rigour of genetic association research in football is yet to be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to identify and evaluate all genetic association studies involving football players and outline where and how future research should be directed. Firstly, a systematic search was conducted in the Pubmed and SPORTDiscus databases, which identified 80 eligible studies. Progression analysis revealed that 103 distinct genes have been investigated across multiple disciplines; however, research has predominately focused on the association of the or gene. Furthermore, 55% of the total studies have been published within the last four years; showcasing that genetic association research in football is increasing at a substantial rate. However, there are several methodological inconsistencies which hinder research implications, such as; inadequate description or omission of ethnicity and on-field positions. Furthermore, there is a limited amount of research on several key areas crucial to footballing performance, in particular; psychological related traits. Moving forward, improved research designs, larger sample sizes, and the utilisation of genome-wide and polygenic profiling approaches are recommended. Finally, we introduce the Football Gene Project, which aims to address several of these limitations and ultimately facilitate greater individualised athlete development within football.
Topics: Actinin; Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Performance; Cell Cycle Proteins; Child; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Variation; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Male; Oncogene Proteins; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Soccer; Sports; Young Adult
PubMed: 32466725
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1776401 -
Heart (British Cardiac Society) Aug 2020Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has produced a significant health burden worldwide, especially in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. The aim of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has produced a significant health burden worldwide, especially in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the impact of underlying cardiovascular comorbidities and acute cardiac injury on in-hospital mortality risk.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for publications that reported the relationship of underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension and myocardial injury with in-hospital fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19. The ORs were extracted and pooled. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity.
RESULTS
A total of 10 studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis, including eight studies for CVD, seven for hypertension and eight for acute cardiac injury. The presence of CVD and hypertension was associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality (unadjusted OR 4.85, 95% CI 3.07 to 7.70; I=29%; unadjusted OR 3.67, 95% CI 2.31 to 5.83; I=57%, respectively). Acute cardiac injury was also associated with a higher unadjusted odds of 21.15 (95% CI 10.19 to 43.94; I=71%).
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 patients with underlying cardiovascular comorbidities, including CVD and hypertension, may face a greater risk of fatal outcomes. Acute cardiac injury may act as a marker of mortality risk. Given the unadjusted results of our meta-analysis, future research are warranted.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; Biomarkers; COVID-19; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronavirus Infections; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Troponin
PubMed: 32461330
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317062 -
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience : MN Nov 2020Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by degeneration and axon loss from the upper motor neuron, that descends from... (Review)
Review
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by degeneration and axon loss from the upper motor neuron, that descends from the lower motor neuron in the brain. Over the period, assorted outcomes from medical findings, molecular pathogenesis, and structural and biophysical studies have abetted in providing thoughtful insights underlying the importance of disease-causing genes in ALS. Consequently, numerous mechanisms were proposed for the pathogenesis of ALS, considering protein mutations, aggregation, and misfolding. Besides, the answers to the majority of ALS cases that happen to be sporadic still remain obscure. The application in discovering susceptibility factors in ALS contemplating the genetic factors is to be further dissevered in the future years with innovation in research studies. Hence, this review targets in revisiting the breakthroughs on the disease-causing genes related with ALS.
Topics: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; C9orf72 Protein; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Profilins; RNA-Binding Protein FUS; Superoxide Dismutase-1
PubMed: 32415434
DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01569-w -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Sep 2020The prognostic value of asymptomatic perioperative troponin rise in vascular surgery is unclear. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The prognostic value of asymptomatic perioperative troponin rise in vascular surgery is unclear. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the significance of clinical and subclinical troponin elevation after vascular surgery.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library, without language restriction, from inception to May 2019 and included studies that reported associations between elevated postoperative troponin and short-term mortality, major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), or long-term mortality in a vascular surgery cohort. We synthesized study-level data on the maximally adjusted estimates using mixed effects modeling to generate summary odds ratios (ORs) for fixed-interval outcomes and summary hazard ratios for long-term mortality. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed with meta-regression. Methodologic quality and publication bias were formally assessed.
RESULTS
We included 24 studies involving 11,657 participants. Postoperative troponin was found to have a strong, positive association with short-term mortality (OR, 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.87-8.52; 7 studies; 2661 people) and MACEs (OR, 5.33; 95% CI, 1.59-17.82; 12 studies; 5047 people) independent of meeting the criteria for myocardial infarction. Subclinical postoperative troponin elevation was further demonstrated to be associated with greater long-term mortality (hazard ratio, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.56-2.42; 13 studies; 7630 people; median follow-up, 24 months). Time to troponin sampling, hypertension, and type of surgery partially accounted for between-study heterogeneity. The methodologic quality of included studies was variable, and publication bias was not detected.
CONCLUSIONS
Elevated postoperative troponin is strongly prognostic of worse survival and greater likelihood of MACEs after vascular surgery, regardless of whether symptoms of myocardial ischemia are present. These data support the benefit of postoperative troponin monitoring in identifying patients at increased risk of worse outcomes and who may be candidates for personalized preventive interventions.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Endovascular Procedures; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Troponin; Up-Regulation; Vascular Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 32305383
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.03.039