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Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Nov 2022Given the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) disease burden in poultry worldwide and the evidence of a possible role played by wild birds in the virus epidemiology, the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Given the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) disease burden in poultry worldwide and the evidence of a possible role played by wild birds in the virus epidemiology, the present study summarizes aMPV serological and molecular data on free-ranging avifauna available in the literature by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. A computerized literature research was performed on PubMed, Scopus, CAB Direct and Web of Science to identify relevant publications across the period 1990-2021, along with the screening of reference lists. A random-effect model was applied to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index statistic (I ) was applied to assess between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses for molecular studies only were performed according to geographical area of samplings, taxonomic order, genus and migration patterns of the birds surveyed. A total of 11 publications on molecular surveys and 6 on serological ones were retained for analysis. The pooled molecular prevalence was 6% (95% CI: 1-13%) and a high between-study heterogeneity was detected (I = 96%, p < .01). Moderator analyses showed statistically significant differences according to geographical area studied, taxonomic order and genus. Concerning serological prevalence, a pooled estimate of 14% (95% CI: 1-39%), along with a high between-study heterogeneity, was obtained (I = 98%, p < .01). Moderator analysis was not performed due to the scarcity of eligible serological studies included. Overall, molecular and serological evidence suggests that some wild bird taxa could play a role in aMPV epidemiology. Particularly, wild ducks, geese, gulls and pheasants, according to scientific contributions hereby considered, proved to be susceptible to aMPV, and due to host ecology, may act as a viral carrier or reservoir. Further surveys of wild birds are encouraged for a better comprehension of the poultry/wild bird interface in aMPV epidemiology and for better characterizing the virus host breadth.
Topics: Animals; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Animals, Wild; Ducks; Geese; Poultry Diseases; Chickens
PubMed: 35960706
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14680 -
Advances in Therapy Sep 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated diseases have caused an estimated 1.8 million hospital admissions and 40,000 deaths among children. RSV can cause lower... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated diseases have caused an estimated 1.8 million hospital admissions and 40,000 deaths among children. RSV can cause lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in all age groups, adults with comorbidities, and immunocompromised patients. The aim was to summarize the evidence concerning efficacy and safety of ribavirin in subjects diagnosed with RSV associated with LRTI.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Eligible studies were observational (> 10 subjects) and randomized-controlled trials of subjects with aerosol/oral ribavirin for RSV-LRTI. Comparator was supportive care or placebo. Systematic search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted between January 2001 and January 2022. PROSPERO register number: CRD42022308147.
RESULTS
After retrieving 907 studies, 10 observational studies and 1 randomized controlled trial were included (4/11 high quality of evidence). Seven studies included subjects with haematological malignancy/stem cell transplant, two lung transplants, and two healthy individuals. A total of 788 subjects diagnosed with RSV infection were included; 14.3% of them presented with only LRTI. Among 445 subjects treated with ribavirin, 195 (43.8%) received an aerosolized formulation. Pooled meta-analysis showed no differences in mortality [risk ratio (RR): 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28-1.42] in all subjects treated with aerosol/oral ribavirin compared to supportive care. In subgroup analysis, mortality was significantly lower in haematological subjects (RR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.14-0.71), but did not differ significantly in lung transplant recipients (RR: 0.89; 95% CI 0.31-2.56). Oral ribavirin (vs. supportive care) was associated with increased viral clearance (RR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.35-4.99). Seventeen adverse events were reported among 119 subjects, but none were severe.
CONCLUSION
Ribavirin should be considered for treatment of RSV-LRTI in haematological subjects. There is a lack of evidence to support its use in lung transplant recipients. Oral formulation appears to be an easier, safe, and cost-effective alternative to aerosolized ribavirin. Further advances needs to focus on newer antivirals.
Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Child; Humans; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Ribavirin
PubMed: 35876973
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02256-5 -
Journal of Global Health Jul 2022This systematic review aimed to describe common aetiologies of severe and non-severe community acquired pneumonia among children aged 1 month to 9 years in low- and...
BACKGROUND
This systematic review aimed to describe common aetiologies of severe and non-severe community acquired pneumonia among children aged 1 month to 9 years in low- and middle-income countries.
METHODS
We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed online databases for studies published from January 2010 to August 30, 2020. We included studies on acute community-acquired pneumonia or acute lower respiratory tract infection with ≥1 year of continuous data collection; clear consistent case definition for pneumonia; >1 specimen type (except empyema studies where only pleural fluid was required); testing for >1 pathogen including both viruses and bacteria. Two researchers reviewed the studies independently. Results were presented as a narrative summary. Quality of evidence was assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. The study was registered on PROSPERO [CRD42020206830].
RESULTS
We screened 5184 records; 1305 duplicates were removed. The remaining 3879 titles and abstracts were screened. Of these, 557 articles were identified for full-text review, and 55 met the inclusion criteria - 10 case-control studies, three post-mortem studies, 11 surveillance studies, eight cohort studies, five cross-sectional studies, 12 studies with another design and six studies that included patients with pleural effusions or empyema. Studies which described disease by severity showed higher bacterial detection (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) in severe vs non-severe cases. The most common virus causing severe disease was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Pathogens varied by age, with RSV and adenovirus more common in younger children. Influenza and atypical bacteria were more common in children 5-14 years than younger children. Malnourished and HIV-infected children had higher rates of pneumonia due to bacteria or tuberculosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Several viral and bacterial pathogens were identified as important targets for prevention and treatment. Bacterial pathogens remain an important cause of moderate to severe disease, particularly in children with comorbidities despite widespread PCV and Hib vaccination.
Topics: Child; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Humans; Infant; Pneumonia; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Vaccination
PubMed: 35866332
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.10009 -
Globalization and Health Jul 2022Mental health is mostly affected by numerous socioeconomic factors that need to be addressed through comprehensive strategies. The aftermath of armed conflict and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mental health is mostly affected by numerous socioeconomic factors that need to be addressed through comprehensive strategies. The aftermath of armed conflict and natural disasters such as Ebola disease virus (EVD) outbreaks is frequently associated with poor access to mental healthcare. To design the basis of improving mental health services via the integration of mental health into primary health care in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we conducted a scoping review of available literature regarding mental illness in armed conflict and EVD outbreak settings.
METHODS
This scoping review of studies conducted in armed conflict and EVD outbreak of DRC settings synthesize the findings and suggestions related to improve the provision of mental health services. We sued the extension of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to scoping studies. A mapping of evidence related to mental disorders in the eastern part of DRC from studies identified through searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Psych Info, Google Scholar, and CINAHL). Screening and extraction of data were conducted by two reviewers independently.
RESULTS
This review identified seven papers and described the findings in a narrative approach. It reveals that the burden of mental illness is consistent, although mental healthcare is not integrated into primary health care. Access to mental healthcare requires the involvement of affected communities in their problem-solving process. This review highlights the basis of the implementation of a comprehensive mental health care, through the application of mental health Gap Action Program (mhGAP) at community level. Lastly, it calls for further implementation research perspectives on the integration of mental healthcare into the health system of areas affecting by civil instability and natural disasters.
CONCLUSION
This paper acknowledges poor implementation of community mental health services into primary health care in regions affected by armed conflict and natural disasters. All relevant stakeholders involved in the provision of mental health services should need to rethink to implementation of mhGAP into the emergency response against outbreaks and natural disasters.
Topics: Armed Conflicts; Disease Outbreaks; Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Mental Health Services
PubMed: 35836283
DOI: 10.1186/s12992-022-00862-0 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Jul 2022To evaluate the clinical accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Ebola virus. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Ebola virus.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE®, Embase® and Web of Science for articles published between 1976 and October 2021 reporting on clinical studies assessing the performance of Ebola virus rapid diagnostic tests compared with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We assessed study quality using the QUADAS-2 criteria. To estimate the pooled sensitivity and specificity of these rapid diagnostic tests, we used a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis.
FINDINGS
Our search identified 113 unique studies, of which nine met the inclusion criteria. The studies were conducted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone and they evaluated 12 rapid diagnostic tests. We included eight studies in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the rapid tests were 86% (95% confidence interval, CI: 80-91) and 95% (95% CI: 91-97), respectively. However, pooled sensitivity decreased to 83% (95% CI: 77-88) after removing outliers. Pooled sensitivity increased to 90% (95% CI: 82-94) when analysis was restricted to studies using the RT-PCR from altona Diagnostics as gold standard. Pooled sensitivity increased to 99% (95% CI: 67-100) when the analysis was restricted to studies using whole or capillary blood specimens.
CONCLUSION
The included rapid diagnostic tests did not detect all the Ebola virus disease cases. While the sensitivity and specificity of these tests are moderate, they are still valuable tools, especially useful for triage and detecting Ebola virus in remote areas.
Topics: Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 35813519
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.21.287496 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Jun 2022The present study intended to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease in unvaccinated backyard poultry in Africa. Using the PRISMA approach, a systematic review... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The present study intended to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease in unvaccinated backyard poultry in Africa. Using the PRISMA approach, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 107 epidemiological studies was conducted. The meta-analysis identified significant variation of both seroprevalence (I = 99.38, P = 0.00) and Newcastle disease virus prevalence (I = 99.52, P = 0.00) reported in various studies included in this review. Publication bias was not detected in either case. Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease was 40.2 (95%CI 32.9-47.8). Seroprevalence was significantly influenced by sampling frame and the African region where the studies were conducted. The prevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was 12% (95%CI 7.3-17.8), and the variation was influenced by sampling frame, diagnostic test, and regions where the studies were conducted. Also, Newcastle disease (ND) accounted for 33.1% (95%CI 11.9-58.1) of sick chickens. Results also indicated that genotypes VI and VII are widely distributed in all countries included in the study. However, genotype V is restricted in East Africa, and genotypes XIV, XVII, and XVIII are restricted in West and Central Africa. On the other hand, genotype XI occurs in Madagascar only. In addition, virulent genotypes were isolated from apparently healthy and sick birds. It is concluded that several genotypes of NDV are circulating and maintained within the poultry population. African countries should therefore strengthen surveillance systems, be able to study the viruses circulating in their territories, and establish control programs.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Chickens; Genotype; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Phylogeny; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 35705876
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03198-4 -
Viruses May 2022Many countries have implemented public health and social measures (PHSMs) to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although... (Review)
Review
Many countries have implemented public health and social measures (PHSMs) to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the PHSMs are targeted at SARS-CoV-2 transmission control, they directly or indirectly impact the epidemiology of different respiratory viral diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the collateral impact of PHSMs used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses, including influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on changes in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and detection rates of the respiratory viruses during COVID-19 pandemic, lasting from 2020-2021, published between December 2019 and March 2022 in , and databases. We identified an overall decrease of 23-94% in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and a decrease of 0-98% in the detection of the viruses. Our study suggests that the PHSMs implemented during COVID-19 pandemic reduced the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and transmission of respiratory viruses. At the time of this study, and as governments relax PHSMs, public health authorities should prepare for a probable increase in the burden of respiratory viral diseases.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; Public Health; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Viruses
PubMed: 35632810
DOI: 10.3390/v14051071 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2021Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) or goat plague is considered a leading, highly contagious, and most lethal infectious viral disease of small ruminants affecting the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) or goat plague is considered a leading, highly contagious, and most lethal infectious viral disease of small ruminants affecting the worldwide livestock economy and international animal trade. Although sheep and goats are the primarily affected, the PPR Virus (PPRV) host range has expanded to other livestock (large ruminants) and wildlife animals over the last few decades, resulting in serious concern to the ongoing PPR global eradication program, which is primarily optimized, designed, and targeted towards accessible sheep and goat population. A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and spill-over infection of PPRV in large ruminants (bovine and camel) and wildlife. Published articles from 2001 to October 2021 on the "PPR" were searched in four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Google Scholars. The articles were then selected using inclusion criteria (detection/prevalence of PPRV in bovine, camel, and wildlife population), exclusion criteria (only sheep or goats, lack of prevalence data, experimental trial, test evaluation, and reviews written in other languages or published before 2001), and the prevalence was estimated by random effect meta-analysis model. In the current study, all published articles belonged to Africa and Asia. The overall pooled prevalence of PPR estimates was 24% (95% CI: 15-33), with 30% in Asia (95% CI: 14-49) and 20% in Africa (95% CI: 11-30). The overall estimated pooled prevalence at an Africa-Asia level in bovine and camel was 13% (95% CI: 8-19), and in wildlife, it was 52% (95% CI: 30-74) with significant heterogeneity (I = 97%) in most pooled estimates with a high prevalence in atypical hosts and wildlife across Asia and Africa. Over the last two decades, the host range has increased drastically in the wildlife population, even for prevalent PPR in the unnatural hosts only for a short time, contributing to virus persistence in multi-host systems with an impact on PPR control and eradication program. This observation on the epidemiology of the PPRV in unnatural hosts demands appropriate intervention strategies, particularly at the livestock-wildlife interface.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Camelus; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Goat Diseases; Goats; Livestock; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus; Prevalence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 35546985
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2022We conducted a systematic review to assess whether measles humoral immunity wanes in previously infected or vaccinated populations in measles elimination settings. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
We conducted a systematic review to assess whether measles humoral immunity wanes in previously infected or vaccinated populations in measles elimination settings.
METHODS
After screening 16 822 citations, we identified 9 articles from populations exposed to wild-type measles and 16 articles from vaccinated populations that met our inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Using linear regression, we found that geometric mean titers (GMTs) decreased significantly in individuals who received 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) by 121.8 mIU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], -212.4 to -31.1) per year since vaccination over 1 to 5 years, 53.7 mIU/mL (95% CI, -95.3 to -12.2) 5 to 10 years, 33.2 mIU/mL (95% CI, -62.6 to -3.9), 10 to 15 years, and 24.1 mIU/mL (95% CI, -51.5 to 3.3) 15 to 20 years since vaccination. Decreases in GMT over time were not significant after 1 dose of MCV or after infection. Decreases in the proportion of seropositive individuals over time were not significant after 1 or 2 doses of MCV or after infection.
CONCLUSIONS
Measles antibody waning in vaccinated populations should be considered in planning for measles elimination.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Vaccination
PubMed: 35417025
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac039 -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Mar 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. RSV-induced bronchiolitis has been associated with preschool wheeze and asthma in cohort... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. RSV-induced bronchiolitis has been associated with preschool wheeze and asthma in cohort studies where the comparison groups consist of healthy infants. However, recent studies identify rhinovirus (RV)-induced bronchiolitis as a potentially stronger risk factor for recurrent wheeze and asthma.
AIM
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the associations of RSV- and RV-induced bronchiolitis with the development of preschool wheeze and childhood asthma.
METHODS
We performed a systematic search of the published literature in five databases by using a MeSH term-based algorithm. Cohort studies that enrolled infants with bronchiolitis were included. The primary outcomes were recurrent wheeze and asthma diagnosis. Wald risk ratios and odds ratios (ORs) were estimated, along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Individual and summary ORs were visualized with forest plots.
RESULTS
There were 38 studies included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of eight studies that had data on the association between infant bronchiolitis and recurrent wheeze showed that the RV-bronchiolitis group were more likely to develop recurrent wheeze than the RSV-bronchiolitis group (OR 4.11; 95% CI 2.24-7.56). Similarly, meta-analysis of the nine studies that had data on asthma development showed that the RV-bronchiolitis group were more likely to develop asthma (OR 2.72; 95% CI 1.48-4.99).
CONCLUSION
This is the first meta-analysis that directly compares between-virus differences in the magnitude of virus-recurrent wheeze and virus-childhood asthma outcomes. RV-induced bronchiolitis was more strongly associated with the risk of developing wheeze and childhood asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Bronchiolitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35338734
DOI: 10.1111/pai.13741