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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Aug 2019Startle reflex potentiation versus startle attenuation to unpleasant versus pleasant stimuli likely reflect priming of the defensive versus appetitive motivational...
Startle reflex potentiation versus startle attenuation to unpleasant versus pleasant stimuli likely reflect priming of the defensive versus appetitive motivational systems, respectively. This review summarizes and systemizes the literature on affective startle modulation related to psychopathologies with the aim to reveal underlying mechanisms across psychopathologies. We found evidence for psychopathologies characterized by increased startle potentiation to unpleasant stimuli (anxiety disorders), decreased startle potentiation to unpleasant stimuli (psychopathy), decreased startle attenuation to pleasant stimuli (ADHD), as well as a general hyporeactivity to affective stimuli (depression). Increased versus decreased startle responses to disorder-specific stimuli characterize specific phobia and drug dependence. No psychopathology is characterized by increased startle attenuation to standard pleasant stimuli or a general hyperreactivity to affective stimuli. This review indicates that the defensive and the appetitive systems operate independently mostly in accordance with the motivational priming hypothesis and that affective startle modulation is a highly valuable paradigm to unraveling dysfunctions of the defensive and appetitive systems in psychopathologies as requested by the Research Domain Criteria initiative.
Topics: Affect; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Anxiety Disorders; Appetitive Behavior; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Avoidance Learning; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Motivation; Reflex, Abnormal; Reflex, Startle
PubMed: 31129237
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.019 -
Behaviour Research and Therapy Jan 2019Fear extinction studies in youth have yielded mixed results due to developmental processes and variations in design, methodology and dependent measures. This systematic...
The need for standards in the design of differential fear conditioning and extinction experiments in youth: A systematic review and recommendations for research on anxiety.
Fear extinction studies in youth have yielded mixed results due to developmental processes and variations in design, methodology and dependent measures. This systematic review focused on studies with healthy youth between 2 and 17 years of age to identify experimental parameters of studies documenting extinction effects. Thirty-five studies met inclusion criteria and the following themes emerged (a) some studies employed parameters and task demands that are complex and require active participant involvement whereas others involved simple stimulus configurations and passive participant involvement, and (b) variation exists among dependent measures in units of measurement, timing and type of measurement. The review identified that studies using geometric shape conditioned stimuli (CS) paired with a tone unconditioned stimulus (US) (e.g., metal scraping on slate), as well as face CSs with a scream US produced the most reliable extinction effects, although the latter combination may be associated with higher drop-out than shape CSs and a tone US. The most commonly used and effective dependent measures for revealing extinction effects were skin conductance responses (SCR) and subjective ratings (SR) of CS valence, fearfulness and arousal. Fear potentiated startle (FPS) blink reflexes were also an effective but less commonly used measure. It is recommended that future studies use shape CSs and the metal scraping on slate US in studies involving children and either shape CSs and the metal scraping on slate US or face CSs paired with a scream US with adolescents. It is also recommended that US expectancy ratings and CS evaluations are assessed trial-by-trial and between-phase, and that startle-eliciting stimuli to measure startle blink reflexes are delivered on every second trial per CS so that SCR and FPS can be examined. However, further research is required to determine whether increased participant involvement due to providing trial-by-trial and between-phase ratings of the CSs and US differentially influences responding, particularly in children relative to adolescents and adults.
Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety; Arousal; Child; Child, Preschool; Conditioning, Classical; Extinction, Psychological; Fear; Humans; Reflex, Startle; Research Design
PubMed: 30502721
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.009 -
Przeglad Lekarski 2016The aim of the study was to establish current scope of knowledge regarding associations between neurophysiological functioning, neuropsychology and psychoterapy. (Review)
Review
AIM
The aim of the study was to establish current scope of knowledge regarding associations between neurophysiological functioning, neuropsychology and psychoterapy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic review was performed including 93 publications from Science Server, which contains the collections of Elsevier, Springer Journals, SCI-Ex/ICM, MEDLINE/PubMed, and SCOPUS. The works have been selected basing on following key words: 'neuropsychology, neurocognitive correlates, electrodermal response, event related potential, EEG, pupillography, electromiography' out of papers published between 2004-2015.
RESULTS
Present reports on the use of neurophysiological methods in psychology can be divided into two areas: experimental research and research of the practical use of conditioning techniques and biofeedback in the treatment of somatic disease. Among the experimental research the following have been distinguished: research based on the startle reflex, physiological reaction to novelty, stress, type/amount of cognitive load and physiological correlates of emotion; research on the neurophysiological correlates of mental disorders, mostly mood and anxiety disorders, and neurocognitive correlates: of memory, attention, learning and intelligence. Among papers regarding the use of neurophysiological methods in psychology two types are the most frequent: on the mechanisms of biofeedback, related mainly to neuro- feedback, which is a quickly expanding method of various attention and mental disorders'treatment, and also research of the use of conditioning techniques in the treatment of mental disorders, especially depression and anxiety. A special place among all the above is taken by the research on electrophysiological correlates of psychotherapy, aiming to differentiate between the efficacy of various psychotherapeutic schools (the largest amount of publications regard the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy) in patients of different age groups and different diagnosis.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Depressive Disorder; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Neurophysiology; Neuropsychology; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 27349052
DOI: No ID Found -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Mar 2016The aim of this paper was to systematically review the literature on the significance of specific neurological signs in infancy, in particular in infants at risk for... (Review)
Review
The aim of this paper was to systematically review the literature on the significance of specific neurological signs in infancy, in particular in infants at risk for developmental problems such as cerebral palsy (CP). A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and AMED. Papers on infantile reactions ('primitive reflexes') and postural reactions were included if data were available allowing for calculation of sensitivity, specificity, or positive and negative predictive value for CP or atypical developmental outcome. Our search identified 23 articles on 20 different neurological signs. Properties of six neurological signs were reported in at least three different papers. The data indicated that, in early infancy, an absent Moro or plantar grasp response may be predictive for adverse developmental outcome. After early infancy, persistence of the Moro response and asymmetric tonic neck reflex was clinically significant. Prediction of a delayed emergence of the parachute reaction increases with age. Abnormal performances on the pull-to-sit manoeuvre and vertical suspension test have predictive significance throughout infancy. The neurological signs reviewed have some predictive value in infants at risk. For most of the signs, criteria for abnormality and significance are age-dependent.
Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Humans; Infant; Neurologic Examination; Predictive Value of Tests
PubMed: 27027608
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13051 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jan 2013Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) is a simple, non-invasive technique where a device is placed on the maternal abdomen over the region of the fetal head and sound is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) is a simple, non-invasive technique where a device is placed on the maternal abdomen over the region of the fetal head and sound is emitted at a predetermined level for several seconds. It is hypothesised that the resultant startle reflex in the fetus and subsequent fetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration or transient tachycardia following VAS provide reassurance of fetal well-being. This technique has been proposed as a tool to assess fetal well-being in the presence of a nonreassuring cardiotocographic (CTG) trace during the first and second stages of labour.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of VAS in the assessment of fetal well-being during labour, compared with mock or no stimulation for women with a singleton pregnancy exhibiting a nonreassuring FHR pattern.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (6 September 2012) and reference lists of all retrieved articles. We sought unpublished trials and abstracts submitted to major international congresses and contacted expert informants.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All published and unpublished randomised trials that compared maternal and fetal/neonatal/infant outcomes when VAS was used to evaluate fetal status in the presence of a nonreassuring CTG trace during labour, compared with mock or no stimulation.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently sought to assess for inclusion all the potential studies we identified as a result of the search strategy. We planned to resolve any disagreement through discussion or, if required, to consult a third person. Where there was uncertainty about a particular study, we attempted to contact study authors for additional information. However, these attempts were unsuccessful.
MAIN RESULTS
The search strategies yielded six studies for consideration of inclusion. However, none of these studies fulfilled the requirements for inclusion in this review.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There are currently no randomised controlled trials that address the safety and efficacy of VAS used to assess fetal well-being in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring CTG trace. Although VAS has been proposed as a simple, non-invasive tool for assessment of fetal well-being, there is insufficient evidence from randomised trials on which to base recommendations for use of VAS in the evaluation of fetal well-being in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring CTG trace.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Fetal Monitoring; Heart Rate, Fetal; Humans; Reflex, Startle
PubMed: 23440793
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004664.pub3 -
L'Encephale Dec 2012Emotional reactivity and sleep constitute key dimensions of bipolar disorder. Emotional reactivity referred to emotion response intensity and emotion response threshold.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Emotional reactivity and sleep constitute key dimensions of bipolar disorder. Emotional reactivity referred to emotion response intensity and emotion response threshold. Higher emotion reactivity is described during both mood episodes and periods of remission in bipolar disorder. As well, sleep disturbances are described during both acute episodes and euthymic periods in bipolar disorder. Links between sleep and emotion regulation start to be studied in general population. Interactions between sleep and emotion systems can rely on shared neuronal structures, which involve limbic system. Future research on sleep and emotion regulation relationships is required in bipolar disorder.
METHODS
A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted. Studies on emotional reactivity in bipolar disorder during periods of remission were presented. Sleep studies of bipolar disorder during inter-critical periods were discussed too. Researches on interactions between sleep and emotion regulation in general population were presented. Finally, therapeutic applications focusing on sleep and emotional regulation in bipolar disorder were described.
RESULTS
Patients with bipolar disorder display disturbances of sleep and emotion reactivity even during periods of remission. Indeed, bipolar patients display more intense and more labile emotions assessed by self-questionnaires, increase positive attribution to neutral stimuli corroborated by startle reflex, functional changing on imagery studies. Sleep disturbances during inter-critical periods refer to clinical poor sleep quality and to increase time in bed, more frequent nocturnal awaking, more variable sleep-wake patterns assessed by actigraphy and polysomnography. In general population some studies have shown the impact of sleep restriction on emotion dysregulation. F-MRI studies show that healthy participants present increase activation of some structures such as amygdala involved in emotion processing. Deregulation of these areas has already been noticed in previous studies of euthymic bipolar patients without sleep restriction procedure. Considering sleep and emotion processes enhance our understanding of medication action mechanisms. Lithium and sodium valproate reduce melatonin light sensitivity and increased the activity period. It can be postulated that these effects on circadian system can impact sleep regulation. Furthermore, an f-MRI study shows that mood stabilizers can reduce amygdala activation of bipolar patients compared to untreated bipolar patients during an emotional task. Emotion and sleep regulation can be targeted by specific psychotherapy. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy of insomnia and mindfulness applied to bipolar disorder are presented and discussed.
DISCUSSION
Disturbances of sleep and emotional reactivity remain during periods of remission in bipolar disorder. Further research is required to better understand relationships between these two processes in bipolar disorder. Sleep and emotion dysgulations can be targeted by specific psychotherapy. More systematic assessment of sleep an emotional reactivity in remitted bipolar patients can lead to consider and treat this residual symptomatology that could reduce recurrences.
Topics: Affect; Amygdala; Anticonvulsants; Antimanic Agents; Arousal; Bipolar Disorder; Combined Modality Therapy; Emotions; Humans; Limbic System; Lithium Carbonate; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Psychotherapy; Reference Values; Reflex, Startle; Self-Assessment; Sleep Wake Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Valproic Acid
PubMed: 23395233
DOI: 10.1016/S0013-7006(12)70096-9 -
Gaceta Sanitaria 2011The results of several studies suggest that there is a critical timeframe during development in which experiences of maltreatment and sexual abuse may lead to permanent...
OBJECTIVE
The results of several studies suggest that there is a critical timeframe during development in which experiences of maltreatment and sexual abuse may lead to permanent or long-lasting neurobiological changes that particularly affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response. The aim of the present study was to provide an updated review on the main neurobiological consequences of child sexual abuse.
METHODS
We selected articles published between January 1999 and January 2010 in English or Spanish that focused on the neurobiological consequences of child sexual abuse available through Medline, Scopus and Web of Science. We also examined the references in published articles on the consequences of sexual victimization in childhood.
RESULTS
In this review we included 34 studies on neurobiological consequences, indicating different kinds of effects, namely: neuroendocrine, structural, functional and neuropsychological consequences, which affect a large number of victims.
CONCLUSIONS
The existing body of work on the neurobiological consequences of maltreatment shows the need to consider maltreatment and child sexual abuse as health problems that affect different areas of victims' lives, which would in turn favor the development of intervention and treatment programs that take these multiple effects into account.
Topics: Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines; Cerebral Ventricles; Child; Child Abuse, Sexual; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; General Adaptation Syndrome; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Limbic System; Male; Memory Disorders; Neuropsychology; Organ Size; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Prefrontal Cortex; Reflex, Startle; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological; Time Factors
PubMed: 21377250
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.12.004 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2005Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation is a simple, non-invasive technique where a device is placed on the maternal abdomen over the region of the fetal head and sound is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation is a simple, non-invasive technique where a device is placed on the maternal abdomen over the region of the fetal head and sound is emitted at a predetermined level for several seconds. It is hypothesized that the resultant startle reflex in the fetus and subsequent fetal heart rate acceleration or transient tachycardia following vibroacoustic stimulation provide reassurance of fetal well-being. This technique has been proposed as a tool to assess fetal well-being in the presence of a non-reassuring cardiotocographic trace during the first and second stages of labour.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of vibroacoustic stimulation in the assessment of fetal well-being during labour, compared with mock or no stimulation for women with a singleton pregnancy exhibiting a non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (30 September 2004), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966 to January 2005), EMBASE (January 1966 to January 2005) and reference lists of all retrieved articles. We sought unpublished trials and abstracts submitted to major international congresses and contacted expert informants.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All published and unpublished randomised trials that compared maternal and fetal/neonatal/infant outcomes when vibroacoustic stimulation was used to evaluate fetal status in the presence of a non-reassuring cardiotocographic trace during labour, compared with mock or no stimulation.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two independent review authors identified potential studies from the literature search and assessed them for methodological quality and appropriateness of inclusion, using a data extraction form. Attempts to contact study authors for additional information were unsuccessful.
MAIN RESULTS
The search strategies yielded six studies for consideration of inclusion. However, none of these studies fulfilled the requirements for inclusion in this review.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There are currently no randomised controlled trials that address the safety and efficacy of vibroacoustic stimulation used to assess fetal well-being in labour in the presence of a non-reassuring cardiotocographic trace. Although vibroacoustic stimulation has been proposed as a simple, non-invasive tool for assessment of fetal well-being, there is insufficient evidence from randomised trials on which to base recommendations for use of vibroacoustic stimulation in the evaluation of fetal well-being in labour in the presence of a non-reassuring cardiotocographic trace.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Fetal Monitoring; Heart Rate, Fetal; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reflex, Startle
PubMed: 15846725
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004664.pub2