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Cell Transplantation 2024Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare lymphoid and/or plasmocytic proliferation that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell...
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare lymphoid and/or plasmocytic proliferation that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We aimed to identify the pathologic features and clinical outcomes of T-cell PTLD, an extremely rare subtype of PTLD, after allo-HSCT. In this study, six allo-HSCT recipients with T-cell PTLD from five transplant centers in China were enrolled. All the T-cell PTLD were donor-derived, and three patients were with monomorphic and three with polymorphic types, respectively. All patients received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy. Five patients achieved complete response (CR), and one experienced progressive disease (PD). The median time from HSCT to onset was 4 (range: 0.6-72) months, analyzed in combination with the other 16 patients with T-cell PTLD identified from previous reports. About 56.3% of the T-cell samples (9/16) were positive for in situ hybridization with an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small nuclear early region (EBER ISH). CHOP-based chemotherapy might be the optimal strategy for patients who showed no response to empiric therapy with a CR rate of 87.5%. In conclusion, our study observed that T-cell PTLD has distinct clinical manifestations and morphological features, which characterized by less relation to EBV, later occurrence, and poorer prognosis when compared with B-cell PTLD.
Topics: Humans; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Male; Female; Adult; T-Lymphocytes; Transplantation, Homologous; Adolescent; Child; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Cyclophosphamide
PubMed: 38856035
DOI: 10.1177/09636897241259722 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jun 2024Abuse-related drug usage is a public health issue. Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an animal model to study the biological effects of these psychoactive... (Review)
Review
Abuse-related drug usage is a public health issue. Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an animal model to study the biological effects of these psychoactive substances in preclinical studies. Our objective in this review is to evaluate the adverse effects produced by cocaine, nicotine, and marijuana during the development of D. melanogaster. We searched experimental studies in which D. melanogaster was exposed to these three psychoactive drugs in seven online databases up to January 2023. Two reviewers independently extracted the data. Fifty-one studies met eligibility criteria and were included in the data extraction: nicotine (n = 26), cocaine (n = 20), and marijuana (n = 5). Fifteen studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Low doses (∼0.6 mM) of nicotine increased locomotor activity in fruit flies, while high doses (≥3 mM) led to a decrease. Similarly, exposure to cocaine increased locomotor activity, resulting in decreased climbing response in D. melanogaster. Studies with exposure to marijuana did not present a profile for our meta-analysis. However, this drug has been less associated with locomotor changes, but alterations in body weight and fat content and changes in cardiac function. Our analyses have shown that fruit flies exposed to drugs of abuse during different developmental stages, such as larvae and adults, exhibit molecular, morphological, behavioral, and survival changes that are dependent on the dosage. These phenotypes resemble the adverse effects of psychoactive substances in clinical medicine.
PubMed: 38844126
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111049 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2024To compare the efficacy and safety of venetoclax (VEN) in combination with chemotherapy (chemo) versus chemo alone in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy and safety of venetoclax (VEN) in combination with chemotherapy (chemo) versus chemo alone in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
METHOD
To compare the efficacy and/or safety of VEN+chemo versus chemotherapy alone for AML, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were used to searching up to June 2023. Comparisons included complete remission (CR), CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi), morphologic leukemia-free state (MLFS), overall response rate (ORR), and adverse events (AEs).
RESULT
A total of 9 articles were included, including 3124 patients. The baseline characteristics between two patient groups were similar. The combined analysis showed that compared with the group receiving chemo alone, the VEN+chemo group exhibited higher rates of CR, CRi, MLFS and ORR. Additionally, the VEN+chemo group had longer event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) durations. The incidence rates of AEs and serious AEs (SAEs) were similar between the two groups, but the early 30-day mortality rate was lower in the VEN+chemo group than in the chemo alone group.
CONCLUSION
The VEN+chemo therapy demonstrates significant efficacy and safety profile in AML patients. However, more prospective studies are needed in the future to provide more accurate and robust evidence for treatment selection in patients.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023439288, identifier CRD42023439288.
PubMed: 38595818
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1361988 -
JAMA Dermatology Jun 2024Assessment of type, severity, and impact of dermatologic adverse events (DAEs) necessitates well-developed and validated clinician-reported outcome measures (ClinROMs)...
IMPORTANCE
Assessment of type, severity, and impact of dermatologic adverse events (DAEs) necessitates well-developed and validated clinician-reported outcome measures (ClinROMs) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that evaluate concepts specific to mucocutaneous toxic effects and that allow appropriate interpretation and comparison of DAEs across trials.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate heterogeneity and quality of ClinROMs and PROMs used to assess DAEs from systemic cancer therapy.
EVIDENCE REVIEW
Two systematic reviews were conducted by searching PubMed and Embase databases from inception through March 7, 2023, and April 12, 2023. The first search included randomized clinical trials and observational studies reporting systemic cancer treatment-induced DAEs assessed by a ClinROM or PROM. The second included studies evaluating measurement properties of frequently used ClinROM and PROM instruments. The Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments risk of bias tool was used to evaluate methodologic quality of validation assessments.
FINDINGS
A total of 395 studies were included. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) was utilized in 331 studies meeting inclusion criteria (83.8%). At least 1 skin-related PROM was infrequently utilized in systemic chemotherapy clinical trials (79 studies [20.0%]). Most frequently utilized PROMs were the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI; 34 studies [8.6%]) and Skindex-16 (20 studies [5.1%]). Among studies capturing DAEs, 115 (29.1%) reported a nondescript term (ie, rash) as the only DAE. Eight studies described 44 property assessments of the CTCAE, DLQI, and Skindex. There were no studies evaluating content validity, intrarater reliability, or measurement error for the CTCAE, DLQI, or Skindex. There were no studies evaluating structural validity, internal consistency, and responsiveness of DLQI or Skindex. Interrater reliability and responsiveness were each assessed for 1 DAE-related component of the CTCAE. Construct validity for CTCAE, DLQI, and Skindex was evaluated in 29 (65.9%), 3 (6.8%), and 9 (20.5%) assessments, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this systematic review, there was a narrow spectrum of ClinROMs and PROMs with limited validity for the measurement of DAEs in the context of systemic chemotherapy interventions in clinical trials. Report of trial DAEs often had low morphologic specificity and meaning. Based on existing gaps in measurement and report of DAEs, a frequent and impactful adverse event to chemotherapy, the framework for evaluating cutaneous toxic effects in oncology trials may need collaborative reevaluation.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Patient Reported Outcome Measures; Antineoplastic Agents; Skin Diseases; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38506826
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.0053 -
Clinical Autonomic Research : Official... Feb 2024The heart receives cervical and thoracic sympathetic contributions. Although the stellate ganglion is considered the main contributor to cardiac sympathetic innervation,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The heart receives cervical and thoracic sympathetic contributions. Although the stellate ganglion is considered the main contributor to cardiac sympathetic innervation, the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) is used in many experimental studies. The clinical relevance of the SCG to cardiac innervation is controversial. We investigated current morphological and functional evidence as well as controversies on the contribution of the SCG to cardiac innervation.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and COCHRANE Library. Included studies received a full/text review and quality appraisal.
RESULTS
Seventy-six eligible studies performed between 1976 and 2023 were identified. In all species studied, morphological evidence of direct or indirect SCG contribution to cardiac innervation was found, but its contribution was limited. Morphologically, SCG sidedness may be relevant. There is indirect functional evidence that the SCG contributes to cardiac innervation as shown by its involvement in sympathetic overdrive reactions in cardiac disease states. A direct functional contribution was not found. Functional data on SCG sidedness was largely unavailable. Information about sex differences and pre- and postnatal differences was lacking.
CONCLUSION
Current literature mainly supports an indirect involvement of the SCG in cardiac innervation, via other structures and plexuses or via sympathetic overdrive in response to cardiac diseases. Morphological evidence of a direct involvement was found, but its contribution seems limited. The relevance of SCG sidedness, sex, and developmental stage in health and disease remains unclear and warrants further exploration.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Superior Cervical Ganglion; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Autonomic Nervous System; Heart; Stellate Ganglion
PubMed: 38393672
DOI: 10.1007/s10286-024-01019-2 -
Microsurgery Feb 2024Ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion injury contribute to partial or complete flap necrosis. Traditionally, skin histology has been used to evaluate morphological and... (Review)
Review
Systematic review of pathologic markers in skin ischemia with and without reperfusion injury in microsurgical reconstruction: Biomarker alterations precede histological structure changes.
BACKGROUND
Ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion injury contribute to partial or complete flap necrosis. Traditionally, skin histology has been used to evaluate morphological and structural changes, however histology does not detect early changes. We hypothesize that morphological and structural skin changes in response to ischemia and IRI occur late, and modification of gene and protein expression are the earliest changes in ischemia and IRI.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting skin histology or gene/protein expression changes following ischemia with or without reperfusion injury published between 2002 and 2022 were included. The primary outcomes were descriptive and semi-quantitative histological structural changes, leukocyte infiltration, edema, vessel density; secondary outcomes were quantitative gene and protein expression intensity (PCR and western blot). Model type, experimental intervention, ischemia method and duration, reperfusion duration, biopsy location and time point were collected.
RESULTS
One hundred and one articles were included. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) showed inflammatory infiltration in early responses (12-24 h), with structural modifications (3-14 days) and neovascularization (5-14 days) as delayed responses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) identified angiogenesis (CD31, CD34), apoptosis (TUNEL, caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2), and protein localization (NF-κB). Gene (PCR) and protein expression (western blot) detected inflammation and apoptosis; endoplasmic reticulum stress/oxidative stress and hypoxia; and neovascularization. The most common markers were TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β (inflammation), caspase-3 (apoptosis), VEGF (neovascularization), and HIF-1α (hypoxia).
CONCLUSION
There is no consensus or standard for reporting skin injury during ischemia and IRI. H&E histology is most frequently performed but is primarily descriptive and lacks sensitivity for early skin injury. Immunohistochemistry and gene/protein expression reveal immediate and quantitative cellular responses to skin ischemia and IRI. Future research is needed towards a universally-accepted skin injury scoring system.
Topics: Humans; Caspase 3; Reperfusion Injury; Ischemia; Biomarkers; Inflammation; Hypoxia; Apoptosis
PubMed: 38361264
DOI: 10.1002/micr.31141 -
Molecular Biology Reports Jan 2024Various viruses cause viral infection, and these viruses have different microscopic sizes, genetic material, and morphological forms. Due to a viral infection, the host... (Review)
Review
Various viruses cause viral infection, and these viruses have different microscopic sizes, genetic material, and morphological forms. Due to a viral infection, the host body induces defense mechanisms that activate the innate and adaptive immune system. sncRNAs are involved in various biological processes and play an essential role in antiviral response in viruses including ZIKV, HCV, DENV, SARS-CoV, and West Nile virus, and regulate the complex interactions between the viruses and host cells. This review discusses the role of miRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, and tiRNAs in antiviral response. Cellular miRNAs bind with virus mRNA and perform their antiviral response in multiple viruses. However, the chemical modifications of miRNA necessary to avoid nuclease attack, which is then involved with intracellular processing, have proven challenging for therapeutic replacement of miRNAs. siRNAs have significant antiviral responses by targeting any gene of interest along the correct nucleotide of targeting mRNA. Due to this ability, siRNAs have valuable characteristics in antiviral response for therapeutic purposes. Additionally, the researchers noted the involvement of piRNAs and tiRNAs in the antiviral response, yet their findings were deemed insignificant.
Topics: Humans; RNA, Small Untranslated; Piwi-Interacting RNA; Zika Virus Infection; Zika Virus; MicroRNAs; RNA, Small Interfering; RNA, Messenger; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 38227137
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09141-6 -
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes Jan 2024Older adults present a variety of oral diseases and conditions, in addition to co-morbidities and limited access to dental care, which significantly impact their oral... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Older adults present a variety of oral diseases and conditions, in addition to co-morbidities and limited access to dental care, which significantly impact their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). There are many instruments published to measure OHRQoL. However, it is challenging for clinicians and researchers to choose the best instrument for a given purpose.
PURPOSE
To identify OHRQoL instruments available for older adults and summarize the evidence on the conceptual and measurement model, psychometric properties, interpretability, and administration issues of OHRQoL instruments available for older adults through a systematic review.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and CENTRAL up to February 2023. Articles reporting information on the concept model measurement, psychometric properties, and administration issues of an instrument measuring OHRQoL in older adults were included. Two researchers independently evaluated each instrument using the Evaluating Measures of Patient-Reported Outcomes (EMPRO) tool. The overall score and seven attribute-specific scores were calculated (range 0-100): Conceptual and measurement model, Reliability, Validity, Responsiveness, Interpretability, Burden, and Alternative forms.
RESULTS
We identified 14 instruments evaluated in 97 articles. The overall score varied between 73.7 and 8.9, with only six questionnaires over the threshold score 50.0. EORTC QLQ OH-15 (cancer-specific questionnaire) achieved the highest score (73.7), followed by OHIP (generic OHRQoL questionnaire) (66.9), GOHAI (generic OHRQoL questionnaire) (65.5), and OHIDL (generic OHRQoL questionnaire) (65.2). Overall, the Conceptual and measurement model and Validity showed the best performance, while Responsiveness and Interpretability showed the worst. Insufficient information was presented for an overall evaluation of DSQ and OHAI.
CONCLUSION
The evidence supports using EORTC QLQ-OH15 as a specific instrument to assess OHRQoL in cancer patients and the OHIP-49, GOHAI, or OHIDL as generic instruments to assess OHRQoL either for cross-sectional or longitudinal studies in older adults.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Neoplasms; Oral Health; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 38218930
DOI: 10.1186/s12955-023-02218-7 -
Biologia Futura Jun 2024Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity has become one of the major global issues and poses a serious threat to the environment in recent years. HM pollution in agricultural soil is... (Review)
Review
Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity has become one of the major global issues and poses a serious threat to the environment in recent years. HM pollution in agricultural soil is caused by metal mining, smelting, volcanic activity, industrial discharges, and excessive use of phosphate fertilizers. HMs above a threshold level adversely affect the cellular metabolism of plants by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which attack cellular proteins. There are different mechanisms (physiological and morphological) adopted by plants to survive in the era of abiotic stress. Various osmoprotectants or compatible solutes, including amino acids, sugar, and betaines, enable the plants to counteract the HM stress. Glycine betaine (GB) is an effective osmolyte against HM stress among compatible solutes. GB has been shown to improve plant growth, photosynthesis, uptake of nutrients, and minimize oxidative stress in plants under HM stress. Additionally, GB increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), and POD (peroxidase), which are effective in scavenging unwarranted ROS. Since not all species of plants can naturally produce or accumulate GB in response to stress, various approaches have been explored for introducing them. Plant hormones like salicylic acid, ABA (abscisic acid), and JA (jasmonic acid) co-ordinately stimulate the accumulation of GB inside the cell under HM stress. Apart from the exogenous application, the introduction of GB pathway genes in GB deficient species via genetic engineering also seems to be efficient in mediating HM stress. This review complied the beneficial effects of GB in mitigating HM stress and its role as a plant growth regulator. Additionally, the review explores the potential for engineering GB biosynthesis in plants as a strategy to bolster their resilience to HMs.
Topics: Betaine; Metals, Heavy; Plants
PubMed: 38183566
DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00198-9 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Nov 2023To summarize the current applications and potential uses of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a noninvasive imaging modality that uses near-infrared light to produce... (Review)
Review
To summarize the current applications and potential uses of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a noninvasive imaging modality that uses near-infrared light to produce cross-sectional, high-resolution images of biologic tissues, for evaluating the sinonasal mucosa in patients. Original articles utilizing OCT to image the sinonasal mucosa in patients were identified from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using the search phrase: "Optical Coherence Tomography" AND (sinonasal OR intranasal OR sinus OR nose OR sinusitis OR rhinitis OR olfactory). Strength of evidence, quality of evidence, and risk of bias were measured using validated scales. Study results were qualitatively assessed. Out of 1662 original records identified through database searching, 9 studies were included in the systematic review. Levels of evidence ranged from III to IV and quality of evidence ranged from moderate to very low. Endoscopic OCT systems as well as OCT systems integrated with surgical microscopes were described in the literature. Applications of OCT for imaging the sinonasal mucosa included identifying morphological patterns unique to individual diseases, detecting mucosal structural changes after medical therapies and procedures, and evaluating mucociliary clearance. Most studies investigating OCT imaging of the sinonasal mucosa featured small sample sizes and lacked control groups. While OCT imaging could be a useful adjunct for diagnosing sinonasal disorders and monitoring response to treatment in the future, additional high-quality studies are necessary to determine if the use of OCT imaging can lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and health outcomes for patients with sinonasal pathologies.
PubMed: 38032064
DOI: 10.1177/01455613231214622