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Viruses Apr 2023The recent multi-country outbreak of Mpox (Monkeypox disease) constituted a public health emergency. Although animal-to-human transmission is known to be the primary way... (Review)
Review
The recent multi-country outbreak of Mpox (Monkeypox disease) constituted a public health emergency. Although animal-to-human transmission is known to be the primary way of transmission, an increasing number of cases transmitted by person-to-person contact have been reported. During the recent Mpox outbreak sexual or intimate contact has been considered the most important way of transmission. However, other routes of transmission must not be ignored. The knowledge of how the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) spreads is crucial to implement adequate measures to contain the spread of the disease. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to collect scientific data published concerning other implicated sources of infection beyond sexual interaction, such as the involvement of respiratory particles, contact with contaminated surfaces and skin-to-skin contact. The current study was performed using the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Publications analyzing contacts of Mpox index cases and their outcome after contact were included. A total of 7319 person-to-person contacts were surveyed and 273 of them became positive cases. Positive secondary transmission of MPXV was verified after contact with people cohabiting in the same household, with family members, with healthcare workers, or within healthcare facilities, and sexual contact or contact with contaminated surfaces. Using the same cup, sharing the same dishes, and sleeping in the same room or bed were also positively associated with transmission. Five studies showed no evidence of transmission despite contact with surfaces, skin-to-skin contact, or through airway particles within healthcare facilities where containment measures were taken. These records support the case for person-to-person transmission and suggest that other types of contact beyond sexual contact pose a significant risk of acquiring the infection. Further investigation is crucial to elucidate MPXV transmission dynamics, and to implement adequate measures to contain the spread of the infection.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Disease Outbreaks; Public Health; Sexual Behavior; Family; Monkeypox virus
PubMed: 37243160
DOI: 10.3390/v15051074 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2023Numerous vaccination research experiments have been conducted on non-primate hosts to prevent or control HTLV-1 infection. Therefore, reviewing recent advancements for...
BACKGROUND
Numerous vaccination research experiments have been conducted on non-primate hosts to prevent or control HTLV-1 infection. Therefore, reviewing recent advancements for status assessment and strategic planning of future preventative actions to reduce HTLV-1 infection and its consequences would be essential.
METHODS
MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched from each database's inception through March 27, 2022. All original articles focusing on developing an HTLV-1 vaccine candidate were included.
RESULTS
A total of 47 studies were included. They used a variety of approaches to develop the HTLV-1 vaccine, including DNA-based, dendritic-cell-based, peptide/protein-based, and recombinant vaccinia virus approaches. The majority of the research that was included utilized Tax, Glycoprotein (GP), GAG, POL, REX, and HBZ as their main peptides in order to develop the vaccine. The immunization used in dendritic cell-based investigations, which were more recently published, was accomplished by an activated CD-8 T-cell response. Although there hasn't been much attention lately on this form of the vaccine, the initial attempts to develop an HTLV-1 immunization depended on recombinant vaccinia virus, and the majority of results seem positive and effective for this type of vaccine. Few studies were conducted on humans. Most of the studies were experimental studies using animal models. Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), vaccinia, baculovirus, hepatitis B, measles, and pox were the most commonly used vectors.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review reported recent progression in the development of HTLV-1 vaccines to identify candidates with the most promising preventive and therapeutic effects.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; HTLV-I Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Vaccinia virus; Viral Vaccines; Peptides
PubMed: 37170214
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08289-7 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an , presents an etiology similar to smallpox in humans. Currently, there are no licensed treatments for human monkeypox, so...
Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an , presents an etiology similar to smallpox in humans. Currently, there are no licensed treatments for human monkeypox, so clear and urgent research on its prophylaxis and treatment is needed. The purpose of this study was to explore the evidence of Chinese medicine for contagious pox-like viral diseases and provide suggestions for the multi-country outbreak management of monkeypox. The review was registered on INPLASY (INPLASY202270013). Ancient classics in China and clinical trials involving randomized controlled trials , non-RCTs, and comparative observational studies of CM on the prevention and treatment of monkeypox, smallpox, measles, varicella, and rubella were retrieved from the Chinese Medical Code (fifth edition), Database of China Ancient Medicine, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP, Wanfang, Google Scholar, International Clinical Trial Registry Platform, and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry until 6 July 2022. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to present the data collected. The use of CM to control contagious pox-like viral diseases was traced back to ancient Chinese practice cited in , where the pathogen was recorded nearly two thousand years back. There were 85 articles (36 RCTs, eight non-RCTs, one cohort study, and 40 case series) that met the inclusion criteria, of which 39 studies were for measles, 38 for varicella, and eight for rubella. Compared with Western medicine for contagious pox-like viral diseases, CM combined with Western medicine showed significant improvements in fever clearance time (mean difference, -1.42 days; 95% CI, -1.89 to -0.95; 10 RCTs), rash/pox extinction time (MD, -1.71 days; 95% CI, -2.65 to -0.76; six RCTs), and rash/pox scab time (MD, -1.57 days; 95% CI, -1.94 to -1.19; five RCTs). When compared with Western medicine, CM alone could reduce the time of rash/pox extinction and fever clearance. Chinese herbal formulas, including modified Yinqiao powder, modified Xijiao Dihaung decoction, modified Qingjie Toubiao decoction, and modified Shengma Gegen decoction, were frequently applied to treat pox-like viral diseases and also showed significant effects in shortening the time of fever clearance, rash/pox extinction, and rash/pox scabs. Compared with Western medicine (placental globulin) or no intervention, eight non-randomized trials and observational studies on the prevention of contagious pox-like viral diseases showed a significant preventive effect of Leiji powder among high-risk populations. Based on historical records and clinical studies of CM in managing contagious pox-like viral diseases, some botanical drugs could be an alternative approach for treating and preventing human monkeypox. Prospective, rigorous clinical trials are urgently needed to confirm the potential preventive and treatment effect of Chinese herbal formulas. [https://inplasy.com/], identifier [INPLASY202270013].
PubMed: 36992826
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1121580 -
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Mar 2023Public health officials around the world are extremely concerned about the global outbreak of monkeypox (MPX), which has been claimed to have originated in Africa. As a... (Review)
Review
Public health officials around the world are extremely concerned about the global outbreak of monkeypox (MPX), which has been claimed to have originated in Africa. As a result, studies into the origins and reasons behind the outbreak's rapid spread have been sped up. The goal of the current investigation is to determine whether the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is present in seminal fluid samples from MPX cases that have been verified. Up until 6 January 2023, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases were used to conduct a thorough evaluation of the literature. The search technique returned a total of 308 items. Fourteen studies reporting the presence of MPXV in the seminal fluid of MPX-confirmed cases were included after the duplicates ( = 158) and searches by title, abstract, and full text were eliminated. In 84 out of the 643 confirmed MPX cases (13.06% or = 643), MPXV was discovered in seminal fluid. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify MPXV, and samples taken from skin lesions (96.27%), pharynx or oropharynx (30.48%), and blood all had higher positivity rates than other samples (12.44%). Additionally, 99.85% of respondents were male with a mean age of 36, 98.45% engaged in MSM (men who have sex with men) sexual conduct, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accounted for 56.9% of all STD cases. This study offers proof that MPXV can be found in the seminal fluid of MPX sufferers. Our data imply that MPXV transmission is a possibility in these samples and that MSM are more vulnerable to it. The creation of hygienic standards is essential for the early identification of MPX cases.
PubMed: 36977174
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030173 -
Saudi Medical Journal Mar 2023Quarantine is a common public health intervention that is often used to curb pandemics of infectious diseases. Quarantine is the intentional separation of people who are...
Quarantine is a common public health intervention that is often used to curb pandemics of infectious diseases. Quarantine is the intentional separation of people who are either suspected or confirmed to be infected with a contagious virus from the uninfected population. The goal of this study was to determine the expected economic cost for healthcare systems due to quarantine in the case of the monkeypox virus. A systematic literature review of studies on similar virus outbreaks was performed. The findings affirm that quarantine effectively mitigates the spread of a virus outbreak, but it has high direct and indirect costs that can only be justifiable for a dangerous virus with high mortality. The monkeypox virus presents moderate risk, unlike high-risk diseases for which quarantine is mandatory. The study recommends the introduction of mass vaccination programs and public awareness and sensitization forums to inform the population about the best behavioral practices to curb the spread of monkeypox virus.
Topics: Humans; Monkeypox virus; Quarantine; Financial Stress; Disease Outbreaks; Delivery of Health Care
PubMed: 36940962
DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.3.20220515 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Mar 2023The Monkeypox virus (MPX) has been detected in multiple non-endemic countries since May 2022. The cutaneous manifestations of MPX can have multiple distinct...
BACKGROUND
The Monkeypox virus (MPX) has been detected in multiple non-endemic countries since May 2022. The cutaneous manifestations of MPX can have multiple distinct presentations, including pustular and vesicular. Although there are no approved treatments, three antivirals (brincidofovir, cidofovir, tecovirimat) have been utilized. The objective of our study was to conduct a systematic review to evaluate antiviral efficacy (first aim) and cutaneous manifestations of MPX (second aim).
METHODS
Utilizing PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed and SCOPUS databases to identify studies utilizing antiviral treatment in human subjects for MPX and studies reporting cutaneous characteristics of MPX lesions.
RESULTS
For our first aim, six articles met inclusion criteria. For our second aim, 27 met inclusion criteria. Eighty-eight percent had complete resolution with tecovirimat (n=28) which was well tolerated, and decreased hospitalization time (10 days) compared to brincidofovir (29 days). Forty-four percent of patients had <10 cutaneous lesions and 36% had 10-100 lesions. The most common lesion type was pustular (32%, n=380).
CONCLUSION
This limited sample of studies suggests that tecovirimat is well tolerated and may be an effective antiviral for MPX treatment. Further studies are required to better understand the role of antivirals for MPX treatment among human patients. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(3): doi:10.36849/JDD.7263.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Monkeypox virus; Benzamides; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 36877881
DOI: 10.36849/JDD.7263 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023According to the World Health Organization, 83,339 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 72 deaths, of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), have been reported from 110... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
According to the World Health Organization, 83,339 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 72 deaths, of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), have been reported from 110 locations globally as of 20 December 2022, making the disease a public health concern. Most of the cases (56,171, 67.4%) were reported from countries in North America. Limited data on vaccine effectiveness in the current mpox outbreak are available. However, the modified vaccinia virus (smallpox vaccine) has been predicted to prevent or reduce the severity of the mpox infection. The present study of systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the modified vaccinia vaccine's safety and efficacy on mpox by using reported randomized clinical trials. Following guidelines from the Cochrane Collaboration and PRISMA, multiple databases including PubMed, PLOS ONE, Google Scholar, British Medical Journal, and the U. S. National Library of Medicine were searched. Out of 13,294 research articles initially identified, 187 were screened after removing duplicates. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the meta-analysis included ten studies with 7430 patients. Three researchers independently assessed the risk of bias in the included study. The pooled results suggest that the vaccinia-exposed group had fewer side effects when compared to the vaccinia naïve group (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.07-2.57; = 0.03). Overall, the modified vaccinia has proven safe and effective in both vaccinia naïve and previously exposed groups, with higher efficacy in the previously exposed groups.
Topics: Humans; Smallpox Vaccine; Vaccinia; Mpox (monkeypox); Vaccinia virus; Laboratories; Smallpox
PubMed: 36833653
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042963 -
Iranian Journal of Microbiology Dec 2022The ongoing 2022 multicountry monkeypox epidemic has drawn worldwide attention. Human monkeypox is a virus that spreads from animals to humans. It is an endemic disease... (Review)
Review
The ongoing 2022 multicountry monkeypox epidemic has drawn worldwide attention. Human monkeypox is a virus that spreads from animals to humans. It is an endemic disease in the rain forests of Central and West Africa. However, the disease recently emerged in India, and also in United States through imported wild rodents from Africa, even though the world is still struggling to escape from the clutches of the COVID-19 pandemic. Monkeypox is one of the contagious zoonotic diseases caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), transmitted to humans by direct contact with an infected person or animal or contact with virus-contaminated material. Its lesions are similar to smallpox in humans with various medical complications including flu-like symptoms, fever, malaise, back pain, headache, and a characteristic rash. Public health experts around the world are very concerned about the rapid spread of the infection, which has intensified efforts to find the source and cause of this phenomenon. Several viral infections with epidemic potential threaten global health security. Early recognition of cases and timely intervention of potential transmission chains are necessary to contain further outbreaks. At this early stage of monkeypox outbreaks, the current review provides updated information on the current worldwide monkeypox outbreak status, disease aetiology, clinical presentation, therapy, and preventive measures worldwide. Our review will also provide useful information to health professionals and the general public.
PubMed: 36721435
DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i6.11252 -
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Dec 2022Due to the rapid evolution of the monkeypox virus, the means by which the monkeypox virus is spread is subject to change. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze... (Review)
Review
Due to the rapid evolution of the monkeypox virus, the means by which the monkeypox virus is spread is subject to change. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the detection of the monkeypox virus according to the collection site of samples from confirmed monkeypox cases. A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases until 5 October 2022. A total of 1022 articles were retrieved using the search strategy. After removing duplicates ( = 566) and examining by title, abstract, and full text, 65 studies reporting monkeypox case reports were included with a detailed description of risk factors, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), site of monkeypox virus-positive specimens, location of skin lesions, and diagnostic test. A total of 4537 confirmed monkeypox cases have been reported, of which 98.72% of the cases were male with a mean age of 36 years, 95.72% had a sexual behavior of being men who have sex with men, and 28.1% had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most frequent locations of lesions in patients diagnosed with monkeypox were: 42.85% on the genitalia and 37.1% in the perianal region. All confirmed monkeypox cases were diagnosed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the most frequent locations of samples collected for diagnosis that tested positive for monkeypox virus were: 91.85% from skin lesions, 20.81% from the oropharynx, 3.19% from blood, and 2.43% from seminal fluid. The disease course of the cases with monkeypox was asynchronous, with no severe complications, and most patients did not report specific treatment but simply followed a symptomatic treatment.
PubMed: 36668911
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010004 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2024Monkeypox (MPX) is one of the common infections between humans and animals that caused by a virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The Monkeypox virus (MPXV)... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox (MPX) is one of the common infections between humans and animals that caused by a virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The Monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak is a global crisis triggered by environmental factors (virus, wastewater, surface, air) and amplified by the decisions of government officials and communities. The aim of this systematic review is to describe the environmental perspectives of MPXV with emphasis on risk assessment to prevent and control a new pandemic. Five online databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar were searched from 1990 to October 2022. Among 120 records, after the screening, four studies were included in the systematic review. The systematic review revealed that the possibility of MPXV transmission through wastewater, air, and the contaminated surfaces is a significant concern and its detection and destroying will play a major role in controlling the spread of the virus. Poxviruses have a high environmental stability, but are sensitive to all common chemical disinfectants. In conclusion, this study revealed that the environmental surveillance can be used as a complementary tool for detecting pathogens circulation in communities. This implies that the monitoring of environmental perspectives of MPXV can provide new awareness into virus transmission routes as well as the role of stakeholders and public health policies in MPXV risk management.
Topics: Monkeypox virus; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Animals; Environmental Monitoring; Wastewater; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 36593124
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0221