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Chemical Research in Toxicology Sep 2022Although most studies that explore the cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO) have focused on cell viability and oxidative stress, the cell cycle, a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Although most studies that explore the cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO) have focused on cell viability and oxidative stress, the cell cycle, a basic process of cell life, can also be affected. However, the results on the effects of nano-TiO on mammalian cell cycle are still inconsistent. A systematic review and meta-analysis were therefore performed in this research based on the effects of nano-TiO on the mammalian cell cycle to explore whether nano-TiO can induce cell cycle arrest. Meanwhile, the impact of physicochemical properties of nano-TiO on the cell cycle was investigated, and the response of normal cells and cancer cells was compared. A total of 33 articles met the eligibility criteria after screening. We used Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 15.1 for analysis. The results showed an increased percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and an upregulation of the p53 gene after being exposed to nano-TiO. Nevertheless, nano-TiO had no effect on cell percentage in other phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the cell percentage in both the sub-G1 phase of normal cells and S phase of cancer cells were significantly increased under anatase-form nano-TiO treatment. Moreover, nano-TiO with a particle size <25 nm or exposure duration of nano-TiO more than 24 h induced an increased percentage of normal cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, the cell cycle of cancer cells was arrested in the S phase no matter if the exposure duration of nano-TiO was more than 24 h or the exposure concentration was over 50 μg/mL. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that nano-TiO disrupted the cell cycle . The cell cycle arrest induced by nano-TiO varies with cell status and physicochemical properties of nano-TiO.
Topics: Animals; Cell Cycle; Mammals; Nanoparticles; Reactive Oxygen Species; Titanium
PubMed: 35998370
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00402 -
Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of... Oct 2022Recently, a number of clinical studies have explored links between possible Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) elevations and patient toxicities and/or image... (Review)
Review
Recently, a number of clinical studies have explored links between possible Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) elevations and patient toxicities and/or image changes following proton therapy. Our objective was to perform a systematic review of such studies. We applied a "Problem [RBE], Intervention [Protons], Population [Patients], Outcome [Side effect]" search strategy to the PubMed database. From our search, we retrieved studies which: (a) performed novel voxel-wise analyses of patient effects versus physical dose and LET (n = 13), and (b) compared image changes between proton and photon cohorts with regard to proton RBE (n = 9). For each retrieved study, we extracted data regarding: primary tumour type; size of patient cohort; type of image change studied; image-registration method (deformable or rigid); LET calculation method, and statistical methodology. We compared and contrasted their methods in order to discuss the weight of clinical evidence for variable proton RBE. We concluded that clinical evidence for variable proton RBE remains statistically weak at present. Our principal recommendation is that proton centres and clinical trial teams collaborate to standardize follow-up protocols and statistical analysis methods, so that larger patient cohorts can ultimately be considered for RBE analyses.
Topics: Humans; Relative Biological Effectiveness; Proton Therapy; Protons; Linear Energy Transfer; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 35988776
DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.08.014 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2022This systematic review aims to summarize the current knowledge on biological effects of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) on human health based on mammalian systems. An...
This systematic review aims to summarize the current knowledge on biological effects of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) on human health based on mammalian systems. An extensive search of the literature led to a total of 133 primary research articles on the health relevance of MNPs. Our findings revealed that although the study of MNP cytotoxicity and inflammatory response represents a major research theme, most studies (105 articles) focused on the effects of polystyrene MNPs due to their wide availability as a well characterised research material that can be manufactured with a large range of particle sizes, fluorescence labelling as well as various surface modifications. Among the 133 studies covered in this review, 117 articles reported adverse health effects after being exposed to MNPs. Mammalian in vitro studies identified multiple biological effects including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, embryotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity and even carcinogenicity, while rodent in vivo models confirmed the bioaccumulation of MNPs in the liver, spleen, kidney, brain, lung and gut, presenting adverse effects at different levels including reproductive toxic effects and trans-generational toxicity. In contrast, the remaining 16 studies indicated an insignificant impact of MNPs on humans. A few studies attempted to investigate the mechanisms or factors driving the toxicity of MNPs and identified several determining factors including size, concentration, shape, surface charge, attached pollutants and weathering process, which, however, were not benchmarked or considered by most studies. This review demonstrates that there are still many inconsistencies in the evaluation of the potential health effects of MNPs due to the lack of comparability between studies. Current limitations hindering the attainment of reproducible conclusions as well as recommendations for future research directions are also presented.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Environmental Pollutants; Mammals; Microplastics; Particle Size; Plastics; Polystyrenes
PubMed: 35987230
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158111 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Elevated serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL), the substrate for the formation of atherogenic oxidized LDLs (oxLDL), are a causal factor for atherosclerotic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Elevated serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL), the substrate for the formation of atherogenic oxidized LDLs (oxLDL), are a causal factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Statins are well known to decrease LDL particle concentration and reduce ASCVD morbidity and mortality.
OBJECTIVE
To perform a meta-analysis of the effects of statins (i.e., type, dose, and duration of treatment) on serum levels of oxLDL and on immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels against oxLDL.
METHODS
PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched up to February 5th, 2021, for randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating the effect of statins on oxLDL and anti-oxLDL antibody levels. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) V2 software. To evaluate the influence of each study on the overall effect size, a sensitivity analysis was performed using the leave-one-out method. Evaluation of the funnel plot, Begg's rank correlation, and Egger's weighted regression tests was used to assess the presence of publication bias in the meta-analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 28 RCTs including 4019 subjects were finally included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated a significant decrease in circulating concentrations of oxLDL after treatment with statins (SMD: -2.150, 95% CI: -2.640, -1.697, < 0.001). Subgroup analysis found no significant effect of the intensity of statin treatment or statin lipophilicity on the reduction of circulating concentrations of oxLDL. An additional meta-analysis of 3 trials showed that statins did not change the serum levels of IgM and IgG antibodies to oxLDL.
CONCLUSION
Statin therapy decreases serum oxLDL concentrations but does not affect circulating levels of anti-oxLDL antibodies.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Lipoproteins, LDL
PubMed: 35958018
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7850659 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2024Dairy powder, with abundant chemical components such as protein, fat, and lactose possessing diverse physical and chemical structures, can exhibit a surface composition...
Dairy powder, with abundant chemical components such as protein, fat, and lactose possessing diverse physical and chemical structures, can exhibit a surface composition distinct from its bulk content during the conversion of liquid milk into dry powder. Surface chemical composition is a significant parameter in the dairy industry, as it is directly associated with the techno-functional properties of dairy powder products. The current work provides an overview of the factors influencing the surface composition of dairy powders such as the bulk composition of raw milk (animal source and formulation), liquid dairy processing (homogenization, thermal treatment, and evaporation), the drying process (drying methods as well as operating conditions during the most commonly used spray drying), and storage conditions (temperature, relative humidity, and duration). The underlying mechanisms involved in the variations of particle surface composition include the mechanical properties of emulsion, milk fat globules redistribution caused by mechanical forces, adsorption competition and interactions of ingredients at the water/air interface, dehydration-induced alterations in particle structure, corresponding solid/solutes segregation differentiation during spray drying, and lactose crystallization-induced increase in surface fat during storage. Additionally, future research is suggested to explore the effects of emerging processing technologies on the surface composition modification of dairy powders.
Topics: Animals; Powders; Lactose; Milk; Desiccation; Crystallization; Particle Size
PubMed: 35916834
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2105803 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Nanomaterials are suspected of causing health problems, as published studies on nanotoxicology indicate. On the other hand, some of these materials, such as... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Nanomaterials are suspected of causing health problems, as published studies on nanotoxicology indicate. On the other hand, some of these materials, such as nanostructured pyrogenic and precipitated synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) and silica gel, have been used for decades without safety concerns in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. However, in addition to many and studies that have failed to demonstrate the intrinsic toxicity of SAS, articles periodically emerge, in which biological effects of concern have been described. Even though most of these studies do not meet high-quality standards and do not always use equivalent test materials or standardized test systems, the results often trigger substance re-evaluation. To put the results into perspective, an extensive literature study was carried out and an example of amorphous silica will be used to try to unravel the reliability from the unreliable results.
METHODS
A systematic search of studies on nanotoxicological effects has been performed covering the years 2013 to 2018. The identified studies have been evaluated for their quality regarding material and method details, and the data have been curated and put into a data collection. This review deals only with investigations on amorphous silica.
RESULTS
Of 18,162 publications 1,217 have been selected with direct reference to experiments with synthetically produced amorphous silica materials. The assessment of these studies based on defined criteria leads to a further reduction to 316 studies, which have been included in this systematic review. Screening for quality with well-defined quantitative criteria following the GUIDE nano concept reveals only 27.3% has acceptable quality. Overall, the and data showed low or no toxicity of amorphous silica. The data shown do not support the hypothesis of dependency of biological effects on the primary particle size of the tested materials.
CONCLUSION
This review demonstrates the relatively low quality of most studies published on nanotoxicological issues in the case of amorphous silica. Moreover, mechanistic studies are often passed off or considered toxicological studies. In general, standardized methods or the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines are rarely used for toxicological experiments. As a result, the significance of the published data is usually weak and must be reevaluated carefully before using them for regulatory purposes.
Topics: Nanostructures; Particle Size; Reproducibility of Results; Silicon Dioxide
PubMed: 35784253
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.902893 -
Journal of Environmental Health Science... Jun 2022Today air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is a global issue, especially in densely populated and high-traffic cities. The formation of reactive oxygen... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Today air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is a global issue, especially in densely populated and high-traffic cities. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by various toxicological studies is considered as one of the important effects caused by airborne particles that can lead to adverse effects on human health. In this study, to answer the question of whether particle size affects oxidative potential (OP), we searched the main databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, and defined search strategy based on the MESH terms for the above-mentioned search engines. All articles published until 2021 were searched. An ANOVA was run using R software to show the correlation between the size distributions of particulate matter and oxidative potential (base on mass and volumetric units) in ambient air. As expected, the regression results showed that the relationship between particle size and OP values for the studies based on mass-logarithm has a significant difference in the different distribution size categories, which was related to the difference between the <2.5 and < 1 categories. However, ANOVA analysis did not show a significant difference in the volumetric OP logarithm in the different distribution size categories. In this study, it was found that sizes higher than 2.5 μm did not have much effect on human health, and it is recommended that future research focus on PM2.5.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-021-00768-w.
PubMed: 35669811
DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00768-w -
Journal of the Air & Waste Management... Sep 2022Air pollution and health consequences associated with exposure to air pollutants, such as particulate matter, are of serious concerns in societies. Over the recent... (Review)
Review
Air pollution and health consequences associated with exposure to air pollutants, such as particulate matter, are of serious concerns in societies. Over the recent years, numerous studies have investigated the relation of many diseases with air pollutants. This review used a search strategy to provide the comprehensive information on the relationship between particle matters and osteoporosis. To this end, three search databases were used to find the articles focused on particle matters and osteoporosis. After the screening process, 13 articles related to the purpose of the study were selected and the relevant data were extracted. The results indicated that osteoporosis is significantly associated with PM. However, this association with PM remains unclear. In addition, particle materials indirectly lead to the osteoporosis and bone fractures as a consequence of reduced UV-B, reduced adsorption of vitamin D. Furthermore, they can lead to other diseases by use of drugs with adverse effects on bone health, and creating conditions that may increase the risk of falling in the elderly. This review shows that although more accurate research is needed to determine the mechanism and risk of exposure to particulate matter in the air on bone health, the negative effects of this pollutant on bone mineral density (BMD) are evident.: PM is usually classified by its size or aerodynamic diameter; PM10 denotes particles < 10 µm in diameter; PM2.5 particles are <2.5 µm in diameter. Many epidemiological studies have shown that short-term exposure to PM might reduce lung function. However, short-term effects might be reversible, and the main concern is attributed to long-term exposure. A major public health concern that may be affected by numerous metabolic and even environmental risk factors is osteoporosis. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the role of PM in the occurrence or exacerbation of osteoporosis in citizens.
Topics: Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Osteoporosis; Particulate Matter
PubMed: 35653555
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2085820 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Although numerous nanoparticle formulations have been developed for ocular administration, concerns are being raised about a possible mismatch between potential...
Although numerous nanoparticle formulations have been developed for ocular administration, concerns are being raised about a possible mismatch between potential promises made by the field of nanoparticle research and demonstration of actual therapeutic benefit. Therefore, the primary focus of this present review was to critically assess to what extent nanoencapsulation of ocular drugs improved the therapeutic outcome when treating conditions in the anterior segment of the eye. A systematic search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases as well as Google Scholar for published peer-reviewed articles in English focusing on conventional nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems to the anterior segment of the eye in studies. The major therapeutic outcomes were intraocular pressure, tear secretion, number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and pupil size. The outcome after encapsulation was compared to the non-encapsulated drug. From the search, 250 results were retrieved. Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Rabbits were used as study subjects in all but one study, and the number of animals ranged from 3 to 10. Coated and uncoated liposomes, lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles, as well as micelles, were studied, varying in both particle size and surface charge, and encapsulating a total of 24 different drugs, including 6 salts. The majority of the studies demonstrated some improvement after nanoencapsulation, but the duration of the benefit varied from less than 1 h to more than 20 h. The most common methods performed in the studies were drug release, transcorneal permeation, and mucin interaction. Nanoparticles that are small and mucoadhesive, often due to positive surface charge, appeared beneficial. Although assays can unravel more of the hidden and sophisticated interplay between the encapsulated drug and the nanoparticle structure, they suffered from a lack of - correlation. Therefore, more research should be focused towards developing predictive models, allowing rational design and systematic optimization of ocular nanoparticles with minimal animal experimentation.
PubMed: 35645827
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903519 -
Environmental Science. Nano Feb 2022A systematic review of the use of single particle ICP-MS to analyse engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in biological samples (plants, animals, body fluids) has highlighted... (Review)
Review
A systematic review of the use of single particle ICP-MS to analyse engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in biological samples (plants, animals, body fluids) has highlighted that efforts have focused on a select few types of ENMs (, Ag and TiO) and there is a lack of information for some important tissues (, reproductive organs, skin and fatty endocrine organs). The importance of sample storage is often overlooked but plays a critical role. Careful consideration of the ENM and matrix composition is required to select an appropriate protocol to liberate ENMs from a tissue whilst not promoting the transformation of them, or genesis of new particulates. A 'one size fits all' protocol, applicable to all possible types of ENM and biological matrices, does not seem practical. However, alkaline-based extractions would appear to show greater promise for wide applicability to animal tissues, although enzymatic approaches have a role, especially for plant tissues. There is a lack of consistency in metrics reported and how they are determined ( size limit of detection, and proportions of recovery), making comparison between some studies more difficult. In order to establish standardised protocols for regulatory use, effort is needed to: develop certified reference materials, achieve international agree on nomenclature and the use of control samples, and to create a decision tree to help select the best sample preparation for the type of tissue matrix.
PubMed: 35309016
DOI: 10.1039/d1en00680k