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Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Jan 2023Silver nanoparticles have many medical and commercial applications, but their effects on human health are poorly understood. They are used extensively in products of... (Review)
Review
Silver nanoparticles have many medical and commercial applications, but their effects on human health are poorly understood. They are used extensively in products of daily use, but little is known about their potential neurotoxic effects. A xenobiotic metal, silver, has no known physiological significance in the human body as a trace metal. Biokinetics of silver nanoparticles indicates its elimination from the body via urine and feces route. However, a substantial amount of evidence from both in vitro and in vivo experimental research unequivocally establish the fact of easier penetration of smaller nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier to enter in brain and thereby interaction with cellular components to induce neurotoxic effects. Toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles rely on the degree of exposure, particle size, surface coating, and agglomeration state as well as the type of cell or organism used to evaluate its toxicity. This review covers pertinent facts and the present state of knowledge about the neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles reviewing the impacts on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial function, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and necrosis. The effect of silver nanoparticles on the central nervous system is a topic of growing interest and concern that requires immediate consideration.
Topics: Humans; Silver; Metal Nanoparticles; Blood-Brain Barrier; Particle Size; Oxidative Stress; Neurotoxicity Syndromes
PubMed: 35285037
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4317 -
BMJ Open Feb 2022Despite the uptake of nutrigenetic testing through direct-to-consumer services and healthcare professionals, systematic reviews determining scientific validity are...
OBJECTIVES
Despite the uptake of nutrigenetic testing through direct-to-consumer services and healthcare professionals, systematic reviews determining scientific validity are limited in this field. The objective of this review was to: retrieve, synthesise and assess the quality of evidence (confidence) for nutrigenetic approaches related to the effect of genetic variation on plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein responsiveness to omega-3 fatty acid intake.
DESIGN
A systematic review was conducted using three search engines (Embase, Web of Science and Medline) for articles published up until 1 August 2020. We aimed to systematically search, identify (select) and provide a narrative synthesis of all studies that assessed nutrigenetic associations/interactions for genetic variants (comparators) influencing the plasma lipid, lipoprotein and/or apolipoprotein response (outcomes) to omega-3 fatty acid intake (intervention/exposure) in humans-both paediatric and adult populations (population). We further aimed to assess the overall quality of evidence for specific priority nutrigenetic associations/interactions based on the following inclusion criteria: nutrigenetic associations/interactions reported for the same genetic variants (comparators) influencing the same plasma lipid, lipoprotein and/or apolipoprotein response (outcomes) to omega-3 fatty acid intake (intervention/exposure) in humans-both paediatric and adult populations (population) in at least two independent studies, irrespective of the findings. Risk of bias was assessed in individual studies. Evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach with a modification to further consider biological plausibility.
RESULTS
Out of 1830 articles screened, 65 met the inclusion criteria for the narrative synthesis (n=23 observational, n=42 interventional); of these, 25 met the inclusion criteria for GRADE evidence evaluation. Overall, current evidence is insufficient for gene-diet associations related to omega-3 fatty acid intake on plasma apolipoproteins, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and LDL particle size. However, there is strong (GRADE rating: moderate quality) evidence to suggest that male -E4 carriers (rs429358, rs7412) exhibit significant triglyceride reductions in response to omega-3-rich fish oil with a dose-response effect. Moreover, strong (GRADE rating: high quality) evidence suggests that a 31-SNP nutrigenetic risk score can predict plasma triglyceride responsiveness to omega-3-rich fish oil in adults with overweight/obesity from various ethnicities.
CONCLUSIONS
Most evidence in this area is weak, but two specific nutrigenetic interactions exhibited strong evidence, with generalisability limited to specific populations.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42020185087.
Topics: Apolipoproteins; Child; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Lipoproteins; Male; Nutrigenomics; Triglycerides
PubMed: 35193914
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054417 -
Journal of Liposome Research Dec 2022Liposomes are nano-structured vesicles, made up of phospholipids that provide active ingredients at the site of action at a predetermined rate and add the advantage of... (Review)
Review
Liposomes are nano-structured vesicles, made up of phospholipids that provide active ingredients at the site of action at a predetermined rate and add the advantage of the sustained-release formulation. Liposomes have stability issues that tend to agglomerate and fuse upon storage, which reflects their drawback. Hence to overcome the aggregation, fusion, hydrolysis, and/or oxidation problems associated with liposomes a new technology named Proliposomes has been introduced. Proliposomes are defined as carbohydrate carriers coated with phospholipids, which upon addition of water generate liposomes. The objective of the review is to cover the concept of proliposomes for pulmonary or alveolar delivery of drugs and compare it with that of liposomes; highlight the methods used for preparations along with the characterization parameters. This is the first systematic review that covers the categorization of liposomes, characteristic methods, and recent examples of drugs from 2015 to 2021, supplied in form of proliposomes to the macrophages as well as others and offers an advantage over the free drug by offering a prolonged drug release and sufficient bioavailability in addition to overcome the stability issues related to liposomes. Since this is a very new technology and many scientists are continuously working in this field to make the drug available for clinical trials and ultimately in the market for the targeted delivery of drugs with better storage life.HIGHLIGHTSProliposomes as an alternative to overwhelm the stability and storage-related issues of liposomes.Anhydrous carbohydrate carriers are utilized for proliposomal preparation.Inhaled delivery of drugs as solid lipid nanoparticles offers a significant impact on pulmonary tract infections, particularly in cystic fibrosis.Size of liposomes attained after proliposome hydrolysis is critical for drug delivery respiration.
Topics: Carbohydrates; Drug Delivery Systems; Liposomes; Particle Size; Phospholipids
PubMed: 35037565
DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2021.2019762 -
International Journal of Dentistry 2021This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sandblasting on the bond strength of denture base resin to soft liners. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sandblasting on the bond strength of denture base resin to soft liners.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This report follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and OpenGrey databases were searched for in vitro studies that compared sandblasting with no treatment in terms of the tensile, shear, and peel bond strength of resilient lining materials (acrylic-based or silicone-based) to polymethyl methacrylate denture base resin. Based on the outcome, the analysis was carried out in three groups of tensile, shear, and peel bond strength. Subgroup analysis was done for the effect of size of particles on sandblasting, blasting pressure, and type of soft liner whenever possible. Heterogeneity was evaluated among the studies, and meta-analysis was performed with random effect models ( < .05).
RESULTS
After screening, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria for meta-analyses. No treatment showed significantly higher tensile ( < 0.001) or peel (=0.04) bond strength, although shear bond strength of sandblasted resin was significantly better (=0.008). Results of subgroup analyses of particle size favored the control group in 50 AlO particle size ( < 0.001). In analyses of blasting pressure, the control group had significantly better tensile bond strength than specimens with blasting pressure ≤1 bar ( < 0.001) while specimens with blasting pressure beyond 1 bar showed significantly more tensile strength than control group (=0.03). In silicon-based liners, groups without any surface treatment had significantly higher tensile bond strength ( < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
According to the in vitro studies, sandblasting would not lead to significant increase in bond strength of soft liner to the denture base resin.
PubMed: 34976062
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5674155 -
Nutrition Reviews Apr 2022Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improvement in cardiovascular risk markers, including lipoproteins and...
CONTEXT
Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improvement in cardiovascular risk markers, including lipoproteins and lipoprotein subfractions.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the relationship between moderate alcohol intake, lipoprotein subfractions, and related mechanisms.
DATA SOURCES
Following PRISMA, all human and ex vivo studies with an alcohol intake up to 60 g/d were included from 8 databases.
DATA EXTRACTION
A total of 17 478 studies were screened, and data were extracted from 37 intervention and 77 observational studies.
RESULTS
Alcohol intake was positively associated with all HDL subfractions. A few studies found lower levels of small LDLs, increased average LDL particle size, and nonlinear relationships to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Cholesterol efflux capacity and paraoxonase activity were consistently increased. Several studies had unclear or high risk of bias, and heterogeneous laboratory methods restricted comparability between studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Up to 60 g/d alcohol can cause changes in lipoprotein subfractions and related mechanisms that could influence cardiovascular health.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration no. 98955.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Apolipoproteins B; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Humans; Lipoproteins; Lipoproteins, LDL
PubMed: 34957513
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab102 -
Cureus Oct 2021Our objective is to analyze the risk of particle spread through mastoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic with an aim to assess the tools used to mitigate the... (Review)
Review
Our objective is to analyze the risk of particle spread through mastoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic with an aim to assess the tools used to mitigate the spread. A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Our search terms included: MASTOIDECTOMY + COVID-19 or MASTOIDECTOMY + SAR- CoV-2 or MASTOIDECTOMY + CORONAVIRUS. Studies consistent with the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the review. Of the 20 articles identified in the initial search, six met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were all experimental studies, with five studies using cadaver subjects and one study using live human subjects. Three studies measured droplet spread and three studies measured aerosolized particle spread. The maximum distance of particle spread ranged from 30 cm to 208 cm. Four studies assessed the use of a barrier system, with two using the OtoTent and two using a barrier drape. Two studies defined the microscope alone as a possible mitigatory tool. One study compared burr type and size to determine the effects on particle spread. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, evaluation of tools to mitigate particle spread is imperative for the safety of the surgical team and the healthcare system at large. Barrier drapes, OtoTents and microscopes all have proven to mitigate particle spread; however, further research needs to be performed to compare their efficacy and develop a standard of safety.
PubMed: 34853757
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19040 -
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Sep 2023Denture adhesives improve the mastication of complete denture wearers. However, the impact of denture adhesives with different presentations on mastication remains... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Denture adhesives improve the mastication of complete denture wearers. However, the impact of denture adhesives with different presentations on mastication remains unclear.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this systematic review was to answer the focused question, "Do different presentations of denture adhesives affect the masticatory function of complete denture wearers?".
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Six databases and the non-peer-reviewed literature were searched up to July 2021. Only clinical studies (randomized clinical trials and nonrandomized clinical trials) comparing the use of different denture adhesive presentations (cream, powder, or strips) were included, without language or follow-up restrictions. The risk of bias was assessed by using the Cochrane tools (RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I). Masticatory performance, by using single and multiple sieves, masticatory performance with color-changing chewing gum (mixing ability), swallowing threshold (particle size and number of cycles), jaw kinematics, and occlusal force were considered. Meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate masticatory performance (single sieve) and occlusal force outcomes (α=.05), and the certainty of the evidence was determined with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) evaluations.
RESULTS
Nine studies (6 randomized and 3 nonrandomized clinical trials) were included. The risk of bias was considered moderate. Meta-analyses showed no differences between cream and powder denture adhesives for masticatory performance (standard mean difference=0.02; 95% CI=-0.46 to 0.50, P=.93) or between cream and strip denture adhesives for occlusal force (mean difference=14.35; 95% CI=-11.14 to 39.84, P=.27). Similarly, in qualitative analysis, cream and powder denture adhesives' performances were similar regarding masticatory performance with color-changing chewing gum (mixing ability), occlusal force, swallowing threshold (particle size and number of cycles), and jaw kinematics (P>.05). However, for resorbed ridges, cream denture adhesive resulted in a higher masticatory performance than strip (P<.05). When comparing powder to strip denture adhesives, the occlusal force was higher in the powder group (P<.05). The certainty of evidence was very low for all evaluated outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
Different presentations of denture adhesives seem to improve the masticatory function of complete denture wearers in a similar way. However, the qualitative analysis showed that, in patients with a resorbed ridge, a cream denture adhesive may be better than strips to improve mastication, although the certainty of evidence was very low.
Topics: Humans; Powders; Chewing Gum; Denture, Complete; Bite Force; Mastication; Adhesives
PubMed: 34772484
DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.09.026 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2021Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which... (Review)
Review
Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-based standards for outdoor air have been promoted (e.g., the National Ambient Air Quality Standards formulated by the U.S.). Due to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, the chemical composition of indoor particulate matter is related to the sources and components of outdoor PM. However, PM in the indoor environment has the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Indoor PM includes particles of outdoor origin that drift indoors and particles that originate from indoor activities, which include cooking, fireplaces, smoking, fuel combustion for heating, human activities, and burning incense. Indoor PM can be enriched with inorganic and organic contaminants, including toxic heavy metals and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds. As a potential health hazard, indoor exposure to PM has received increased attention in recent years because people spend most of their time indoors. In addition, as the quantity, quality, and scope of the research have expanded, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review of indoor PM. This review discusses the sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation of indoor PM. Practical solutions and steps to reduce exposure to indoor PM are also discussed.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Cooking; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Particle Size; Particulate Matter
PubMed: 34769574
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111055 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jan 2022After the spread of Covid 19 worldwide, the use of cloth masks increased significantly due to a shortage of medical masks. Meanwhile, there were different opinions about... (Review)
Review
After the spread of Covid 19 worldwide, the use of cloth masks increased significantly due to a shortage of medical masks. Meanwhile, there were different opinions about the effectiveness of these masks and, so far, no study has been done to find the best fabric masks. This study reviews and summarizes all studies related to fabric masks' effectiveness and various fabrics against coronavirus. This systematic review is based on PRISMA rules. Two researchers separately examined three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Laboratory and clinical studies were included. After extracting the articles, their quality was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. In addition to efficacy, other factors, including the penetration of masks, pressure drop, and quality factor, were examined to select the best fabrics. Of the 42 studies selected, 39 were laboratory studies, and 3 were clinical studies. Among the various fabrics examined, cotton quilt 120 thread per inch (TPI), copy paper (bonded), hybrid of cotton with chiffon/ silk, and flannel filtration were found to have over 90% effectiveness in the particle size range of Covid-19. The results and comparison of different factors (pressure drop, filtration efficacy, penetration, filtration quality, and fit factor have been evaluated) showed that among different fabrics, hybrid masks, 2-layered cotton quilt, 2-layered 100% cotton, cotton flannel, and hairy tea towel + fleece sweater had the best performance. Clinical studies have not explicitly examined cloth masks' effectiveness in Covid-19, so the effectiveness of these types of masks for Covid 19 is questionable, and more studies are needed.
Topics: COVID-19; Filtration; Humans; Masks; SARS-CoV-2; Textiles
PubMed: 34689269
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16847-2 -
Nanotoxicology Oct 2021Despite the widespread use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), there is no consensus on their distribution to different tissues and organs. The present systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Despite the widespread use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), there is no consensus on their distribution to different tissues and organs. The present systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the accumulation of GNPs in brain tissue. Extensive searches were conducted in electronic databases, Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, primary and secondary screening was performed. The value of brain accumulation of gold nanoparticle (the percentage of the injection dose of GNPs/gram of brain tissue that applied as effect size (ES) in analysis) and the standard error of the mean were extracted from articles and analyzed by calculating the pooled ES and the pooled confidence interval (CI) using STATA software. ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Thirty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the amount of GNPs was 0.06% of the injection dose/gram of brain tissue (ES = 0.06, %95 CI: 0.06-0.06, < 0.0001). Considering the time between injection and tissue harvest (follow-up time), after 1 h the GNPs in brain tissue was 0.288% of the injection dose/gram of tissue (ES = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.25-0.33, < 0.0001), while after four weeks it was only 0.02% (ES = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01-0.03, < 0.0001) of the injection dose/gram of tissue. The amount of GNPs in brain tissue was higher for PEG-coated GNPs compared to uncoated GNPs, and it was 5.6 times higher for rod-shaped GNPs compared to spherical GNPs. The mean amount of GNPs in the brain tissues of animals bearing a tumor was 5.8 times higher than in normal animals.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Gold; Metal Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Particle Size
PubMed: 34591733
DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1966116