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Expert Review of Vaccines Feb 2022The pneumococcal non-typeable protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV/PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) protect against vaccine-serotype invasive...
INTRODUCTION
The pneumococcal non-typeable protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV/PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) protect against vaccine-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease (VT IPD). However, VT IPD can still occur in fully or partially vaccinated children (vaccine failure or breakthrough). We performed a systematic review of vaccine failures and breakthrough IPD with PCV10 and PCV13 in ≤5-year-olds.
AREAS COVERED
We searched Scopus/Medline/EMBASE to retrieve articles/abstracts published between 1/2008-7/2019. We excluded reports only including data from ≥6-year-olds, exclusively assessing PCV7-vaccinated children or children with comorbidities. Twenty-six reports (20 PCV13, 1 PCV10, 5 both), covering studies with various designs in six continents, using different schedules, were included. Collectively, they reported 469 VT IPD cases classified as vaccine failures and 403 as breakthrough. Vaccine failure and breakthrough rates were low: 8.4% and 9.3%, respectively, of all IPD in vaccinated children, consistent with the vaccines' high effectiveness. The main serotypes associated with vaccine failure/breakthrough were 19A, 3 and 19F for PCV13 and 14, 6B and vaccine-related 19A and 6A for PCV10.
EXPERT OPINION
As we move to vaccines with more serotypes, it is not only important to consider which serotypes are added, but also monitor and address incomplete protection against specific serotypes.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Serogroup; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 34882050
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2012455 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The development of periodontitis is associated with an imbalanced subgingival microbial community enriched with species such as the traditionally classified red-complex... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The development of periodontitis is associated with an imbalanced subgingival microbial community enriched with species such as the traditionally classified red-complex bacteria (, , and ). Saliva has been suggested as an alternative to subgingival plaque for the microbial analysis due to its easy and non-invasive collection. This systematic review aims to determine whether the levels of red-complex bacteria assessed using saliva reflect those in subgingival plaque from periodontitis patients. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to April 30, 2021. Studies were considered eligible if microbial data of at least one of the red-complex species were reported in both saliva and subgingival plaque from periodontitis patients, based on DNA-based methods. Of the 17 included studies, 4 studies used 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques, and the rest used PCR-based approaches. The detection frequency of each red-complex species in periodontitis patients was reported to be > 60% in most studies, irrespective of samples types. Meta-analyses revealed that both detection frequencies and relative abundances of red-complex bacteria in saliva were significantly lower than those in subgingival plaque. Moreover, the relative abundances of all 3 bacterial species in saliva showed significantly positive correlation with those in subgingival plaque. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that one-time saliva sampling cannot replace subgingival plaque for microbial analysis of the red-complex bacteria in periodontitis patients. Given the positive microbial associations between saliva and subgingival plaque, a thorough review of longitudinal clinical studies is needed to further assess the role of saliva.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Treponema denticola
PubMed: 34692561
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.727732 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Dec 2021The present systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the strength of a reported association between elevated serum anti-periodontal bacterial antibody responses and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIM
The present systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the strength of a reported association between elevated serum anti-periodontal bacterial antibody responses and coronary heart disease (CHD).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty original studies were identified after systematically searching five databases. The majority (n = 11) compared serum anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and/or anti-Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) IgG antibody responses between CHD patients and control participants. The strength of the association between serum anti-Pg antibodies and CHD (n = 10) and serum anti-Aa antibodies and CHD (n = 6) was investigated using a meta-analysis approach separately.
RESULTS
Most studies (61%) reported that the serum IgG antibody responses were elevated in CHD patients than in controls. The meta-analyses showed a significant association between elevated serum IgG antibody responses (anti-Pg and anti-Aa) and CHD, with pooled odds ratios of 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.38, p = .001] and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.04-1.47, p = .0004), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
A modest increase of CHD events in individuals with higher serum anti-Pg and anti-Aa IgG antibody responses may support their use as potential biomarkers to detect and monitor at-risk populations. However, the observed inconsistencies with the design and interpretation of immunoassays warrant standardization of the immunoassays assessing antibody responses against periodontal bacteria.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibody Formation; Coronary Disease; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34545592
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13550 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Aug 2021Of children with acute otitis media (AOM), 15%-20% present with acute onset ear discharge due to a spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane (AOMd). This review...
BACKGROUND
Of children with acute otitis media (AOM), 15%-20% present with acute onset ear discharge due to a spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane (AOMd). This review aims to quantify the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) status of bacteria in children with AOMd in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era.
METHODS
Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from inception to June 7, 2019. Two reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias independently. All English studies reporting any prevalence and/or AMR data of bacterial middle ear isolates from children with AOMd were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist.
RESULTS
Of 4088 unique records retrieved, 19 studies (10,560 children) were included. Overall quality was judged good. Streptococcus pneumoniae (median 26.1%, range 9.1%-47.9%), Haemophilus influenzae (median 18.8%, range 3.9%-55.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (median 12.3%, range 2.3%-34.9%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (median 11.8%, range 1.0%-30.9%) were the most prevalent bacteria. In 76.0% (median, range 48.7%-100.0%, 19 studies, 1,429 children) any bacterium was identified. AMR data were sparse and mainly limited to S. pneumoniae. We found no evidence of a clear shift in the prevalence of bacteria and AMR over time.
CONCLUSIONS
In children with AOMd, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are the 2 predominant bacteria, followed by S. aureus and S. pyogenes in the post-PCV era. AMR data are sparse and no clearly change over time was observed. Ongoing surveillance of the microbiology profile in children with AOMd is warranted to guide antibiotic selection and to assess the impact of children's PCV status.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tympanic Membrane Perforation; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 34166300
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003134 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Sep 2020Haemophilus parasuis, a gram-negative bacterium as an early commensal colonizer in the upper respiratory tract of weaning pigs (Sus scrofa), is one of the most important... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Haemophilus parasuis, a gram-negative bacterium as an early commensal colonizer in the upper respiratory tract of weaning pigs (Sus scrofa), is one of the most important bacterial pathogens affecting pig populations. It is the causative agent of Glässer's disease, causing systemic infection and polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis. H. parasuis infection can result in high mortality and morbidity with, the significant economic losses for pig producers. To estimate the overall disease prevalence of H. parasuis in pigs from China, we performed a meta-analysis using five bibliographical databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP Chinese Journal Databases. A total of 41 articles published between 2005 and 2019, fulfilled the final inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of H. parasuis in pigs in China was 27.8 % with the highest prevalence between 2011 and 2015 (41.0 %). In terms of pig age, the point estimate of H. parasuis prevalence was higher in suckling piglets (29.2 %) compared with that for other pig ages. The prevalence in the serum subgroup (29.8 %) was higher than that in the nasal swab subgroup (12.5 %). The results of the present meta-analysis showed that H. parasuis infection was common in pig populations in China; therefore, effective control measures are necessary to reduce this threat to pig populations.
Topics: Animals; China; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus parasuis; Prevalence; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 32652336
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105083 -
Medicine Apr 2020Periodontal bacteria is the major pathogens in the oral cavity and the main cause of adult chronic periodontitis, but their association with incidence and prognosis in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Periodontal bacteria is the major pathogens in the oral cavity and the main cause of adult chronic periodontitis, but their association with incidence and prognosis in cancer is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal bacteria infection on incidence and prognosis of cancer.
METHODS
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to obtain 39 studies comprising 7184 participants. The incidence of cancer was evaluated as odd ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using Review Manager 5.2 software. Overall survival, cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival, which were measured as hazard ratios (HR) with a 95% CI using Review Manager 5.2 software.
RESULTS
Our results indicated that periodontal bacteria infection increased the incidence of cancer (OR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.03-1.52) and was associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.40-2.20), disease-free survival (HR = 2.18; 95%CI: 1.24-3.84) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.44-2.39). Subgroup analysis indicted that the risk of cancer was associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection (OR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.34-3.47) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) infection (OR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.01-1.63) but not Tannerella forsythia (Tf) (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 0.8-1.41), Treponema denticola (Td) (OR = 1.30; 95%CI: 0.99-1.72), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) (OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.48-2.08) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) (OR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.32-1.16).
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis revealed periodontal bacteria infection increased the incidence of cancer and predicted poor prognosis of cancer.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacterial Infections; Chronic Periodontitis; Disease-Free Survival; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Incidence; Mouth; Neoplasms; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Treponema denticola
PubMed: 32282725
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019698 -
Journal of Periodontology Nov 2020The 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions grouped the diseases previously recognized as chronic (CP) or... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions grouped the diseases previously recognized as chronic (CP) or aggressive (AgP) periodontitis under a single category named periodontitis. The rationale for this decision was the lack of specific patterns of immune-inflammatory response or microbial profiles associated with CP or AgP. However, no previous studies have compiled the results of all studies comparing subgingival microbial data between these clinical conditions. Thus, this systematic review aimed to answer the following focused question: "Do patients with AgP periodontitis present differences in the subgingival microbiota when compared with patients with CP?"
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to June 2019 for studies of any design (except case reports, case series, and reviews) comparing subgingival microbial data from patients with CP and AgP.
RESULTS
A total of 488 articles were identified and 56 were included. Thirteen studies found Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans elevated in AgP in comparison with CP, while Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, and Campylobacter rectus were elevated in AgP in a few studies. None of these species were elevated in CP. However, the number of studies not showing statistically significant differences between CP and AgP was always higher than that of studies showing differences.
CONCLUSION
These results suggested an association of A. actinomycetemcomitans with AgP, but neither this species nor the other species studied to date were unique to or could differentiate between CP and AgP (PROSPERO #CRD42016039385).
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Aggressive Periodontitis; Chronic Periodontitis; Dental Plaque; Firmicutes; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 32233092
DOI: 10.1002/JPER.19-0586 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Mar 2020Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are widely used to treat acid-related disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, large observational studies have raised...
BACKGROUND
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are widely used to treat acid-related disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, large observational studies have raised concerns about PPI-associated adverse events. In recent years, data from next-generation sequencing studies suggested that PPIs affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota, while a balanced gut microbiome is essential for maintaining health.
AIM
To review the available evidence from next-generation sequencing studies on the effect of PPIs on the intestinal microbiome and to discuss possible implications of PPI-induced dysbiosis in health and disease.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. A PubMed query yielded 197 results. 19 publications met the prespecified eligibility criteria.
RESULTS
Twelve observational study cohorts with 708 PPI users and 11 interventional cohorts with 180 PPI users were included in the review. In most studies, PPI treatment did not affect microbiological richness and diversity, but was associated with distinct taxonomic alterations: In the upper gastrointestinal tract, PPI users showed overgrowth of orally derived bacteria, mostly Streptococcaceae (findings based on six independent cohorts with 126 PPI users). In faecal samples, PPIs increased multiple taxa from the orders Bacillales (eg, Staphylococcaceae), Lactobacillales (eg, Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae) and Actinomycetales (eg, Actinomycetaceae, Micrococcaceae), the families Pasteurellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Veillonella. Taxa decreased by PPIs include Bifidobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Mollicutes (findings in faecal samples based on 19 independent cohorts with 790 PPI users).
CONCLUSION
PPI use is associated with moderate alterations to upper and distal gut microbiota. The available data suggest that PPI-induced hypochlorhydria facilitates colonization of more distal parts of the digestive tract by upper gastrointestinal microbiota.
Topics: Bacteria; Cohort Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Dysbiosis; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 31990420
DOI: 10.1111/apt.15604 -
PloS One 2019Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates may display seasonal variation. However, it is not clear whether this seasonality is influenced by the seasonal variation of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates may display seasonal variation. However, it is not clear whether this seasonality is influenced by the seasonal variation of infectious diseases, geographical region or differences in antibiotic prescription patterns. Therefore, we assessed the seasonality of AMR rates in respiratory bacteria.
METHODS
Seven electronic databases (Embase.com, Medline Ovid, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, Core Collection, Biosis Ovid, and Google Scholar), were searched for relevant studies from inception to Jun 25th, 2019. Studies describing resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were included in this review. By using random-effects meta-analysis, pooled odd ratios of seasonal AMR rates were calculated using winter as the reference group. Pooled odd ratios were obtained by antibiotic class and geographical region.
RESULTS
We included 13 studies, of which 7 were meta-analyzed. Few studies were done in H. influenzae, thus this was not quantitively analyzed. AMR rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillins were lower in other seasons than in winter with pooled OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.65-0.77; I2 = 0.0%, and to all antibiotics with pooled OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.60-0.76; I2 = 14.4%. Irrespective of geographical region, the seasonality of AMR rates in S. pneumoniae remained the same.
CONCLUSION
The seasonality of AMR rates could result from the seasonality of infectious diseases and its accompanied antibiotic use.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Respiratory System; Seasons; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 31415656
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221133 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Sep 2019: In Asia Pacific, most countries recommend a monovalent hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine dose at birth followed by primary vaccination series including three or four...
Integration of hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B virus, inactivated poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine within existing national recommendations following a birth dose of monovalent hepatitis B virus vaccine: results of a systematic...
: In Asia Pacific, most countries recommend a monovalent hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine dose at birth followed by primary vaccination series including three or four doses of combination vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, with or without type b (Hib), HBV or poliomyelitis antigens. If hexavalent conjugate vaccines against diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-HBV-inactivated poliovirus-Hib (DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib) replace the vaccines included in the primary vaccination series, co-administration of lower-valent vaccines would be avoided but infants would receive ≥4 doses of HBV-containing vaccines before the age of 2 years. : We searched for clinical trials conducted in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions (World Health Organization geographic definition), investigating vaccination regimens with >3 doses of HBV-containing vaccines in infants, including a monovalent HBV vaccine birth dose and ≥1 dose of GSK's hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine. : The six clinical trials included in this review showed that infants who received the monovalent HBV vaccine at birth and three or four doses of DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine achieved protective immunogenic titers with a clinically acceptable safety profile. Our results support the integration of hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine within existing national recommendations in the Asia Pacific region to reduce the number of injections during infancy.
Topics: Databases, Factual; Diphtheria; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Poliomyelitis; Tetanus; Vaccines, Combined; Vaccines, Conjugate; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 31328999
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1646643