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FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... May 2017Pericytes are an integral cellular component of vascular structures. Numerous studies have investigated various stem cell types as potential sources of pericytes for... (Review)
Review
Pericytes are an integral cellular component of vascular structures. Numerous studies have investigated various stem cell types as potential sources of pericytes for application in cell-based therapy. The diverse stem cell types and variable experimental protocols of these studies make it imperative to evaluate the relevant scientific literature on the basis of a unified standard. The purpose of this systematic review is to rigorously evaluate the relevant scientific literature for conclusive evidence that stem cells can differentiate into functional pericytes. An online literature search was conducted up to July 2016. Eligible papers were evaluated on 4 pertinent criteria: ) appropriate controls, ) markers to confirm pericyte phenotype, ) techniques for assessing pericyte functionality, and ) differentiation efficiency of the protocol. Our search yielded 20 eligible studies (from 2006 to 2016), 12 of which were published in the past 5 yr. Of these 20 articles, only 1 had positive control, and 5 papers evaluated differentiation efficiency. The most commonly used pericyte markers were neuron-glial antigen 2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin. Three articles were associated with adipose stem cells, 4 with mesenchymal stem cells, and 7 with pluripotent stem cells, whereas the remaining 6 articles were based on other miscellaneous stem cell types. Stem cells can serve as a potential source of pericytes, but there should be standardized guidelines in future studies for assessing pericyte differentiation.-Xu, J., Gong, T., Heng, B. C., Zhang, C. F. A systematic review: differentiation of stem cells into functional pericytes.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Coculture Techniques; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Pericytes; Stem Cells
PubMed: 28119398
DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600951RRR -
Injury Dec 2016Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow and periosteum are known to be heavily involved in fracture repair and bone regeneration is thought to be impaired when the... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow and periosteum are known to be heavily involved in fracture repair and bone regeneration is thought to be impaired when the surrounding skeletal muscle is damaged. Recent literature from mouse in vivo models suggest that cells originating from skeletal muscle can occupy a fracture callus during open fracture repair when periosteum is compromised. This systematic review set out to ascertain whether there are MSCs residing in human skeletal muscle and whether cells from human skeletal muscle are capable of forming bone in vitro and in vivo. Original journal articles were selected if they included the terms "skeletal muscle" and "mesenchymal" and used human skeletal muscle samples. Between January 2005 and September 2016, 1000 articles were screened of which, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Human skeletal muscle derived cells (SMDC) had the MSC phenotype, positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105 and negative for CD34 and CD45 as well as the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes in vitro. In addition, SMDC could form bone in vivo when seeded onto an osteoinductive scaffold. A subset of SMDC expressing a pericyte marker (PDGFRα) also expressed the MSC phenotype and were more osteogenic in vivo in comparison to SMDC expressing a satellite cell marker (CD56). The studies included were limited through variation of SMDC extraction methods and tissue culture conditions, which causes heterogeneuous cell cultures. Also, in vitro differentiation assays were not always carried out with bone marrow MSC positive controls. Current evidence suggests that cells with the MSC phenotype reside within human skeletal muscle and are capable of in vivo bone formation in combination with osteoinductive bone scaffolds. This has implications of future development of guided bone regeneration strategies to enhance large bone defect repair, whereby more thought into whether the fracture site should be "blocked" from the skeletal muscle should be carried out.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Cells, Cultured; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Muscle, Skeletal; Osteogenesis; Periosteum; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 28040084
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-1383(16)30834-8 -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Mar 2013Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss worldwide. A variety of species of animals have been used to investigate the pathogenesis of DR. However, the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss worldwide. A variety of species of animals have been used to investigate the pathogenesis of DR. However, the mouse model of diabetic retinopathy, which is an attractive model due to the genetic modifications which can be carried out, remains underutilized. In order to explain this discrepancy, we performed a review of the literature concerning various mouse models of diabetic retinopathy so as to define their advantages and disadvantages.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We carried out a literature review using PubMed. We selected articles describing models of DR with pericyte loss, retinal capillary abnormalities and hyperglycemia. Articles not meeting these three criteria were excluded.
RESULTS
Out of 25 articles, we found seven models of DR. For each of these models, we report the method of induction of DR and the electrophysiological and histopathological features.
CONCLUSION
Models obtained through genetic manipulation appear the most interesting, since the diabetes and its complications present early without additional physiologic modifications. However, since these models differ frequently by sex, this is an important parameter that must be taken into account.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Blood-Retinal Barrier; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetic Retinopathy; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Galactose; Insulin; Ischemia; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, Mutant Strains; Mice, Obese; Pericytes; Retinal Detachment; Retinal Neovascularization; Retinal Vessels; Vitreous Hemorrhage
PubMed: 23434332
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2012.08.001 -
The Open Orthopaedics Journal 2011Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were first discovered by Friedenstein and his colleagues in 1976 from bone marrow. The unique property of these cells was their potential...
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were first discovered by Friedenstein and his colleagues in 1976 from bone marrow. The unique property of these cells was their potential to develop into fibroblastic colony forming cells. Since Friedenstein's discovery of these cells the interest in adult MSCs has been progressively growing. Nowadays MSCs are defined as undeveloped biological cells capable of proliferation, self renewal and regenerating tissues. All these properties of MSCs have been discovered in the past 35 years. MSCs can play a crucial role in tissue engineering, organogenesis, gene therapy, transplants as well as tissue injuries. These cells were mainly extracted from bone marrow but there have been additional sources for MSCs discovered in the laboratories including: muscle, dermis, trabecular bone, adipose tissue, periosteum, pericyte, blood, synovial membrane and so forth. The discovery of the alternative sources of MSCs helps widen the application of these cells in different areas of medicine. By way of illustration, they can be used in various therapeutic purposes such as tissue regeneration and repair in musculoskeletal diseases including osteonecrosis of femoral head, stimulating growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta, disc regeneration, osteoarthritis and duchenne muscular dystrophy. In order to fully comprehend the characteristics and potential of MSCs future studies in this field are essential.
PubMed: 21886689
DOI: 10.2174/1874325001105010242