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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jan 2022Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic...
BACKGROUND
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, causative agent of leishmaniases that account among most significant vector-borne diseases. The Maghreb countries Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya occupy a vast area of North Africa and belong to most affected regions by these diseases. Locally varying climatic and ecological conditions support diverse sand fly fauna that includes many proven or suspected vectors. The aim of this review is to summarize often fragmented information and to provide an updated list of sand fly species of the Maghreb region with illustration of species-specific morphological features and maps of their reported distribution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The literature search focused on scholar databases to review information on the sand fly species distribution and their role in the disease transmissions in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, surveying sources from the period between 1900 and 2020. Reported distribution of each species was collated using Google Earth, and distribution maps were drawn using ArcGIS software. Morphological illustrations were compiled from various published sources.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
In total, 32 species of the genera Phlebotomus (Ph.) and Sergentomyia (Se.) were reported in the Maghreb region (15 from Libya, 18 from Tunisia, 23 from Morocco, 24 from Algeria, and 9 from Mauritania). Phlebotomus mariae and Se. africana subsp. asiatica were recorded only in Morocco, Ph. mascitti, Se. hirtus, and Se. tiberiadis only in Algeria, whereas Ph. duboscqi, Se. dubia, Se. africana africana, Se. lesleyae, Se. magna, and Se. freetownensis were reported only from Mauritania. Our review has updated and summarized the geographic distribution of 26 species reported so far in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, excluding Mauritania from a detailed analysis due to the unavailability of accurate distribution data. In addition, morphological differences important for species identification are summarized with particular attention to closely related species such as Ph. papatasi and Ph. bergeroti, Ph. chabaudi, and Ph. riouxi, and Se. christophersi and Se. clydei.
Topics: Africa, Northern; Animals; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Insect Vectors; Psychodidae
PubMed: 34990451
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2021Toscana virus (TOSV) is an emerging pathogen in the Mediterranean area and is neuroinvasive in its most severe form. Basic knowledge on TOSV biology is limited. We...
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an emerging pathogen in the Mediterranean area and is neuroinvasive in its most severe form. Basic knowledge on TOSV biology is limited. We conducted a systematic review on travel-related infections to estimate the TOSV incubation period. We estimated the incubation period at 12.1 days.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Bunyaviridae Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Incubation Period; Sandfly fever Naples virus; Travel; Travel-Related Illness; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34808074
DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.203172 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Jul 2021An emerging infectious zoonosis known as Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is discovered mainly in Japan, South Korea and China. SFTS virus (SFTSV)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
An emerging infectious zoonosis known as Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is discovered mainly in Japan, South Korea and China. SFTS virus (SFTSV) which is recently recognised as bunyavirus is borne by ticks such as . It has the capabilities to spread as develop clusters and become a considerable public health threat as this virus could experience rapid evolution via gene mutation. Case fatality rate has been reported up to higher than 30%. The aim of this review is to determine the associated risk factors of SFTS and its outcome.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature search was conducted using online databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. A total of 517 records were identified from searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. From the final exclusions, a total of 26 studies were included for final analysis.
RESULTS
Associated risk factors to getting SFTS infection include occupation, history of bite from a tick, biological susceptibility, and owning of domestic animal. Fatality rates apart from single case reports range from 15.1% to 50% and are contributed by various factors including delay in hospital admission, high viral load, older age group and presence of comorbid and complication.
CONCLUSION
A seroprevalence study can be conducted amongst the high-risk occupation group such as farmers and agricultural workers, as well as testing cases where viral fever is suspected but available tests for other diseases turns out negative.
PubMed: 34188913
DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102501 -
Epidemiology and Infection Sep 2020Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a disease with a high case-fatality rate that is caused by infection with the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Five electronic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a disease with a high case-fatality rate that is caused by infection with the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Five electronic databases were systematically searched to identify relevant articles published from 1 January 2011 to 1 December 2019. The pooled rates with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by a fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis. The results showed that 92 articles were included in this meta-analysis. For the confirmed SFTS cases, the case-fatality rate was 0.15 (95% CI 0.11, 0.18). Two hundred and ninety-six of 1384 SFTS patients indicated that they had been bitten by ticks and the biting rate was 0.21 (95% CI 0.16, 0.26). The overall pooled seroprevalence of SFTSV antibodies among the healthy population was 0.04 (95% CI 0.03, 0.05). For the overall seroprevalence of SFTSV in animals, the seroprevalence of SFTSV was 0.25 (95% CI 0.20, 0.29). The infection rate of SFTSV in ticks was 0.08 (95% CI 0.05, 0.11). In conclusion, ticks can serve as transmitting vectors of SFTSVs and reservoir hosts. Animals can be infected by tick bites, and as a reservoir host, SFTSV circulates continuously between animals and ticks in nature. Humans are infected by tick bites and direct contact with patient secretions.
Topics: Animals; Disease Notification; Humans; Phlebovirus; Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome; Tick Bites; Ticks
PubMed: 32993819
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268820002290 -
Antiviral Research Nov 2020Turkey serves as a natural hub for the dissemination of vector-borne viruses and provides many suitable habitats with diverse ecologies for introduction and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Turkey serves as a natural hub for the dissemination of vector-borne viruses and provides many suitable habitats with diverse ecologies for introduction and establishment of new pathogens. This manuscript provides an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the vector-borne viruses documented in Turkey. Following web-based identification, screening and eligibility evaluation, 291 published reports were reviewed. The publications were categorized and listed as a supplementary bibliography accompanying the manuscript. In brief, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are currently documented as prominent tick and mosquito-borne viral pathogens in Turkey. CCHFV produces a significant number of infections annually, with severe outcome or death in a portion of cases. WNV gained attention following the clustering of cases in 2010. Exposure and infections with sandfly-borne phleboviruses, such as Toscana virus, are indigenous and widespread. Epidemiology, risk factors, symptomatic infections in susceptible hosts, vectors and reservoirs for these pathogens have been explored in detail. Detection of novel viruses in mosquitoes, sandflies and ticks from several regions is of particular interest, despite scarce information on their epidemiology and pathogenicity in vertebrates. Introduction and emergence of viruses transmitted by invasive Aedes mosquitoes constitute a threat, albeit only imported infections have so far been documented. Detection of Rift valley fever virus exposure is also of concern, due to its detrimental effects on livestock and spillover infections in humans. Vigilance to identify and diagnose probable cases as well as vector surveillance for established and potential pathogens is therefore, imperative.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; Bibliographies as Topic; Disease Vectors; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Psychodidae; Rift Valley fever virus; Ticks; Turkey; Viruses; West Nile virus
PubMed: 32949637
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104934 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jun 2021Severe hemorrhagic fever disease is caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) infection, which belongs to the Phlebovirus genus in the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Severe hemorrhagic fever disease is caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) infection, which belongs to the Phlebovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, Wan Fang Data, Sinomed Database, and VIP database was conducted for articles which have described the clinical manifestation of deceased patients. Data from selected studies were pooled by using STATA VERSION 15.0 software. Finally, 29 articles comprising 4717 laboratory-confirmed SFTSV cases were included in this analysis. We found there were significant differences between the two groups for fatigue, headache, underlying disease, vomiting, diarrhea, skin bleeding, neurological symptoms, arrhythmia, diffuse intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure. There were some significant differences between the fatal and nonfatal groups, and we need to pay more attention to the above symptoms to distinguish between fatal and nonfatal patients.
Topics: Anemia; Fever; Hemorrhage; Humans; Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
PubMed: 32930400
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26518 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Aug 2020Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with the high case-fatality rate, and lack of vaccines. We aimed to systematically... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology, clinical signs, routine laboratory diagnosis, risk factors, and outcomes.
BACKGROUND
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with the high case-fatality rate, and lack of vaccines. We aimed to systematically analysed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical signs, routine laboratory diagnosis, risk factors, and outcomes.
METHODS
Documents on SFTS were collected by searching the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from 2011 to 2018. Meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager and Stata software.
RESULTS
Twenty-five articles involving 4143 cases were included. Diarrhea (odds ratio (OR) =1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06 to 2.42, P = 0.02), and vomiting (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.39, P = 0.04) on admission were associated with the fatal outcomes of SFTS. Compared to patients with mild symptoms, patients with severe symptoms had significantly elevated levels of lactic acid dehydrogenase (standard mean difference (SMD) =1.27, 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.94), alanine aminotransferase (SMD = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.85), aspirate aminotransferase (SMD = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.69 to 1.32), and creatine kinase (SMD = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.74 to 1.33) but had reduced platelet counts (SMD = -0.87, 95% CI: - 1.16 to - 0.58) and albumin levels (SMD = -1.00, 95% CI: - 1.32 to - 0.68). The risk factors for poor prognosis included age (mean difference (MD) =6.88, 95% CI: 5.41 to 8.35) and farming (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.06 to 3.80). For the risk factors of contracting SFTS, the incidence of SFTS related to tick bites was 24% [95% CI: 0.18 to 0.31]. The pooled case-fatality rate of SFTS patients was 18% [95% CI: 0.16 to 0.21].
CONCLUSIONS
China is the country with the highest incidence of SFTS. May to July was the peak of the epidemic, and farmers were a high-risk group. The risk factor for SFTS included age (poor prognosis) and tick bites (contracting SFTS). Patients with severe diarrhea and vomiting symptoms on admission should be noted. Clinicians could use routine laboratory parameters and clinical symptoms as references for clinically suspected cases, classification of SFTS, and timely treatment, especially in basic hospitals.
Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Viral; China; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Epidemics; Farmers; Female; Fever; Humans; Incidence; Leukopenia; Male; Middle Aged; Phlebotomus Fever; Phlebovirus; RNA, Viral; Risk Factors; Syndrome; Thrombocytopenia
PubMed: 32758175
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05303-0 -
Parasites & Vectors May 2019Arboviruses represent a significant burden to public health and local economies due to their ability to cause unpredictable and widespread epidemics. To maximize early...
Arboviruses represent a significant burden to public health and local economies due to their ability to cause unpredictable and widespread epidemics. To maximize early detection of arbovirus emergence in non-endemic areas, surveillance efforts should target areas where circulation is most likely. However, identifying such hotspots of potential emergence is a major challenge. The ecological conditions leading to arbovirus outbreaks are shaped by complex interactions between the virus, its vertebrate hosts, arthropod vector, and abiotic environment that are often poorly understood. Here, we systematically review the ecological risk factors associated with the circulation of six arboviruses that are of considerable concern to northwestern Europe. These include three mosquito-borne viruses (Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus) and three tick-borne viruses (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and louping-ill virus). We consider both intrinsic (e.g. vector and reservoir host competence) and extrinsic (e.g. temperature, precipitation, host densities, land use) risk factors, identify current knowledge gaps, and discuss future directions. Our systematic review provides baseline information for the identification of regions and habitats that have suitable ecological conditions for endemic circulation, and therefore may be used to target early warning surveillance programs aimed at detecting multi-virus and/or arbovirus emergence.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Arthropod Vectors; Disease Vectors; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Europe; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Rift Valley fever virus; Risk Factors; West Nile virus
PubMed: 31133059
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3515-7 -
International Journal of Infectious... Feb 2019Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). The... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). The seroprevalence of anti-SFTSV antibodies specific to SFTSV (IgG or IgM) has been investigated in different animal hosts in many epidemiological studies, but no systematic estimation of seroprevalence has yet been performed. Hence, this meta-analysis was conducted in order to obtain a more comprehensive result to clarify the prevalence of SFTSV in animals.
METHODS
A search for all relevant articles was conducted in the major national and international electronic databases up to August 2018. Data on seroprevalence of SFTSV antibodies (IgM and IgG) were extracted as the primary outcome. The pooled seroprevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined.
RESULTS
Overall, anti-SFTSV antibodies (IgG or IgM) were detected in 15 animal species. The pooled seroprevalence of anti-SFTSV antibodies was 45.70% in goats and sheep, 36.70% in cattle, 29.50% in dogs, 9.60% in chickens, 3.20% in rodents, and 3.20% in pigs. The seroprevalence of SFTSV in animals that had a confined range was significantly lower than that in free-range animals. SFTSV RNA was detected in 11 animal species, with a carriage rate varying from 0.23% to 26.31%.
CONCLUSIONS
SFTSV has a wide spectrum of animal hosts, including domestic and wild animals. The prevalence of SFTSV is high among specific animal species.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bunyaviridae Infections; Cattle; Chickens; Goats; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Phlebovirus; Rodentia; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sheep; Swine; Thrombocytopenia
PubMed: 30500443
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.017 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Nov 2016Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the most important zoonotic Transboundary Animal Diseases able to cross international borders and cause devastating effect on animal... (Review)
Review
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the most important zoonotic Transboundary Animal Diseases able to cross international borders and cause devastating effect on animal health and food security. Climate changes and the presence of competent vectors in the most of the current RVF-free temperate countries strongly support the inclusion of RVF virus (RVFV) among the most significant emerging viral threats for public and animal health. The transmission of RVFV is driven by complex eco-climatic factors making the epidemiology of RVF infection difficult to study and to understand. Mathematical, statistical and spatial models are often used to explain the mechanisms underlying these biological processes, providing new and effective tools to plan measures for public health protection. In this paper we performed a systematic literature review on RVF published papers with the aim of identifying and describing the most recent papers developing compartmental models for the study of RVFV transmission dynamics.
Topics: Animals; Camelus; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Goat Diseases; Goats; Models, Theoretical; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 27707507
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.007