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Cardiovascular Pathology : the Official... 2019A rare case of extramedullary multiple myeloma causing cardiac tamponade secondary to a plasma cell-based pericardial effusion is described. A systematic search using...
A rare case of extramedullary multiple myeloma causing cardiac tamponade secondary to a plasma cell-based pericardial effusion is described. A systematic search using PubMed (National Library of Medicine) was used to identify a further 27 cases dating back to 1970. Case characteristics, treatment strategies, and survival time following tamponade are discussed. Linear regression demonstrated a weak but statistically significant correlation between survival time following tamponade and treatment with systemic chemotherapy and steroids (β=16.8 weeks, P=.009). However, this manifestation of extramedullary multiple myeloma still conveys a dismal prognosis with a median survival following tamponade of only 6 weeks based on our review.
Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biopsy; Cardiac Tamponade; Echocardiography; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Multiple Myeloma; Pericardial Effusion; Pericardiocentesis; Plasma Cells; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30852296
DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2019.02.002 -
Journal of Insurance Medicine (New... 2018-The values of SEER site recode variables are based on the primary site and histology data fields submitted to SEER by the registries. The site recode variables define...
Plasma Cell Myeloma - 20-Year Comparative Survival and Mortality of Three Plasma Cell Myeloma ICD-O-3 Oncologic Phenotypes by Age, Sex, Race, Stage, Cohort Entry Time-Period and Disease Duration: A Systematic Review of 111,041 Cases for Diagnosis Years 1973-2014: (SEER*Stat 8.3.4).
BACKGROUND
-The values of SEER site recode variables are based on the primary site and histology data fields submitted to SEER by the registries. The site recode variables define the major cancer site/histology groups that are commonly used in the reporting of cancer incidence data and are added to the SEER databases as a convenience for researchers. These codes and definitions are periodically updated and changed by the National Cancer Institute as newer and more applicable information becomes available. Because this myeloma analysis includes cases diagnosed 2010+, the ICD-O-3 recode-updates with adjustment for WHO 2008 hematopoietic histologies that account for changes in the obsolete classification of hematopoietic histology codes, and the assignment of new names (ie, multiple myeloma-MM - to - plasma cell myeloma-PCM) is adhered to and used here. Plasma cell myeloma (PCM) is a bone-marrow based multifocal plasma cell malignancy (primary site C421). PCM is characterized by a single clone of plasma cells, believed to be derived from lymphoid B cells, and spans a clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to aggressive forms, plus disorders caused by the deposition of abnormal immunoglobulin chains in tissue. The current myeloma group ICD-O-3 histologic morphology types consists of: ICD-O-3 9731: Plasmacytoma, NOS, occurring in bone (osseous plasmacytoma malignancy data reportable to SEER only beginning since 1986); ICD-O-3 9732: Plasma cell myeloma - composed of three clinical variants: a) asymptomatic, b) Non-secretory myeloma, and c) Plasma cell leukemia (all coded to 9732); ICD-O-3 9734: Extramedullary plasmacytoma; anatomic sites other than bone.
OBJECTIVE
-Using the statistical database of SEER*Stat 8.3.4 (produced 4/14/2017 for diagnosis years 1973-2014), to assess, determine, compare, and summarize the occurrence, long-term survival and mortality indices of the three morphologic types of myeloma by age, sex, race and stage in two-cohort entry time-periods (1973-1994 and 1995-2014). All analyses are accomplished within the context of current SEER Site Recode ICD-O-3 (1/27/2003) definitions, terminologies and descriptions, and also in accordance with the rules of the consolidated Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasm Coding Manual data base (effective 1/1/2010 - release date January 2015).
METHODS
-Population data including 111,041 cases collected by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Frequency Database (18 SEER Registries Research Data + Hurricane Katrina Impacted Louisiana Cases, November 2016 Submission, 1973-2014 varying) for diagnosis years 1973-2014: Relative Survival Statistics were analyzed in two cohorts: 1973-1994 and 1995-2014. Survival statistics were derived from: SEER*Stat Database: Incidence - SEER 9 Regs Research Data, November 2016 Submission (1973-2014)
Released April 2017. RESULTS
-Tables 1-3 provide basic SEER comparative survival and mortality data of the three myeloma oncotypes by age, sex, stage and disease duration of patients in the 1973-2014 time-period. Epidemiologic, demographic, and case statistics data extracted from the most current NCI Cancer Statistics Review (CSR 2010-2014) are included.
CONCLUSIONS
-Recent SEER age-adjusted incidence trends, 2011-2014, for all races has been downward, with an annual percentage change (APC) of -2.5% per year. Mean age in plasma cell myeloma (PCM) patients was about 1-year less in males (67.8 yrs) than in females (69.2 yrs). PCM is accompanied by a very high excess mortality and much reduced 5-year relative survival ratio especially in older age groups. Generally, first year excess death rates (EDRs) decreased with duration but increased with advancing entry age, and there was no sex difference. First year EDRs in blacks, all ages combined, was quite high but lower than EDRs in whites. Median survival, actual survival and 5-year relative survival ratios diminished precipitously to extremely low levels with increasing entry age attesting to the lethal character of this disease especially in older patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Cohort Studies; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasms, Plasma Cell; Phenotype; Plasmacytoma; Registries; Retrospective Studies; SEER Program; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 30668210
DOI: 10.17849/insm-47-04-1-9.1 -
Journal of Neuro-oncology Apr 2019We aim to delineate the clinical characteristics of patients with primary intracranial solitary plasmacytoma (PISPC) and prognostic factors for their outcomes.
Clinical features, radiological profiles, and surgical outcomes of primary intracranial solitary plasmacytomas: a report of 17 cases and a pooled analysis of individual patient data.
PURPOSE
We aim to delineate the clinical characteristics of patients with primary intracranial solitary plasmacytoma (PISPC) and prognostic factors for their outcomes.
METHODS
This study retrospectively reviewed 17 patients with PISPC from our center and an additional 70 cases of PISPC published previously to analyze outcome predictors.
RESULTS
The entire cohort included 38 (43.7%) males and 49 (56.3%) females with a mean age of 54 years. Skull base tumors were found in 49 (56.3%) patients. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 31 (35.6%) patients. Postoperative adjuvant treatments, including radiotherapy (RT) alone, chemotherapy (CMT) alone, and RT + CMT were administered in 49 (56.3%) patients, 3 (3.5%) patients, and 16 (18.4%) patients, respectively. After a median follow-up of 24 (mean 42.4) months, the 5-year disease progression-free survival (PFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), multiple myeloma (MM)-free survival (MMFS), and overall survival (OS) were 52.9%, 76.2%, 69.6%, and 76.1%, respectively. Multivariate analysis unveiled that a skull base tumor location (HR 2.395, p = 0.040) and no RT (HR 3.115, p = 0.004) were negative prognostic factors for PFS, no RT (HR 10.526, p = 0.003) for RFS, each 1-year increase in age (HR 1.039, p = 0.049) for MMFS, and increasing age (HR 1.052, p = 0.043) and CMT (HR 6.022, p = 0.005) were risk factors for OS. However, GTR did not benefit the aforementioned outcomes.
CONCLUSION
For patients with presumed PISPC, a biopsy followed by RT is recommended for skull base PISPC. However, the role of CMT is still not clear. Our findings need to be verified in a larger prospective cohort in the future. Systematic review registration number CRD42018098782.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Plasmacytoma; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Skull Base; Skull Base Neoplasms
PubMed: 30617445
DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03089-z -
Cell Proliferation Dec 2018Cancers have been a worldwide health problem with a high mortality rate, but ideal biomarkers are not available to effectively screen and diagnose patients. Currently,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Cancers have been a worldwide health problem with a high mortality rate, but ideal biomarkers are not available to effectively screen and diagnose patients. Currently, an increasing number of long noncoding RNAs have been reported to be abnormally expressed in human carcinomas and play a vital role in tumourigenesis. Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) is upregulated in various carcinomas, and its overexpression is associated with poor survival in cancer patients. We conduct an updated meta-analysis to determine its potential in prognosis for tumours. In total, 14 studies comprising 2435 patients were enrolled according to Reporting Recommendations for Tumour Marker Prognostic Studies guidelines. High PVT1 expression indicated poor overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62-2.42, P < 0.00001) and disease-free survival (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.45-1.84, P < 0.00001). Additionally, increased PVT1 expression was positively associated with lymphatic node metastasis (odd ratio [OR] = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.66-4.96, P = 0.0002), distant metastasis (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.74-3.50, P < 0.00001), advanced tumour-node-metastasis stages (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.38-4.88, P = 0.003). New findings highlight that PVT1 acts as competing RNA to microRNAs to protect mRNAs from miRNAs repression. Therefore, we also discuss PVT1-related microRNAs and their interaction in tumourigenesis. In conclusion, PVT1 may be a potential biomarker of poor prognosis for patients with different cancer types.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Lymphatic Metastasis; Prognosis; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 30252166
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12519 -
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience :... Apr 2018Given the rarity of intracranial plasmacytomas, these lesions are frequently misdiagnosed as pituitary adenomas. We report on the distinguishing characteristics of... (Review)
Review
Given the rarity of intracranial plasmacytomas, these lesions are frequently misdiagnosed as pituitary adenomas. We report on the distinguishing characteristics of sellar plasmacytomas from cases in the literature and our experience. A literature search was conducted to collect all documented cases of a plasmacytoma originating in the sellar region. Patient characteristics, medical history, presentation, tumor characteristics, and survival data were collected. An additional case from our institution not previously reported was included. Thirty-one patients with sellar plasmacytomas were studied. Presenting symptoms were most commonly headache (68%), diplopia (65%) and visual field disturbances (10%). Fifteen patients (48%) were initially suspected of having a pituitary adenoma. Pathologic diagnosis of plasmacytoma preceded a finding of multiple myeloma in 14 cases (45%). Thirty patients (90%) had surgical intervention. Adjuvant therapy consisted of radiotherapy for twenty-five patients (81%) and chemotherapy for sixteen (52%). Tumor recurrence was reported for 7 cases (23%). Nine deaths were reported (23%). We demonstrate that cranial nerve involvement is far more common in sellar plasmacytomas than conventional pituitary adenomas. Given the successful management of these tumors with radiotherapy, such deficits, particularly in patients with known multiple myeloma, should impact the diagnostic workup and treatment considerations.
Topics: Adenoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Pituitary Neoplasms; Plasmacytoma
PubMed: 29396062
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.01.022 -
European Archives of... Feb 2018Head and neck extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare localized plasma cell neoplasm. We intended to perform this review of the published literature to assess the... (Review)
Review
Pattern of care and impact of prognostic factors on the outcome of head and neck extramedullary plasmacytoma: a systematic review and individual patient data analysis of 315 cases.
INTRODUCTION
Head and neck extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare localized plasma cell neoplasm. We intended to perform this review of the published literature to assess the demographic profile, pattern of care and survival outcomes.
METHODS
Two authors independently searched PubMed, Google search and Cochrane library for eligible studies from 1950 till July 1, 2016, published in English language.
RESULTS
Median age of the cohort was 57 years (range 11-85). Site-wise distributions were paranasal sinuses 22.3% (70), nasal cavity 17.5% (55), nasopharynx 10.8% (34). Median size of SEMP was 3 cm (range 0.3-12 cm). Treatment distribution was radiotherapy (RT) in 52% (164), surgery (S) 19% (60), chemotherapy (C) 5% (16), S + RT 23.49% (74),CRT 1.9% (6), S + C 0.6% (2), S + RT + C 0.95% (3).Radiation was used as a modality in 78.4%(247), surgery in 44.1%(139), chemotherapy in 4.8%(15). Median radiation dose used was 45 Gy with range 20-61 Gy. Median overall survival (OS) was 40 months (range 0.5-298). Median local progression-free survival was 36 months (range 0-298). Median myeloma relapse-free survival was 36 months (range 0.5-298). Five- and 10-year OS was 78.33 and 68.61%. Five-year cause-specific survival (CSS) and 10-year CSS was 90.15 and 83.31%. Five-year LPFS was 94.78%, and 10-year LPFS was 88.43%. Five-year myeloma progression-free survival was 84.46%, and 10-year myeloma PFS was 80.44%. The factors associated with risk of local relapse were site of disease (sinonasal), secretory EMP, type of treatment received (surgery + RT > RT alone > surgery on univariate analysis). Risk factors for myeloma relapse were coexisting diseases, site of disease (sinonasal), bony erosion, size of lesion > 5 cm and type of treatment received on univariate analysis.
CONCLUSION
Our study shows that combined modality S + RT is superior compared to uni-modality in preventing local recurrence. Radiation dose of 45 Gy is optimal. Nodal irradiation has no impact on local recurrence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Plasmacytoma; Prognosis; Radiation Dosage; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 29224044
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4817-z -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Nov 2017Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) is a newly discovered long non-coding RNA that functions as an oncogenic molecule in different cancers. We conducted a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) is a newly discovered long non-coding RNA that functions as an oncogenic molecule in different cancers. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine its prognostic potential for malignant tumors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature survey was conducted by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang electronic databases for articles published as of June 1, 2017. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to demonstrate the relationship between PVT1 expression and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) using RevMan 5.2 and Stata 12.0 software. A quality assessment of the included studies was performed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
A total of 1443 patients from 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Elevated PVT1 expression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival (HR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.69-2.43) and disease-free survival (HR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.29-1.87). Statistical significance was also observed in a subgroup meta-analysis that was stratified by variance analysis, cancer type, sample size and PVT1 cut-off value. Additionally, increased PVT1 expression was significantly associated with positive lymph node metastasis (odds ratio (OR)=1.94, 95% CI: 1.03-3.68), positive distant metastasis (OR=3.85, 95% CI: 2.14-6.93), advanced tumor-node-metastasis stage (OR=3.19, 95% CI: 2.45-4.15) and poor differentiation grade (OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.15-2.16), but not tumor size (P>0.05).
CONCLUSION
Elevated PVT1 expression was related to poor prognosis and might be a potential biomarkerof clinicopathological characteristics in different cancer types. More studies need to be conducted to verify the clinical value of PVT1 in human cancers.
Topics: Disease-Free Survival; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Neoplasms; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 28866116
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.038 -
Pituitary Jun 2017Parasellar plasmacytomas are rare tumors localized to the sellar region arising from plasma cells. Knowledge of clinical, imaging, surgical, and pathological... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Parasellar plasmacytomas are rare tumors localized to the sellar region arising from plasma cells. Knowledge of clinical, imaging, surgical, and pathological characteristics is limited to single case reports.
METHODS
A retrospective analysis of five primary cases was conducted, followed by systematic review of English language articles using PubMed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.
RESULTS
Five primary case patients include four men and one woman, ages 60-77, followed up to 3 years. A systematic review identified 65 additional patients, of whom 65% presented with cranial nerve palsies and 15% with hypopituitarism. Sixteen percent had history of known multiple myeloma (MM) while 37% were diagnosed concurrently with MM on presentation of parasellar plasmacytoma. Imaging showed median tumor size of 38 mm (range, 4-70 mm), with MRI intensity similar to that of other sellar masses. Surgical biopsy with immunohistochemical studies confirmed plasmacytoma diagnosis. Eighty-one percent underwent parasellar radiotherapy, and chemotherapy initiated in 59% of the 69 patients with MM. Overall survival rate was 74% at follow-up (median 12 months), with 18% having parasellar recurrences and 38% progressing to systemic MM after presentation of a solitary plasmacytoma (median 3 months).
CONCLUSIONS
Parasellar plasmacytomas are rare tumors that should be considered in the differential diagnosis for lesions involving the sella and arising from the clivus, especially when cranial nerve paresis is apparent, even in the absence of known MM. Although recurrence rates for parasellar plasmacytoma is low, patients should be monitored for progression to MM. Treatment depends on the presence of systemic disease at diagnosis.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Multiple Myeloma; Plasmacytoma; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 28251542
DOI: 10.1007/s11102-017-0799-5 -
The Spine Journal : Official Journal of... Jan 2016Plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs) of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) are rare. Because of their destructive growth, PCNs may induce spinal instability and harbor the risk... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND CONTEXT
Plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs) of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) are rare. Because of their destructive growth, PCNs may induce spinal instability and harbor the risk of sudden death. Therefore, PCNs at the CCJ require special consideration. Although the commonly used primary treatment of PCN is radiotherapy (RT), treatment guidelines are inexistent for CCJ occurrences.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature, evaluate the benefit of early and extended surgical treatment followed by RT, and outline a treatment algorithm based on the data gathered.
STUDY DESIGN/SETTING
Case series and systematic review of all reported cases in the English, Spanish and German medical literature were carried out.
CASE SERIES
retrospective clinical study, tertiary care center (2004-2014). Patients with a lesion of the CCJ (C0-C2) were identified. Clinical charts, imaging data, operative reports, and follow-up data were analyzed.
REVIEW
a systematic literature review was performed using PubMed. Further manuscripts were identified by the web search engine Google.
RESULTS
Our series comprised four patients (one female, three males), mean age 58 years. There was one lesion of C1 and three of C2. Two patients with neck pain received vertebroplasty (C1 and C2, respectively) and RT as primary management. Both developed secondary instability of the CCJ after 12 and 5 months, respectively, and required occipitocervical stabilization (OCS). The other two patients underwent OCS and required no additional surgery and no signs of instability at follow-up. Forty-nine cases of OCS were published previously. Spinal stability was achieved significantly more frequently by OCS than by less invasive or medical interventional treatment options (p=.001; two-sided Fisher exact test).
CONCLUSIONS
Plasma cell neoplasms are highly radiosensitive. However, at the CCJ, a life-threatening instability may occur early and require surgical treatment. Based on personal experience, we favor OCS in this location. A systematic review of the literature supports this approach. We present a summary of our findings in a concise treatment algorithm for PCN of the CCJ.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Algorithms; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plasmacytoma; Spinal Fusion; Vertebroplasty
PubMed: 26409418
DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.09.032 -
Clinical and Experimental Medicine Feb 2015Conventional radiographic skeletal survey has been for many years the gold standard to detect the occurrence of osteolytic lesions in patients with multiple myeloma... (Review)
Review
Conventional radiographic skeletal survey has been for many years the gold standard to detect the occurrence of osteolytic lesions in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, the introduction of more sensitive imaging procedures has resulted in an updated anatomic and functional Durie and Salmon "plus" staging system and has remarkably changed the diagnostic and prognostic approach to this tumor. It is now established that (18)fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) combined with low-dose computed tomography (CT), shortly designated PET/CT, exhibits a higher screening and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity over the skeleton X-ray. In patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and in those with smoldering MM, PET/CT is consistently unable to detect focal and/or diffuse marrow abnormalities. Conversely, based on a systematic review of 18 studies comprising almost 800 MM patients, PET/CT was able to detect MM osteolytic lesions with a sensitivity of approximately 80-90% and a specificity of 80-100%. Importantly, a poor degree of concordance has also been emphasized between PET/CT and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) in that when both techniques were applied to the same patients, double-positive results were recorded in approximately 30% of the cases, but in the majority of them, a higher number of lesions were revealed with PET/CT than with MRI. Double-negative results, on the other hand, were found in about 22% of the patients. Because PET/CT is able to identify tumor foci throughout the body, it can be usefully applied to the study of solitary bone plasmacytoma and extra-medullary plasmacytoma: In both conditions, the detection of additional, previously overlooked sites of skeletal involvement would falsify the diagnosis of single-district disease, upstage the tumor, and therefore require a different therapeutic approach. In addition, although PET/CT is poorly sensitive to diffuse bone marrow infiltration, it can anticipate a site of impending fracture throughout the body and can discriminate old from new pathologic fractures. MRI should, however, be preferred when vertebral bodies are suspected to be involved and the risk of vertebral fracture is to be assessed. PET/CT is a sensitive and reliable procedure to evaluate the response to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, which is shown by a remarkable reduction and sometimes total disappearance of FDG accumulation in the involved bony structures, although these structures remain morphologically abnormal. Conversely, an increased focal uptake of FDG in apparent remission patients often precedes clinically overt relapse. PET/CT should be preferred to other imaging techniques to assess the remission status after autologous stem cell transplantation. In patients with primary and remission-induced non-secretory MM, the use of PET/CT may help to early detect single or multiple districts of focal non-secretory relapse. Osteonecrosis of the jaw, its location, and extent in MM patients receiving bis-phosphonates are better defined by both PET/CT and contrast-enhanced MRI compared with dental panoramic views derived from cone beam CT imaging. Little is known as to the possible role of PET/CT in the assessment of disease extension, tumor load, and response to therapy in patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). In a study conducted on 35 WM patients, comparative PET/CT before and after therapy was able to detect positive findings in 83% of the patients, in contrast with the previous results achieved with conventional imaging that reported visceral involvement in much lower percentages. Similarly scanty are the data on the use of PET/CT in localized and systemic amyloidosis, given the small number of patients studied so far. A retrospective study has shown that, at variance from (123)Iodine-serum amyloid P component ((123)I-SAP) scintigraphy, which was found to be positive in about one-third of the patients with localized amyloidosis, an increased FDG uptake was detected at the amyloid site in virtually all of them. On the contrary, none of the patients with systemic amyloidosis showed an increased FDG uptake in sites of known deposition, whereas (123)I-SAP scintigraphy tested positive in the large majority of them. In another study, however, no such remarkable difference of positive PET/CT scans between localized and systemic amyloidosis was reported. Finally, false-positive and false-negative PET/CT findings can occur in different conditions that should be kept in mind to avoid wrong or omitted diagnoses.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Diagnostic Errors; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance; Multiple Myeloma; Plasmacytoma; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prognosis; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 25218739
DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0308-3