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Cancer Epidemiology Dec 2021Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), infertility, and prostate... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), infertility, and prostate cancer. In this study, we review the evidence linking mycoplasma infection and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were reviewed through January 31, 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if odds ratio for prevalence or incidence of colonization and/or infection were provided or calculable. All included studies were evaluated independently by three reviewers. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Case-Control Studies. Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager Version 5.4. A total of 183/744 (24.6 %) patients with prostate cancer compared to 87/495 (17.58 %) patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tested positive for Mycoplasma spp., while 86/666 (12.91 %) and 11/388 (2.84 %) prostate cancer patients and BPH patients, respectively, had Ureaplasma spp. infections. This meta-analysis showed that prostate cancer patients had 2.24 times higher odds (p = 0.0005) of being colonized with any species of Mycoplasma spp. and 3.6 times increased odds (p = 0.008) of being colonized with any species of Ureaplasma spp. In conclusion, patients with prostate cancer were more likely to be colonized with Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp. compared to patients with BPH, which highlights the potential association between chronic infection and cancer. However, more studies are needed to determine the specific role that mycoplasma plays in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Male; Mycoplasma; Persistent Infection; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections
PubMed: 34517226
DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102021 -
World Journal of Urology Apr 2022Androgen-regulated enzymes such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are involved in the SARS-CoV-2 infection... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
Androgen-regulated enzymes such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are involved in the SARS-CoV-2 infection process. The expression of TMPRSS2 and its fusion gene, which are increased in the epithelium of the human prostate gland during prostate carcinogenesis, are regulated by androgens. Our goal was to assess the risk of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of the disease in PCa patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. We queried PubMed and Web of Science databases on 1 July 2021. We used random- and/or fixed-effects meta-analytic models in the presence or absence of heterogeneity according to Cochrane's Q test and I statistic, respectively.
RESULTS
Six retrospective studies (n = 50,220 patients) were selected after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria for qualitative evidence synthesis. Four retrospective studies were included to assess the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in PCa patients under ADT vs. no ADT and the summarized risk ratio (RR) was 0.8 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.44-1.47). Five retrospective studies were included to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in PCa patients under ADT versus no ADT and the summarized RR was 1.23 (95% CI 0.9-1.68).
CONCLUSION
We found a non-significant association between the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity in PCa patients treated with ADT. However, our results suggest that during the COVID-19 pandemic PCa patients can safely undergo ADT as a cancer therapy without worsening COVID-19 risk and trajectory.
Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; COVID-19; Humans; Male; Pandemics; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 34477955
DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03810-6 -
Impact of Sexual Activity on the Risk of Male Genital Tumors: A Systematic Review of the Literature.International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2021Most cancers are related to lifestyle and environmental risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, and environment (occupational exposures). A... (Review)
Review
Most cancers are related to lifestyle and environmental risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, and environment (occupational exposures). A growing interest in the association between sexual activity (SA) and the development of different types of tumors in both men and women has been recorded in recent years. The aim of the present systematic review is to describe and critically discuss the current evidence regarding the association between SA and male genital cancers (prostatic, penile, and testicular), and to analyze the different theories and biological mechanisms reported in the literature. A comprehensive bibliographic search in the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed in July 2021. Papers in the English language without chronological restrictions were selected. Retrospective and prospective primary clinical studies, in addition to previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses, were included. A total of 19 studies, including 953,704 patients were selected. Case reports, conference abstracts, and editorial comments were excluded. Men with more than 20 sexual partners in their lifetime, and those reporting more than 21 ejaculations per month, reported a decreased risk of overall and less aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). About 40% of penile cancers (PCs) were HPV-associated, with HPV 16 being the dominant genotype. Data regarding the risk of HPV in circumcised patients are conflicting, although circumcision appears to have a protective role against PC. Viral infections and epididymo-orchitis are among the main sex-related risk factors studied for testicular cancer (TC); however, data in the literature are limited. Testicular trauma can allow the identification of pre-existing TC. SA is closely associated with the development of PC through high-risk HPV transmission; in this context, phimosis appears to be a favoring factor. Sexual behaviors appear to play a significant role in PCa pathogenesis, probably through inflammatory mechanisms; however, protective sexual habits have also been described. A direct correlation between SA and TC has not yet been proven, although infections remain the most studied sex-related factor.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 34444249
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168500 -
Urology Journal Jul 2021Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. Androgens regulate this protein and may increase the risk of COVID-19. Therefore,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. Androgens regulate this protein and may increase the risk of COVID-19. Therefore, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may protect patients with prostate cancer from SARS-CoV-2 infection or decrease the severity of the disease. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to study the effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on COVID-19 in patients with prostate cancer.
METHODS
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. All records underwent a two-step screening process to identify the eligible studies. The registered PROSPERO number of this study was CRD42021228398. We evaluated the effect of ADT on the risk of infection, hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality.
RESULTS
Six studies met inclusion criteria and were evaluated in this study. We performed meta-analysis on four eligible studies. The overall incidence of COVID-19 was 2.65% among patients with prostate cancer receiving ADT. COVID-19 mortality rate was about 22.7% in ADT (+) patients. ADT did not decrease the risk of any of the major outcomes; infection risk (OR= 0.63, 95% CI= 0.27- 1.48, P = 0.29), hospitalization rate (OR= 0.51, 95% CI= 0.10- 2.53, P = 0.41), ICU admission (OR= 1.11, 95% CI= 0.43- 2.90, P = 0.82), and mortality risk (OR= 1.21, 95% CI= 0.34- 4.32, P = 0.77).
CONCLUSION
We did not observe a protective effect on the risk of infection, hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality in patients receiving ADT; therefore, it should not be considered as a prophylactic or treatment for COVID-19. On the other hand, ADT did not increase the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19 and should be considered a safe treatment for patients with prostate cancer during the pandemic. Further studies are necessary to confirm our findings.
Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; COVID-19; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34302737
DOI: 10.22037/uj.v18i.6691 -
Research and Reports in Urology 2021GreenLight laser™ photovaporization of the prostate (GLL-PVP) has become a valid alternative to traditional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in men... (Review)
Review
GreenLight laser™ photovaporization of the prostate (GLL-PVP) has become a valid alternative to traditional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in men requiring surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. We aimed to review systematically the safety and efficacy of studies comparing GLL PVP and TURP in the medium-term. A comprehensive literature search was performed. Twelve studies were identified for meta-analysis. Meta-analyses showed a longer postoperative catheterization time (risk ratio (RR): 1.12, 95% CI:1.09-1.14, p<0.00001) and length of stay (RR: 1.16, 95% CI:1.12-1.19, p<0.00001) in the TURP group; higher risk of transfusion in the TURP group (RR: 6.51, 95% CI: 2,90-14,64 p<0.00001); no difference in the risk of urinary tract infections (RR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.58-1.18, p=0.30) and transient re-catheterization (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.76-1.60, p=0.60). Regarding reoperation rate, no difference was found in term of postoperative urethral stricture (RR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.73-1.75, p=0.59) and bladder neck contracture (RR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.31-1.40, p=0.28). A significantly higher incidence in reoperation for persistent/regrowth adenoma was present in the GLLL-PVP (RR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41-0.99, p=0.05). Data at 2-year follow-up showed significant better post-voiding residual (PVR) (MD: -1.42, 95% CI: -2.01, -0.82, p<0.00001) and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (MD: -0.35, 95% CI: -0.50, -0.20, p<0.00001) after TURP. No difference was found in the mean PVR at 2 years after TURP, in the mean maximum flow rate (Qmax) (MD: 0.30, 95% CI: -0.02-0.61, p=0.06) and quality of life QoL score (MD: 0.05, 95% CI: -0.02-0.42, p=0.13). At 5-year follow-up, data showed better IPSS (MD: -1.70, 95% CI: -2.45,-0.95, p<0.00001), QoL scores (MD: -0.35, 95% CI: -0.69, -0.02, p=0.04) and Qmax (MD: 3.29, 95% CI: 0.19-6.38, p=0.04) after TURP. Data of PVR showed no significant difference (MD: -11.54, 95% CI: -29.55-6.46, p=0.21). In conclusion, our analysis shows that GLL-PVP is a safer and more efficacious procedure than standard TURP in the early and medium-term. However, in the long term period GLL-PVP showed a higher incidence of reoperation rate due to incomplete vaporization/regrowth of prostatic adenoma.
PubMed: 34295844
DOI: 10.2147/RRU.S277482 -
Infectious Diseases and Therapy Dec 2021Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) is the second most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection (STI), leading to serious health problems in men, women and newborns. While... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) is the second most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection (STI), leading to serious health problems in men, women and newborns. While early antibiotic treatment is effective, infections are increasingly antibiotic-resistant. No systematic reviews present health problems associated with Ng infections or their likelihood of occurrence. The objective, therefore, was to conduct a systematic literature review to address these gaps.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted of all studies with an English abstract published since 1950 (Pubmed)/1966 (Embase). The search included patients with a history of/current sexually transmitted Ng infection. Expected outcomes were defined from published reviews of gonorrhoea health problems. Observational studies with a control group were included. A decision tree determined the best quality studies for each outcome, prioritising generalisable populations, laboratory-confirmed diagnosis, clearly defined outcomes, no STI co-infections, adjusted analyses and risk estimates. Where feasible, a meta-analysis was performed; otherwise, the best quality study estimates were identified.
FINDINGS
In total, 46 studies were included, and 22 health problems were identified. Of these problems, Ng infection was statistically significantly associated with preterm premature ruptures of membranes, preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, infant death, neonatal ophthalmia, schizophrenia in offspring, pelvic inflammatory disease and subsequent tubal infertility, human immunodeficiency virus and prostate cancer/problems. High-quality evidence was generally lacking, with high heterogeneity across studies, and limited or inconclusive data on other health problems.
CONCLUSION
Ng infection is associated with severe health problems in women, men and newborns. More high-quality comparative studies are needed to address the limitations in current knowledge.
PubMed: 34279817
DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00481-z -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter host cells, is widely expressed in testes...
BACKGROUND
Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter host cells, is widely expressed in testes and prostate tissues. The testis and prostate produce semen. At present, there are contradictory reports about whether SARS-CoV-2 can exist in the semen of infected men.
OBJECTIVE
To provide a comprehensive overview of the topic of whether COVID-19 can impact on male reproductive system.
METHODS
We reviewed the relevant publications on the possible impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on male reproductive system and summarized the latest and most important research results so far. Literature published in English from December 2019 to January 31, 2021 regarding the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen, testis, and prostatic fluid and the effects of COVID-19 on male reproductive were included.
RESULTS
We identified 28 related studies, only one of which reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen. The study found that the semen quality of patients with moderate infection was lower than that of patients with mild infection and healthy controls. The impaired semen quality may be related to fever and inflammation. Pathological analysis of the testis/epididymis showed that SARS-CoV-2 viral particles were positive in 10 testicular samples, and the spermatogenic function of the testis was impaired. All 94 expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
CONCLUSION
The likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 in the semen of COVID-19 patients is very small, and semen should rarely be regarded as a carrier of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material. However, COVID-19 may cause testicular spermatogenic dysfunction immune or inflammatory reactions. Long-term follow-up is needed for COVID-19 male patients and fetuses conceived during the father's infection period.
Topics: COVID-19; Genitalia, Male; History, 21st Century; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Prostate; SARS-CoV-2; Semen; Semen Analysis; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Testis
PubMed: 34122351
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.677701 -
African Journal of Reproductive Health Dec 2020Male genital schistosomiasis (MGS) may result in eggs lodged in the prostate causing persistent inflammation that may play a major role in prostate carcinogenesis.... (Review)
Review
Male genital schistosomiasis (MGS) may result in eggs lodged in the prostate causing persistent inflammation that may play a major role in prostate carcinogenesis. Globally, prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and the global distribution of PCa overlaps with that of schistosomiasis infections, suggesting a probable causal relationship. Objectives of this review were to assess evidence of co-existence of schistosomiasis and PCa and possible causal association between the two diseases. Relevant literature published between 1950 and 2019 yielded 20 publications on schistosomiasis and PCa co-existence. Schistosoma (S.) haematobium and S. mansoni were associated with MGS manifestation and mostly prostate adenocarcinoma diagnosis. Effects of prostatic MGS infection progressed over time with high Schistosoma egg burden thought to contribute to the development of PCa. Causal association and mechanistic pathways of MGS on PCa development and the role of Schistosoma eggs on the development of PCa remains unestablished.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 34077083
DOI: 10.29063/ajrh2020/v24i4.19 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2021To relieve prostate biopsy-related pain, various local anesthetic methods have been used. The best approach was periprostatic nerve block (PNB) in the past decade....
BACKGROUND
To relieve prostate biopsy-related pain, various local anesthetic methods have been used. The best approach was periprostatic nerve block (PNB) in the past decade. Recently, pelvic plexus block (PPB) was employed to ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Compared with the PNB, the PPB may block a more extensive area. Therefore, PPB may be more effective in relieving prostate biopsy-related pain. However, several prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PPB and PNB drew conflicting conclusions, so we compared the difference of pain control between PPB and PNB for prostate biopsy.
METHODS
The following databases were retrieved up to October 2020: PubMed, Chinese biomedicine literature database, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Internet databases, Wan fang databases and Google Scholar. Only the RCTs were included. The main outcome measures were Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score and complications. The literature quality and extracted data were evaluated by two authors independently. The software Review Manager (version 5.3) was used to perform the data analysis that comparing the difference of VAS score and complications between PPB and PNB.
RESULTS
After screening, six articles including 336 patients from PPB group and 337 patients from PNB group were performed meta-analysis in this study. The results showed that there were no significant difference of pain control in probe insertion and local anesthetic injection between PPB and PNB, while compared with PNB, patients with PPB experienced less pain during biopsy and 30 min after biopsy, respectively(MD = -0.57, 95% CI: -1.11 to -0.03, Z = 2.06, P = 0.04; MD = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.02, Z = 2.15, P = 0.03). In subgroup analysis, the pooled results showed that PPB was superior to PNB in 12-cores biopsy (pooled MD = -1.16, 95% CI: -1.61 to -0.71, P < 0.00001), and more than 40-ml prostate size, regardless of transrectal or transperineal prostate biopsy. The reported major complications were urinary retention, hematuria, infection and hemospermia. The pooled results showed that there were no obvious difference in complications between PPB group and PNB group.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, this meta-analysis suggests that PPB provides safe and effective pain control of ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, and PPB is superior to PNB. In future, it also needs more high quality, large samples RCTs to verify.
PubMed: 34055622
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.655906 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... May 2021The term ''Human Papillomavirus'' or ''HPV'' has become synonymous with uterine cervical cancer leading to feminisation of all the preventive measures, especially... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The term ''Human Papillomavirus'' or ''HPV'' has become synonymous with uterine cervical cancer leading to feminisation of all the preventive measures, especially immunisation. Taking into consideration the rising number of HPV associated cancers among men in many developed countries and the risk of transmission to women, male HPV infection is a serious concern. A systematic review and meta-analysis of literature was performed to determine the global prevalence of HPV among men with oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis of literature was performed searching electronic databases for published articles in English between January 1984- April 2020 based on standard systematic review guidelines. The meta-analysis component was modified appropriately for the synthesis of prevalence study results. National Institutes of Health checklist for observational, cohort and cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of the studies selected after the abstract and content review. The meta-analysis was performed in STATA version 13.0 (College Station, Texas 77,845 USA) and the forest plots were constructed using metan package in STATA.
RESULTS
Through the electronic search of databases, 3486 original articles were screened for eligibility. Fifty-eight articles were systematically reviewed and 42 articles were qualified for meta-analysis including 4,250 men with oropharyngeal, penile and prostate cancers. The pooled prevalence of HPV DNA in oropharyngeal cancers was 45% (95%CI 24.0%-66.0%). Meanwhile the pooled prevalence rates of 48% (CI 40.0%- 57.0%) and 19% (CI 10.0%-29.0%) were observed in penile and prostate cancers respectively. Even though, articles regarding HPV prevalence in anal cancers were systematically reviewed, none of the studies were qualified for meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION
Higher pooled prevalence of HPV DNA was observed among men with oropharyngeal and penile cancers. Multicentric molecular studies investigating the prevalence of HPV in prostate cancers have to be planned in future.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Anus Neoplasms; DNA, Viral; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Humans; Male; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 34048162
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.5.1351