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Accident; Analysis and Prevention Nov 2023In conditionally automated driving, the driver is free to disengage from controlling the vehicle, but they are expected to resume driving in response to certain... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Assessing the physiological effect of non-driving-related task performance and task modality in conditionally automated driving systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
In conditionally automated driving, the driver is free to disengage from controlling the vehicle, but they are expected to resume driving in response to certain situations or events that the system is not equipped to respond to. As the level of vehicle automation increases, drivers often engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs), defined as any secondary task unrelated to the primary task of driving. This engagement can have a detrimental effect on the driver's situation awareness and attentional resources. NDRTs with resource demands that overlap with the driving task, such as visual or manual tasks, may be particularly deleterious. Therefore, monitoring the driver's state is an important safety feature for conditionally automated vehicles, and physiological measures constitute a promising means of doing this. The present systematic review and meta-analysis synthesises findings from 32 studies concerning the effect of NDRTs on drivers' physiological responses, in addition to the effect of NDRTs with a visual or a manual modality. Evidence was found that NDRT engagement led to higher physiological arousal, indicated by increased heart rate, electrodermal activity and a decrease in heart rate variability. There was mixed evidence for an effect of both visual and manual NDRT modalities on all physiological measures. Understanding the relationship between task performance and arousal during automated driving is of critical importance to the development of driver monitoring systems and improving the safety of this technology.
Topics: Humans; Task Performance and Analysis; Accidents, Traffic; Automation; Autonomous Vehicles; Awareness
PubMed: 37651857
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107243 -
Gait & Posture Sep 2023Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) demonstrate altered gait mechanics, impaired proprioception, and decreased postural control. In addition, individuals... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) demonstrate altered gait mechanics, impaired proprioception, and decreased postural control. In addition, individuals with CAI have been found to have complex neurophysiological changes, including during dual-task perturbations. However, the results of studies on whether cognitive tasks affect postural control are inconclusive.
RESEARCH QUESTION
Do individuals with CAI have worse dual-task performance compared to healthy controls?
METHODS
We searched 4 electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and SPORTDiscus) from inception to October 2022. Search terms consisted of: ("dual-task*" OR "dual task*" OR dual-task OR Multitask* OR Multi-task* OR attention OR cognit*) AND (balance OR "postural control" OR "postural sway" OR kinetics OR kinematics OR gait) NOT (concussion OR "traumatic brain injury") combined using the operator "AND" ("ankle sprain" OR "ankle instability" OR CAI). Studies were included if the physical task was postural control or gait, and if they compared control and CAI groups.
RESULTS
A total of 9 studies were included in the systematic-review portion, 5 of which were included in the meta-analysis. Due to assessing multiple types of dual-tasks, 10 effects were assessed for meta-analysis across postural control studies. A random-effects model for the control group in the mediolateral direction indicated a significant overall Fisher's Z mean effect size (Δ = 0.732, p = 0.029) with high heterogeneity between studies (Q=76.61; I = 88.25% P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between dual-tasking in the CAI group individually or when comparing control to CAI groups.
SIGNIFICANCE
The results of our study indicate that cognitive loading did not affect the postural control except for the control group in the mediolateral direction. Variations in dual-task results may be due to the difficulty of the task as well as the heterogeneity of CAI groups.
Topics: Humans; Ankle; Ankle Joint; Postural Balance; Gait; Task Performance and Analysis; Joint Instability; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 37639962
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.08.013 -
Computer Methods and Programs in... Oct 2023Acquiring motor skills is fundamental for children's development since it is linked to cognitive development. However, access to early detection of motor development... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Acquiring motor skills is fundamental for children's development since it is linked to cognitive development. However, access to early detection of motor development delays is limited.
AIM
This review explores the use and potential of motion-based technology (MBT) as a complement to support and increase access to motor screening in developing children.
METHODS
Six databases were searched following the PRISMA guidelines to search, select, and assess relevant works where MBT recognised the execution of children's motor skills.
RESULTS
164 studies were analysed to understand the type of MBT used, the motor skills detected, the purpose of using MBT and the age group targeted.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a gap in the literature aiming to integrate MBT in motor skills development screening and assessment processes. Depth sensors are the prevailing technology offering the largest detection range for children from age 2. Nonetheless, the motor skills detected by MBT represent about half of the motor skills usually observed to screen and assess motor development. Overall, research in this field is underexplored. The use of multimodal approaches, combining various motion-based sensors, may support professionals in the health domain and increase access to early detection programmes.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Cognition; Motion; Motor Skills; Technology
PubMed: 37517185
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107715 -
Gait & Posture Sep 2023Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) is a common deficit in Alzheimer's (AD) disease and Parkinson's disease (PD) and may have utility in identification of prodromal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) is a common deficit in Alzheimer's (AD) disease and Parkinson's disease (PD) and may have utility in identification of prodromal neurodegeneration. There is lack of consensus regarding measurement of CMI resulting from dual task paradigms.
RESEARCH QUESTION
How are individuals with AD, PD, and prodromal neurodegeneration impacted by CMI as measured by dual-task (DT) performance?
METHODS
A systematic literature search was performed in six datasets using the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they had samples of participants with AD, PD, or prodromal neurodegeneration and reported at least one measure of cognitive-motor DT performance.
RESULTS
4741 articles were screened and 95 included as part of this scoping review. Articles were divided into three non-mutually exclusive groups based on diagnoses, with 26 articles in AD, 56 articles in PD, and 29 articles in prodromal neurodegeneration, and results presented accordingly.
SIGNIFICANCE
Individuals with AD and PD are both impacted by CMI, though the impact is likely different for each disease. We found a robust body of evidence regarding the utility of measures of DT performance in the detection of subtle deficits in prodromal AD and some signals of utility in prodromal PD. There are several key methodological challenges related to DT paradigms for the measurement of CMI in neurodegeneration. Overall, DT paradigms show good potential as a clinical method to probe specific brain regions, networks, and function; however, task selection and effect measurement should be carefully considered.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Alzheimer Disease; Gait; Task Performance and Analysis; Cognition
PubMed: 37487365
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.07.277 -
Journal of Parkinson's Disease 2023The ability to encode and consolidate motor memories is essential for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), who usually experience a progressive loss of motor function.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The ability to encode and consolidate motor memories is essential for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), who usually experience a progressive loss of motor function. Deficits in memory encoding, usually expressed as poorer rates of skill improvement during motor practice, have been reported in these patients. Whether motor memory consolidation (i.e., motor skill retention) is also impaired is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether motor memory consolidation is impaired in PD compared to neurologically intact individuals.
METHODS
We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42020222433) following PRISMA guidelines that included 46 studies.
RESULTS
Meta-analyses revealed that persons with PD have deficits in retaining motor skills (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.32, -0.02; p = 0.0225). However, these deficits are task-specific, affecting sensory motor (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI -0.47, -0.15; p = 0.0002) and visuomotor adaptation (SMD = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.32, -0.79; p = 0.0001) tasks, but not sequential fine motor (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.05, 0.39; p = 0.1292) and gross motor tasks (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI = -0.25, 0.33; p = 0.7771). Importantly, deficits became non-significant when augmented feedback during practice was provided, and additional motor practice sessions reduced deficits in sensory motor tasks. Meta-regression analyses confirmed that deficits were independent of performance during encoding, as well as disease duration and severity.
CONCLUSION
Our results align with the neurodegenerative models of PD progression and motor learning frameworks and emphasize the importance of developing targeted interventions to enhance motor memory consolidation in PD.
Topics: Humans; Memory Consolidation; Parkinson Disease; Motor Skills
PubMed: 37458048
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-230038 -
Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie 2023Workplace guidelines exclusively focus on the impact of high indoor temperatures on physical work. There are no concrete recommendations in this regard concerning mental...
BACKGROUND
Workplace guidelines exclusively focus on the impact of high indoor temperatures on physical work. There are no concrete recommendations in this regard concerning mental work.
AIM
To investigate to what extent high ambient temperatures can have an impact on cognitive performance within a work setting, which cognitive skills or tasks are impacted, and to what extent the results found can be transposed to the work setting of the psychiatrist.
METHOD
A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases.
RESULTS
A total of 17 studies were included. Although results were inconsistent, reaction time and processing speed appeared to be the most sensitive cognitive skills to elevated ambient temperatures. Higher cognitive functions such as logical and abstract reasoning were more resistant. The temperature range for optimal cognitive functioning generally appeared to be between 22°C and 24°C.
CONCLUSION
Temperatures above 24°C can have a negative impact on cognitive performance within a work setting. Given that reaction speed and processing speed are particularly affected, this could possibly have an impact in the work setting of the psychiatrist when making crucial decisions. However, due to the limited ecological validity of the included studies, unequivocal conclusions remain difficult.
Topics: Humans; Temperature; Cognition; Processing Speed
PubMed: 37434569
DOI: No ID Found -
Psychological Research Feb 2024Although the arousal elicited by emotional stimuli, similarly to valence, is an integrative part of emotion theories, previous studies and reviews mostly focused on the... (Review)
Review
Although the arousal elicited by emotional stimuli, similarly to valence, is an integrative part of emotion theories, previous studies and reviews mostly focused on the valence of a stimulus and rarely investigated the role of arousal. Here, I systematically searched for articles that used visual attentional paradigms, manipulated emotional arousal by auditory or visual, task-relevant or task-irrelevant stimuli, measured behavioral responses, ocular behavior, or neural correlates. I found that task-relevant arousing stimuli draw and hold attention regardless of the modality. In contrast, task-irrelevant arousing stimuli impaired task performance. However, when the emotional content precedes the task or it is presented for a longer duration, arousal increased performance. Future directions on how research could address the remaining questions are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Emotions; Attention; Arousal; Task Performance and Analysis; Wakefulness
PubMed: 37417982
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01852-6 -
Gait & Posture Jul 2023There is increasing speculation whether Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has phenotypic or secondary motor symptoms. Some evidence suggests even... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There is increasing speculation whether Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has phenotypic or secondary motor symptoms. Some evidence suggests even fundamental motor skills such as walking can differ in ADHD, however, the evidence is limited and has not been reviewed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the findings regarding gait in ADHD compared to typically developing children in (1) normal (i.e., self-paced), (2) paced or complex (i.e., walking backwards), and (3) dual-task contexts.
METHOD
Following a thorough literature search and application of stringent exclusion criteria, a total of 12 studies were included in this review. All studies examined normal walking with a variety of gait parameters in children (age range: 5-18), however, selected parameters and group differences were often inconsistent.
RESULTS
In self-paced walking, studies reporting gait with coefficients of variance (CVs) indicated several between-group differences, whereas averages of gait variables were the same for those with ADHD and typically developing children. Paced or complex walking contexts often differed between ADHD and typically developing groups, favoring the ADHD group in some cases, but primarily the typically developing participants. Finally, walking contexts with dual-tasks showed more frequent performance losses in the ADHD group.
DISCUSSION
Children with ADHD seem to have specific patterns of gait variability compared to typically developing children, particularly in complex walking contexts and at faster paces. The influence of age, medication, and method of gait normalization may have influenced the results of studies. Overall, this review highlights the potential for a unique gait profile in children with ADHD.
Topics: Humans; Child; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Gait; Walking; Motor Skills
PubMed: 37307762
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.06.003 -
International Journal of... Jul 2023Neurofeedback procedures are attracting increasing attention in the neuroscience community. Based on the principle that participants, through suitable feedback, may... (Review)
Review
Neurofeedback procedures are attracting increasing attention in the neuroscience community. Based on the principle that participants, through suitable feedback, may learn to affect specific aspects of their brain activity, neurofeedback interventions have been applied to basic research, translational, and clinical science. A large segment of the available empirical research as well as review articles have focused on the extent to which neurofeedback interventions affect mental health outcomes, cognitive capacity, aging, and other complex behaviors. Another segment has aimed to characterize the extent to which neurofeedback affects the targeted neural processes. At this time, there is no current systematic review of the effects of neurofeedback on healthy participants' performance in experimental tasks. Such a review is relevant in this rapidly evolving field because changes in experimental task performance are traditionally considered a hallmark of changing neurocognitive processes, often established in neurotypical individuals. This systematic review addresses this gap in the literature using the PRISMA method, building on earlier reviews on the same topic. Empirical studies using EEG or fMRI to alter brain processes linked to established cognitive and affective laboratory tasks were reviewed. Systematic quality assessment and z-curve analyses were also conducted. Substantial variability was found regarding the study designs used, the implementation of the feedback, and the neural targets of feedback. Importantly, only a minority of the studies reported statistically meaningful effects of neurofeedback on performance in cognitive and affective tasks. The z-curve analyses found no evidence for reporting bias or unsound research practices. Quality control and effect size analyses showed few systematic relations between study characteristics such as sample size or experimental control on the one hand and outcome on the other. Overall, the present study does not support strong effects of NFT on performance in laboratory tasks. Implications for future work are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Neurofeedback; Brain; Learning; Brain Mapping; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 37148977
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.04.005 -
Applied Ergonomics Sep 2023While the biomechanical effects of exoskeletons are well studied, research about potential side-effects and adverse events are limited. The aim of this systematic review... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
While the biomechanical effects of exoskeletons are well studied, research about potential side-effects and adverse events are limited. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the side-effects and adverse events on shoulder- and back-support exoskeletons during work tasks.
METHODS
Four in-field studies and 32 laboratory studies were included in this review, reporting on n = 18 shoulder exoskeletons, n = 9 back exoskeletons, n = 1 full body with a supernumerary arm, and n = 1 combination of shoulder and back exoskeleton.
RESULTS
The most frequent side-effect reported is discomfort (n = 30), followed by a limited usability of the exoskeleton (n = 16). Other identified side-effects and adverse events were changes in muscle activity, mobility, task performance, balance and posture, neurovascular supply, gait parameters and precision. An incorrect fit of the exoskeleton and the decreased degrees of freedom are most often reported as causes of these side-effects. Two studies did not find any side-effects. This review also showed that there are differences in the occurrence of side-effects in gender, age, and physical fitness. Most studies (89%) were conducted in a laboratory setting. Most studies (97%) measured short-term effects only. Psychological and social side-effects or adverse events were not reported. Side-effects and adverse events for active exoskeletons were understudied (n = 4).
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that the evidence for side-effects and adverse events is limited. If available, it mainly consists of reports of mild discomfort and limited usability. Generalisation is limited because studies were conducted in lab settings and measured short term only, and most participants were young male workers.
Topics: Humans; Male; Shoulder; Exoskeleton Device; Upper Extremity; Posture; Task Performance and Analysis; Biomechanical Phenomena; Electromyography
PubMed: 37146320
DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104042