-
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2021. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is responsible for tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1-associated leukemia/lymphoma. The infection is endemic in...
. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is responsible for tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1-associated leukemia/lymphoma. The infection is endemic in some areas of Peru, but its prevalence in the Peruvian Amazon is not well established. We aimed to assess the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 infection in pregnant women in the Peruvian Amazon. Moreover, we performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of HTLV infection in Peru. . This is a prospective cross-sectional study involving pregnant women attending health centers in the city of Iquitos, Peru, in May and June 2019. The presence of antibodies against HTLV-1 was assessed using ELISA (HTLV I + II ELISA recombinant v.4.0, Wiener lab, Rosario, Argentina). Positive cases were confirmed by Western Blot and HTLV-1 proviral load. . The study included 300 pregnant women with a mean age of 26 years (standard deviation [SD] 6.4). Five patients were diagnosed with HTLV-1 infection (prevalence 1.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7% to 3.8%). Pregnant women with HTLV-1 infection were discretely younger (mean age 22.6 [SD 22.6] vs 26.8 [SD 6.3]; = 0.128). None of the five women had been transfused, and all were asymptomatic. Two (40%) also had a positive serology for , but larvae were not detected in any of the parasitological stool studies. The systematic review component identified 40 studies, which showed that the prevalence of infection in the general population was 2.9% (95% CI 1.2% to 5.3%) and in women of childbearing age, 2.5% (95% CI 1.2% to 4.0%). . The prevalence of HTLV-1 in the Peruvian Amazon basin is about 1.7%, indicating an endemic presence. Screening for HTLV-1 in prenatal care is warranted.
PubMed: 33668710
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030260 -
Helminthologia Mar 2021is a helminthic intestinal parasite that causes the disease strongyloidiasis. Its prevalence is high in tropics and sub-tropics due to poor sanitation and hygiene....
is a helminthic intestinal parasite that causes the disease strongyloidiasis. Its prevalence is high in tropics and sub-tropics due to poor sanitation and hygiene. However, its true prevalence is not well known in Ethiopia as most health institutions use low sensitive diagnostic methods. This review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of at country, and regional state levels. Papers published on in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2020 were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar and Science direct databases and Addis Ababa repository. Identification, screening, checking the eligibility, and inclusion of the relevant literatures were done. Articles with positive results from Ethiopian populations were included. Articles which focused on infection in foreigners, and other than stool samples were excluded. The pooled prevalence of and heterogeneity between studies and across regions were computed. From the 43 articles, the overall prevalence of in Ethiopia was 1.82 %. Across regions, relatively high prevalence of (8.78 %) was recorded in Addis Ababa city. High prevalence of was found to be 44.02 % with a combination of formol ether concentration, Baermann concentration, and molecular methods. Low prevalence of 0.26 %, 0.31 %, and 1.20 % was evidenced respectively with Kato-Katz, direct saline microscopy, and formol ether concentration methods. Using random effect analysis, the pooled prevalence of in Ethiopia, across regions and across diagnostic methods was 2.1 % (95 %CI: 1.20 - 3.60), 2.6 % (95 %CI: 0.80 - 8.20) and 3.7 % (95 %CI: 1.10 - 11.70), respectively. The heterogeneity was high (). This review revealed that infection is probably underreported and its prevalence could be higher than the reported in Ethiopia. Therefore, a revision of the best combination of diagnostic methods could be advisable as it gives better diagnostic results in routine diagnosis of infection in Ethiopia.
PubMed: 33664615
DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0010 -
Pathogens and Global Health Feb 2021is a neglected soil-transmitted helminth affects approximately 100-370 million people globally. The life cycle is unusual as only larvae can be found in stool... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
is a neglected soil-transmitted helminth affects approximately 100-370 million people globally. The life cycle is unusual as only larvae can be found in stool specimens. Thecurrent review and meta-analysis represented the distribution of strongyloidiasis in general population of the world based on published papers. Five English databases (Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar(were explored for literature published before October 2019.Altogether 235 studies (862243 participants) was eligible. Regarding diagnostic method, the overall prevalence for studies performed microscopic, culture, immunological and molecular method was 1.47% (95% CI = 1.56%), 10.08% (95% CI = 8.99% - 11.16%), 23.88% (95% CI = 20.82% - 26.94%) and 9.3% (95% CI = 7.2% - 11.3%), respectively. Based on microscopic methods, the highest prevalence was related to the Western Pacific region [9.47% (95% CI = 8.55% - 10.39%)]. According to the culture method, Western Pacific region [21.36% (95% CI = 16.32% - 26.39%)] had the highest estimated pooled prevalence. In immunological studies, Eastern Mediterranean Region [40.72% (95% CI = 36.74% - 44.70%)] had the highest seroprevalence.Also in molecular surveys, the highest prevalence was related to the African region [19.72% (95% CI = 16.71% - 22.73%)]. The current study indicated that strongyloidiasis is still considered a health problem in many parts of the world. Thus a comprehensive control program and improvement of public health sectors are required.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Global Health; Humans; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 33433291
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1851922 -
BioMed Research International 2020is an intestinal parasitic infection mainly caused by . Although it is a predominant parasite in tropics and subtropics where sanitation and hygiene are poorly... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
is an intestinal parasitic infection mainly caused by . Although it is a predominant parasite in tropics and subtropics where sanitation and hygiene are poorly practiced, the true prevalence of s is not known due to low-sensitivity diagnostic methods.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at determining the pooled prevalence of s in African countries, stratified by diagnostic methods, study settings, and patients.
METHODS
Cross-sectional studies on strongyloidiasis published in African countries from the year 2008 up to 2018 in PubMed and Google Scholar databases and which reported at least one spp. infection were included. Identification and screening of eligible articles were also done. Articles whose focus was on in animals, soil, and foreigners infected by spp. in Africa were excluded. The random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of s across African countries as well as by diagnostic methods and study settings. The heterogeneity between studies was also computed.
RESULT
A total of 82 studies were included. The overall pooled prevalence of s was 2.7%. By individual techniques, the pooled prevalence of strongyloidiasis was 0.4%, 1.0%, 3.4%, 9.3%, 9.6%, and 19.4% by the respective direct saline microscopy, Kato-Katz, formol ether concentration, polymerase chain reaction, Baermann concentration, and culture diagnostic techniques. The prevalence rates of strongyloidiasis among rural community, school, and health institution studies were 6.8%, 6.4%, and 0.9%, respectively. The variation on the effect size comparing African countries, diagnostic methods, study settings, and patients was significant ( ≤ 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
This review shows that strongyloidiasis is overlooked and its prevalence is estimated to be low in Africa due to the use of diagnostic methods with low sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need for using a combination of appropriate diagnostic methods to approach the actual rates in Africa.
Topics: Africa; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Humans; Prevalence; Publications; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 33274200
DOI: 10.1155/2020/2868564 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Dec 2020Despite the global projections that agriculture will have to feed an additional 3 billion of the world's population in the nearest future, the global trends and negative...
Despite the global projections that agriculture will have to feed an additional 3 billion of the world's population in the nearest future, the global trends and negative impacts of nematodes on livestock productivity are still on the increase. Here, we reported the burden of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants in Nigeria. Six thousand, five hundred and eighty one of the 13,259 small ruminants reported in 40 eligible studies across 18 Nigerian States were infected with at least one nematode species, yielding an overall pooled prevalence (PP) of 58.3% (95% CI 48.8, 67.2). Regional PP varied significantly ( < 0.001) and ranged between 19.5 (95% CI 5.8, 48.7) and 83.7% (95% CI 68.5, 92.3). Seasonal PP was higher in the dry (Prev: 56.5%, 95% CI 34.2, 76.4) than the rainy (Prev: 43.2%, 95% CI 26.7, 61.3) season. species were the most prevalent 21.3% while, and species had the widest geographic distribution. Several species of nematodes of small ruminants are highly prevalent in Nigeria. An all-inclusive approach involving public education and standardised management practices that involve adequate hygiene and sanitation, strategic and prophylactic use of anthelmintics, rotational grazing and the control of arthropod intermediate hosts will reduce the economic losses due to these parasites and curtail possible transmission to humans.
PubMed: 33184537
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01249-x -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jul 2020Tuberculosis and intestinal parasites are mostly affecting poor people. They are in a vicious since one is the risk factor for the other. However, the comprehensive... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Tuberculosis and intestinal parasites are mostly affecting poor people. They are in a vicious since one is the risk factor for the other. However, the comprehensive report on the burden and co-incidence of intestinal parasites and tuberculosis in Ethiopia is scant. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide abridge conclusive evidence on the intestinal parasite-tuberculosis co-infection in Ethiopia.
METHODS
A total of 414 articles published in English were searched from both electronic databases (CINAHL, DOAJ, Embase, Emcare, Medline, ProQuest, and PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and other sources. The qualities of the included studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools and the publication bias was measured using the funnel plot and Eggers regression test. Comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) Version 3.3.07 and Review Manager software were used to estimate pooled prevalence and associations of intestinal parasites and tuberculosis infection.
RESULTS
Eleven articles with a total of 3158 tuberculosis patients included in the analysis based on the eligibility criteria. The estimated pooled prevalence of intestinal parasites co-infection was 33% (95% CI: 23.3, 44.3) using the random-effects model. The most common intestinal parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides 10.5% (95% CI: 6.0, 17.5), Hookworm 9.5% (95% CI: 6.10, 14.4), Giardia lamblia 5.7% (95% CI: 2.90, 10.9) and Strongyloides sterocoralis 5.6% (95% CI: 3.3, 9.5). The odds of intestinal parasites infection was higher among tuberculosis patients compared to tuberculosis free individuals (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.63). A significant difference was observed among TB patients for infection with intestinal helminths (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.80) but not for intestinal protozoans when compared with their counterparts. The odds of multiple parasitic infections was higher among tuberculosis patients (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.90, 3.55) compared to tuberculosis free individuals. However, intestinal parasites co-infection was not associated with HIV status among tuberculosis patients (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.32).
CONCLUSION
One-third of tuberculosis patients are co-infected with one or more intestinal parasites, and they are more likely to be infected with intestinal helminths and multiple intestinal parasitic infections compared to TB free individuals. We recommend routine screening of tuberculosis patients for intestinal parasites. The effect of mass deworming on tuberculosis incidence would be important to be considered in future researches.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Registered on PROSPERO with reference number ID: CRD42019135350 .
Topics: Ancylostomatoidea; Animals; Ascaris lumbricoides; Coinfection; Ethiopia; Feces; Female; Giardia lamblia; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32664873
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05237-7 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020Autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis is reported in Europe but is unclear whether the transmission of infection still occurs. We report a previously... (Review)
Review
Autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis is reported in Europe but is unclear whether the transmission of infection still occurs. We report a previously unpublished human case in an Italian teen and perform a systematic review of literature on autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis in Europe to investigate the current dynamic of transmission. Overall, 109 papers published after 1987 were included and one previously unpublished Italian case was added. Eighty case reports were retrieved and 42 of them (52.5%) had severe strongyloidiasis. Most cases were diagnosed in Spain, Italy and France. The median age was 58, the most represented age group was 61-70 years, 11 patients were under 30, and 7 of them were diagnosed after 2000. Epidemiological studies on human strongyloidiasis showed prevalence ranging from 0.56% to 28%. Overall, agriculture work, mine work and walking barefoot were the most commonly reported risk factors for infection. Canine strongyloidiasis was reported mainly in Italy (68 cases), but a few cases occurred also in Iceland, Finland, England, Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, Slovakia, Romania and Greece. Autochthonous strongyloidiasis is still reported in Europe and sporadic transmission still occurs. Health care professionals should be aware of this issue to identify infected subjects and avoid adverse outcomes, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Further investigations are needed to clarify the zoonotic transmission of this nematode.
PubMed: 32503315
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060439 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Apr 2020PROSPERO (registration code CRD42019131127).
PROSPERO (registration code CRD42019131127).
Topics: Animals; Global Burden of Disease; Humans; Soil; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 32282827
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008184 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... Jun 2020The standard method for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis, stool examinations, is inconvenient and, therefore, serological methods have been proposed. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The standard method for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis, stool examinations, is inconvenient and, therefore, serological methods have been proposed. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of serological assays for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using a systematic review and meta-analysis model. Four electronic databases were reviewed. We used a random effects model and 95% CIs to determine the overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). Heterogeneity was intended with Cochran Q χ2 test and I2 statistic. The accuracy of serological assays resulted in a sensitivity of 71.7% (95% CI: 56.07 to 83.4%), a specificity of 89.9% (95% CI: 80.8 to 94.9%) and a DOR of 22.5 (95% CI: 10.8 to 46.9). The forest plot showed high heterogeneity regarding sensitivity (I2=90.4%, 95% CI: 87.4 to 93.3%; Q=228.1, p=0.000) and specificity (I2=98.9%, 95% CI: 98.8 to 99.1%; Q=2066.4, p=0.000). Fagan's nomogram showed that the probability of someone having the infection and with a positive test result was 49%. Deeks' funnel plots showed no evidence of potential publication bias for the studies (p=0.26). The current review suggests that serological techniques have acceptable sensitivity and specificity and therefore can be recommended for the screening of S. stercoralis infection.
Topics: Animals; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Humans; Mass Screening; Sensitivity and Specificity; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 32052848
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz135 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Mar 2020To provide information regarding the prevalence of strongyloidiasis among migrants coming from Strongyloides stercoralis-endemic areas who reside in Spain. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
To provide information regarding the prevalence of strongyloidiasis among migrants coming from Strongyloides stercoralis-endemic areas who reside in Spain.
METHODS
Systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of studies showing prevalence of S. stercoralis infection among migrants from Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia and Oceania who reside in Spain. We included articles published until 30 April 2019 without language restriction. The keywords used for the search included 'Strongyloides stercoralis', 'strongyloidiasis', 'Spain', 'screening' and 'migrants'.
RESULTS
Twenty-four studies were included in the review and meta-analysis, comprising 12 386 screened people. Eleven studies (7020 patients) evaluated the presence of S. stercoralis infection only through investigation of larvae in faeces, showing an overall prevalence of 1% (95%CI 1-1%). Thirteen studies (5366 patients) used a serological test, showing an overall prevalence of 14% (95%CI 11-17%). Strongyloidiasis seroprevalence was 20% (95%CI 15-24%) among migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, 14% (95%CI 10-18%) among those from Latin America and 8% (95%CI 5-11%) among migrants from North Africa.
CONCLUSIONS
Migrants coming from strongyloidiasis-endemic areas living in Spain had a high S. stercoralis infection prevalence, particularly those from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. This population should be screened using serology as the most sensitive test for S. stercoralis infection. This could be easily implemented at primary care level.
Topics: Emigrants and Immigrants; Humans; Mass Screening; Spain; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 31758828
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13352