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International Journal of Dental Hygiene Feb 2022To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to assess if cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have a higher colonization of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to assess if cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have a higher colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus than patients without this condition.
METHODS
Five electronic databases were searched systematically. The inclusion criteria were as follows: randomized clinical trials, non-randomized, or quasi-randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective studies published until March, 2021; articles that evaluated S. mutans and Lactobacillus profile in patients with and without cleft lip and palate undergoing orthodontic treatment. The random-effect model was used to perform the analysis of all the data collected. Statistic heterogeneity was evaluated with I test.
RESULTS
In this systematic review, 2 cohort studies were included. The data analysis from 160 patients revealed that patients without cleft lip and palate had 4.5 times more predisposition to oral colonization with S. mutans than CLP patients. No statistical significant difference was found between these patients for colonization with Lactobacillus.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the limitations in the included studies, this systematic review suggested that CLP patients have a lower predisposition to oral colonization with S. mutans when compared to healthy patients.
Topics: Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Humans; Lactobacillus; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 33818912
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12503 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2021Xanthorrhizol is one of the numerous phytochemicals whose pharmacological benefits have been explored for its antibacterial and antimicrobial effects. In light of the...
BACKGROUND
Xanthorrhizol is one of the numerous phytochemicals whose pharmacological benefits have been explored for its antibacterial and antimicrobial effects. In light of the role bacteria play for initiating tooth decay, this present systematic review assessed xanthorrhizol's effect against dental caries.
METHODS
The electronic databases including Pubmed, Scopus and Embase were searched up to September 2020, Studies examining the antibacterial and antimicrobial effects of xanthorrhizol in the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
RESULTS
Eleven studies met the criteria for final inclusion. Findings from these studies showed that xanthorrhizol showed significant inhibition of notable caries causing bacteria including , , and . Furthermore, there was no reported toxicity. However, it could not selectively target the growth of cariogenic bacteria.
CONCLUSION
So far, studies exploring the use of xanthorrhizol as a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of dental caries have shown promising outcomes. However, more work needs to be done especially in areas such as optimal dose or concentration, in addition, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies and selective targeting of cariogenic bacteria has been performed.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus cereus; Dental Caries; Enterococcus faecalis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis
PubMed: 33731986
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S290021 -
Pediatric Dentistry Jan 2021To systematically evaluate the horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in children and analyze its relationship with dental caries. Seven databases were... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
To systematically evaluate the horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in children and analyze its relationship with dental caries. Seven databases were searched for observational studies that have determined the transmission of S. mutans among children younger than seven years. Selection of included studies, data extraction, and quality assessment using Downs and Black's (1998) scoring system were performed. The inverse variance random-effect approach was used to pool the results, and statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using I-squared statistics. Fifteen studies were included for qualitative synthesis, five of which were pooled for quantitative analysis. The risk ratio (RR) of sharing only one genotype in caries-free children versus children with caries was found to be 0.60 (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] equals 0.45 to 0.80; P ≤ 0.001). The RR of sharing more than one genotype was 1.46 (95% CI equals 1.13 to 1.89; P=0.004) in children with caries versus caries-free children. These findings imply that children sharing only one genotype have a 40 percent lesser risk, and children sharing more than one genotype have a 46 percent higher risk of having dental caries. The systematic review provides evidence of the horizontal transmission of S. mutans and its association with dental caries.
Topics: Child; Dental Caries; Genotype; Humans; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 33662253
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Otolaryngology 2021Endodontic disease is one of the most common causes of bacterial odontogenic sinusitis (ODS). Diagnosing ODS of endodontic origin involves otolaryngologists confirming... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Endodontic disease is one of the most common causes of bacterial odontogenic sinusitis (ODS). Diagnosing ODS of endodontic origin involves otolaryngologists confirming sinusitis, and dental specialists confirming endodontic sources. The purpose of this study was to conduct a multidisciplinary literature review to highlight clinical and microbiological features of ODS, and the most optimal diagnostic modalities to confirm endodontic disease.
METHODS
An extensive review of both medical and dental literature was performed by rhinologists, endodontists, and an infectious disease specialist. Frequencies of various clinical and microbiological features from ODS studies were collected, and averages were calculated. Different endodontic testing and imaging modalities were also evaluated on their abilities to confirm endodontic disease.
RESULTS
ODS patients most often present with unilateral sinonasal symptoms for over 3 months, purulence on nasal endoscopy, and overt dental pathology on computed tomography (CT). Subjective foul smell, and maxillary sinus cultures demonstrating anaerobes and α-streptococci (viridans group) may be more specific to ODS. For endodontic evaluations, cold pulp testing and cone-beam CT imaging are most optimal for confirming pulpal and periapical disease.
CONCLUSION
Diagnosing ODS requires collaboration between otolaryngologists and dental specialists. Clinicians should suspect ODS when patients present with unilateral sinonasal symptoms, especially foul smell. Patients will generally have purulent drainage on nasal endoscopy, and both sinus opacification and overt dental pathology on CT. However, some patients will have subtle or absent dental pathology on CT. For suspected endodontic disease, endodontists should be consulted for at least cold pulp testing, and ideally cone-beam CT.
Topics: Adult; Bacterial Infections; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Female; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinusitis; Middle Aged; Pulpitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Viridans Streptococci
PubMed: 33486208
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102925 -
Journal of the Indian Society of... 2020Dental caries is one of the most prevailing oral health diseases in children. Recent times have focused on herbal products, because they have minimum or no side effects... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Dental caries is one of the most prevailing oral health diseases in children. Recent times have focused on herbal products, because they have minimum or no side effects and are effective in prevention. Licorice is one such product belonging to Glycyrrhiza family used in the form of dentifrice, chewing gums, lollipop, gels, etc., Literature reports about the activity of licorice root extract on the biofilm thereby reducing Streptococcus mutans (SM) count and preventing dental caries in children.
OBJECTIVES
The objective is to assess the effectiveness of licorice in reducing SM count and preventing dental caries in children.
METHODOLOGY
PubMed and Google scholar were searched with search strategies for studies reporting licorice as intervention in children among 3-15 years for preventing dental caries. Only those studies with study design of randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and comparative studies published between January 1, 2000, and October 31, 2019 were included. Cross references and hand searching for the relevant articles were also conducted.
RESULTS
A preliminary search yielded a total of 31 studies through PubMed and Google scholar. From 31 studies, nine studies were excluded based on the screening through titles. From the remaining 22 articles, six duplicates, four without parameters, six as reviews and case reports and were excluded. Finally, six articles giving ten estimates were included for qualitative synthesis.
CONCLUSION
Licorice extracts proves to be effective as an antimicrobial agent by reducing the count of SM in children. Its action on biofilm limits the fall of pH thereby preventing acidic environment that increases the risk of dental caries. Moreover, licorice in lollipop form is well accepted by children.
Topics: Biofilms; Child; Dental Caries; Gels; Glycyrrhiza; Humans; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 33402612
DOI: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_100_20 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Mar 2021There are investigations on multiple photosensitizers for modulation of caries-related biofilms using PDT. However, much controversy remains about recommended parameters... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
There are investigations on multiple photosensitizers for modulation of caries-related biofilms using PDT. However, much controversy remains about recommended parameters mostly on the selection of an efficient photosensitizer.
OBJECTIVE
The study performed a systematic review to identify the answer to the following question: What photosensitizers present high bactericidal efficacy against cariogenic biofilms?
METHODS
Systematic review with meta-analyses were carried out for English language articles from October to December 2019 (PRISMA standards) using MEDLINE, Scopus, Biomed Central, EMBASE, LILACS, and Web of Science. Information on study design, biofilm model, photosensitizer, light source, energy delivery, the incubation time for photosensitizer, and bacterial reduction outcomes were recorded. We performed two meta-analyses to compare bacterial reduction, data was expressed by (1) base 10 Logarithm values and (2) Log reduction RESULTS: After the eligibility criteria were applied (PEDro scale), the selected studies showed that toluidine Blue Ortho (TBO) and methylene blue (MBO) (5-min incubation time and 5-min irradiation) demonstrated better bacterial reduction outcomes. For the data expressed by Log TBO, MBO, curcumin, and Photogem® presented a significant bacterial decrease in comparison to the control (p = 0.042). For the data represented by Log reduction, the bacterial reduction toward S.mutans was not significant for any photosensitizer (p = 0.679).
CONCLUSION
The lack of methodological standardization among the studies still hinders the establishment of photosensitizer and bactericidal efficiency. TBO, MBO, curcumin, and photogem generate greater PDT-based bacterial reduction on caries-related bacteria.. Further clinical studies are necessary in order to obtain conclusive results.
Topics: Biofilms; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Streptococcus mutans; Tolonium Chloride; Triazenes
PubMed: 33031937
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102046 -
Archives of Oral Biology Nov 2020The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effect of bioactive compounds and their regulation of quorum sensing (QS)-related and/or...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effect of bioactive compounds and their regulation of quorum sensing (QS)-related and/or -regulated-virulence genes expression in Streptococcus mutans.
DESIGN
The search strategy was conducted through the electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies reporting the effects of natural and synthetic bioactive compounds on the regulation of QS-associated and/or -regulated genes of S. mutans.
RESULTS
After full-text reading, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, in most of them, QS-inhibitors from synthetic origin were evaluated, 16 articles described the effect of the compounds on biofilm formation cultivated in vitro and five studies described these effects on adhesion of biofilm-producing cells. Only 2 studies analyzed the potential target-component of the QS.
CONCLUSIONS
Mostly, the bioactive compounds affected the expression of QS-associated and/or -regulated genes and virulence traits (e.g. adhesion, biofilm formation, acid stress tolerance) of S. mutans. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the target-specific QS-system constituent used by bioactive compounds to achieve QS inhibition as well as validate the use of these compounds in controlling dental caries.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Quorum Sensing; Streptococcus mutans; Virulence
PubMed: 32961379
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104893 -
Archives of Oral Biology Oct 2020To evaluate the efficacy of natural antimicrobials derived from phenolic compounds (NAPs), compared to synthetic antimicrobials (SAs), in the biofilm control and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Efficacy of natural antimicrobials derived from phenolic compounds in the control of biofilm in children and adolescents compared to synthetic antimicrobials: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AIM
To evaluate the efficacy of natural antimicrobials derived from phenolic compounds (NAPs), compared to synthetic antimicrobials (SAs), in the biofilm control and microorganisms (MOs) count among children and adolescents at different intervention times through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
Electronic searches were carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, VHL, and Grey Literature. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials were included. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the tools ROBINS-I and RoB 2.0. Meta-analyses (MAs) were performed according to three parameters: the influence of NAPs on the plaque index (PI) mean; the period of NAPs administration (≤15 days/>15 days) on the biofilm reduction; and the influence of NAPs on the MOs count subgrouping according to the type of MO (total MOs, S. mutans, and Streptococcus spp.). The standard mean differences were calculated (p ≤ 0.05) for all analyses, and the heterogeneity was tested through the I index. The evidence was certainty-tested using the GRADE approach.
RESULTS
Sixteen studies were selected for qualitative synthesis, and 12 studies were included in the MAs. NAPs were less efficacious in improving the PI (p < 0.0001, I>87 %) and reducing biofilm over time (p < 0.01, I>87 %) but presented a reduction in MOs count similar to that of SAs (p = 0.3, I = 0%). The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to low.
CONCLUSION
Although the use of NAPs is similar to the use of SAs in reducing MOs count, it is less effective than SAs in improving PI mean and for biofilm reduction over time.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Biological Products; Child; Humans; Mouth; Phenols; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 32736143
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104844 -
Journal of the American Dental... Aug 2020The authors of this meta-analysis aimed to assess saliva-related caries risk factors, including calcium and phosphate, hydrogen ion concentration, buffer capacity,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The authors of this meta-analysis aimed to assess saliva-related caries risk factors, including calcium and phosphate, hydrogen ion concentration, buffer capacity, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts, flow rate, and decayed, missing and filled teeth index in each trimester during pregnancy.
TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED
The authors searched electronic databases up to July 1, 2019. Eligible observational studies were included. The authors assessed the quality of the included studies by using the Joanna Briggs Institute scale. To estimate the effects of pregnancy, standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were pooled using the random-effects model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using Begg and Egger tests.
RESULTS
Twenty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis, representing 1,230 pregnant women in the case groups and 715 in the control groups (nonpregnant women). The results showed that salivary calcium concentration decreased in the third trimester, salivary phosphate decreased in the second and third trimesters, saliva hydrogen ion concentration decreased in the first and third trimesters, stimulated saliva flow rate increased in the third trimester, and salivary S mutans count increased in the second and third trimesters. In addition, the results showed that saliva calcium, phosphate, S mutans, and buffer capacity amounts had changed from the first trimester to the third.
CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
In the third trimester, most salivary factors related to caries change and can increase the risk of developing caries in the future. Interventions and screening for caries prevention in pregnancy should start in the first or second trimesters.
Topics: DMF Index; Dental Caries; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactobacillus; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 32718487
DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2020.04.021 -
Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Nov 2020A systematic review of published data was conducted with the aim of assessing effects of xylitol and erythritol consumption on levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and the...
OBJECTIVE
A systematic review of published data was conducted with the aim of assessing effects of xylitol and erythritol consumption on levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and the oral microbiota.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Electronic and hand searches were performed to find clinical microbiological studies concerning the consumption of xylitol and erythritol chewing gum or candies, and published between 2000 and 2019. Prospective randomized controlled clinical trials conducted in healthy subjects were included in the review.
RESULTS
The initial search identified 561 xylitol and 83 erythritol studies. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 xylitol studies and one erythritol study were reviewed. The review identified nine xylitol studies with a fair or high quality, four conducted in children and five in adults, all demonstrating a decrease in MS levels in association with habitual consumption of xylitol. The three microbiota studies employing multispecies probe approaches revealed no effects for xylitol on the microbiota. The only erythritol study fulfilling the inclusion criteria showed no consistent effects on MS levels.
CONCLUSIONS
Xylitol consumption is likely to decrease MS counts but it may not change the overall microbiota. Xylitol shows thus properties of an oral prebiotic. More studies are needed to demonstrate the effects of erythritol on MS.
Topics: Adult; Chewing Gum; Child; Dental Caries; Erythritol; Humans; Microbiota; Prospective Studies; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans; Xylitol
PubMed: 32633595
DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2020.1788721