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The Journal of Veterinary Medical... May 2022The species of the genus Actinobacillus have so far been associated with specific animal hosts, and A. suis sensu stricto, an opportunistic pathogen of swine, is rarely...
The species of the genus Actinobacillus have so far been associated with specific animal hosts, and A. suis sensu stricto, an opportunistic pathogen of swine, is rarely isolated from ruminants. We describe here the isolation of A. suis sensu stricto from a newborn calf that died on a dairy farm in Japan. Identification of the isolate was performed by phenotypic and genotypic characterization, with the latter consisting of nucleotide sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene plus three housekeeping genes, rpoB, infB and recN.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus suis; Animals; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35387957
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0044 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021() is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent...
Coinfections and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Strains Isolated From Diseased Swine in North Western Germany-Temporal Patterns in Samples From Routine Laboratory Practice From 2006 to 2020.
() is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent failure of this preventive measure, treatment with antimicrobials is indispensable to prevent animal losses within an outbreak situation. To preserve the effectivity of antimicrobial substances to fight should therefore be the primary aim of any interventions. In this study, the temporal development of antimicrobial resistance in was analyzed retrospectively in the time period 2006-2020 from a routine diagnostic database. In parallel, frequent coinfections were evaluated to identify most important biotic cofactors as important triggers for disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds. The proportion of serotype 2 decreased over time but was isolated most often from diseased swine (57% in 2020). In ~1% of the cases, was isolated from body sites outside the respiratory tract as brain and joints. The lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for cephalothin and ceftiofur (0.18%), florfenicol (0.24%), tilmicosin (2.4%), tiamulin (2.4%), enrofloxacin (2.7%), and spectinomycin (3.6%), while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for gentamicin (30.9%), penicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (78.2%). For enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tetracycline, significantly lower frequencies of resistant isolates were found in the time period 2015-2020 compared to 2006-2014, while gentamicin-resistant isolates increased. In summary, there is only a low risk of treatment failure due to resistant isolates. In maximum, up to six coinfecting pathogens were identified in pigs positive for . Most often pigs were coinfected with Porcine Circovirus 2 (56%), (24.8%), or the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (23.3%). Potential synergistic effects between these pathogens published from experimental findings can be hypothesized by these field data as well. To prevent disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds more efficiently in the future, next to environmental trigger factors, preventive measures must also address the coinfecting agents.
PubMed: 35155648
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802570 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Feb 2022Building the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in Veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet) was proposed to strengthen the European One Health antimicrobial...
BACKGROUND
Building the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in Veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet) was proposed to strengthen the European One Health antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance approach.
OBJECTIVES
To define the combinations of animal species/production types/age categories/bacterial species/specimens/antimicrobials to be monitored in EARS-Vet.
METHODS
The EARS-Vet scope was defined by consensus between 26 European experts. Decisions were guided by a survey of the combinations that are relevant and feasible to monitor in diseased animals in 13 European countries (bottom-up approach). Experts also considered the One Health approach and the need for EARS-Vet to complement existing European AMR monitoring systems coordinated by the ECDC and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
RESULTS
EARS-Vet plans to monitor AMR in six animal species [cattle, swine, chickens (broilers and laying hens), turkeys, cats and dogs], for 11 bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus suis). Relevant antimicrobials for their treatment were selected (e.g. tetracyclines) and complemented with antimicrobials of more specific public health interest (e.g. carbapenems). Molecular data detecting the presence of ESBLs, AmpC cephalosporinases and methicillin resistance shall be collected too.
CONCLUSIONS
A preliminary EARS-Vet scope was defined, with the potential to fill important AMR monitoring gaps in the animal sector in Europe. It should be reviewed and expanded as the epidemiology of AMR changes, more countries participate and national monitoring capacities improve.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cats; Cattle; Chickens; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; One Health; Swine
PubMed: 35022739
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab462 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2021In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of pigs have been assessed. The...
In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of pigs have been assessed. The assessment has been performed following a methodology based on information collected by an extensive literature review and expert judgement. Details of the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. A global state of play of antimicrobial resistant , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and has been provided. Among those bacteria, EFSA identified and with > 66% certainty as being the most relevant antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the EU based on the available evidence. The animal health impact of these most relevant bacteria, as well as their eligibility for being listed and categorised within the animal health law framework will be assessed in separate scientific opinions.
PubMed: 34987628
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.7113 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Mar 2022The rise in antibiotic resistance requires the reduction of antibiotic use in all sectors. In animal production, many commercial alternatives to antibiotics have been...
AIMS
The rise in antibiotic resistance requires the reduction of antibiotic use in all sectors. In animal production, many commercial alternatives to antibiotics have been developed for incorporation into feeds, but a lack of evidence on their antibacterial activity limits confidence in their application. We aim to compare the antibacterial activity of feed additives and active ingredients to better understand their usefulness.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The antibacterial activity of 34 active ingredients and feed additives, including medium- and short-chain organic acids and essential oils, was tested against pure cultures of five bacterial swine pathogens. Antibacterial activity was observed using an agar plug diffusion method and quantified via broth microdilution. A diverse range of antibacterial activities were observed. The highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis was exhibited by the C12 monoglyceride (0.49 mg ml ). The monoglyceride of C12 was more effective than C12:0 against Strep. suis, but neither C12:0 nor its monoglyceride showed efficacy against the gram-negative micro-organisms tested. The most active against Escherichia coli were the C6:0 medium-chain organic acids and potassium diformate (1.95 mg ml ). For Salmonella Typhimurium, potassium diformate, sodium diformate, and a blend of C8:0/C10:0 (each 1.96 mg ml ), and for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, eugenol (0.49 mg ml ) showed the most promising activity.
CONCLUSIONS
We identified broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, such as the C6:0 MCOA, and those with interesting narrow-spectrum activity, notably the killing of Strep. suis by C12 monoglyceride. We have identified additives that show the most promising bioactivity against specific pathogens.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
We broadly compare a large collection of feed additives and active ingredients for their antibacterial activity against a diverse panel of bacterial swine pathogens. This provides a solid base of evidence which can drive the development of feed supplementation strategies with the aim of reducing dependency on antibiotic use in swine production.
Topics: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 34608714
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15318 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Sep 2021Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is one of the most challenging health concerns for pig production worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the...
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is one of the most challenging health concerns for pig production worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of pathogens associated with PRDC, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and bacterial agents, such as Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, in clinically healthy pigs in Eastern China. Molecular detection revealed positive single-pathogen detection rates of 59.9%, 27.2%, 52.3%, 33.2% and 0.4% for PCV2, PRRSV, S. suis, H. parasuis and A. pleuropneumoniae, respectively. Co-infection with more than one pathogen was frequently detected in these samples, with PCV2/S. suis, H. parasuis and PCV2/H. parasuis mixed infection rates of 35.4%, 33.2% and 21.6%, respectively, and PCV2/S. suis/H. parasuis and PRRSV/PCV2/S. suis co-infection rates of 21.6% and 6.2%, respectively. These results suggest that mixed infections are prevalent among PRDC cases in swine, which may pose a greater threat to the health of herds compared with single-pathogen infections.
Topics: Animals; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Coinfection; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 34032016
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.533 -
Australian Veterinary Journal May 2021Pleurisy in pigs has economic impacts in the production stage and at slaughter. This study sought to establish if some micro-organisms can be found in high numbers in...
OBJECTIVE
Pleurisy in pigs has economic impacts in the production stage and at slaughter. This study sought to establish if some micro-organisms can be found in high numbers in lungs with pleurisy by assessing batches of pigs at an abattoir in Queensland Australia.
DESIGN
Samples of lung (including trachea/bronchus and lymph nodes) from a maximum of 5 pleurisy affected pigs were collected from 46 batches of pigs representing 46 Queensland farms.
PROCEDURE
Pleurisy-affected lung areas were cultured by traditional bacteriological methods and bacteria quantified by plate scores. Additionally, tracheal or bronchial swabs and apical lobe fluid were tested for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA and the superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes were tested for porcine circovirus type 2 DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All apparently significant bacteria were identified via PCR or sequencing. Typing was undertaken on some of the bacterial isolates.
RESULTS
The most prevalent pathogens were M. hyopneumoniae, Streptococcus suis and Porcine Circovirus type 2, being found in 34, 38 and 31 batches, respectively. Other bacteria found were Actinobacillus species (29 batches), Pasteurella multocida (24 batches), Mycoplasma flocculare (9 batches), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (7 batches), Mycoplasma hyorhinis (4 batches), Bisgaard Taxon 10 (1 batch), Glaesserella parasuis (1 batch), Streptococcus minor (1 batch) and Streptococcus porcinus (1 batch). Most batches had more than one bacterial species.
CONCLUSION
The high percentage of batches infected with S. suis (83%), M. hyopneumoniae (74%) and PCV2 (70%) and clustering by a batch of these pathogens, as well as the presence of many secondary pathogens, suggests synergy between these organisms may have resulted in pleurisy.
Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Australia; Lung; Mycoplasma; Pleurisy; Queensland; Streptococcus; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 33751558
DOI: 10.1111/avj.13058 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020A comparative study on pharmacokinetics of four long-acting enrofloxacin injectable formulations was investigated in 36 healthy pigs after intramuscular injection...
A comparative study on pharmacokinetics of four long-acting enrofloxacin injectable formulations was investigated in 36 healthy pigs after intramuscular injection according to the recommended single dose @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The drug concentrations in the plasma were computed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. WinNonLin5.2.1 software was used to analyze the experimental data and compared it under one-way ANOVA using SPSS software with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The main pharmacokinetic parameters, that is, the maximum plasma concentrations (C), the time to maximum concentration (T), area under the time curve concentration (AUC) and Terminal half-life (T) were 733.84 ± 129.87, 917.00 ± 240.13, 694.84 ± 163.49, 621.98 ± 227.25 ng/ml, 2.19 ± 0.0.66, 1.50 ± 0.37, 2.89 ± 0.24, 0.34 ± 0.13 h, 7754.43 ± 2887.16, 8084.11 ± 1543.98, 7369.42 ± 2334.99, 4194.10 ± 1186.62 ng h/ml, 10.48 ± 2.72, 10.37 ± 2.38, 10.20 ± 2.81, and 10.61 ± 0.86 h for 10% enrofloxacin (Alkali), 20% enrofloxacin (Acidic), Yangkang and control drug Nuokang® respectively. There were significant differences among C, T, and AUC of three formulations compare with that of the reference formulation. No significant differences were observed among the T for tested formulations compare with the reference formulation. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the tested formulations were somewhat better compared to the reference one. The calculated PK/PD indices were effective for bacteria such as and with values higher than the cut-off points (C/MIC≥10-12 and AUC/MIC ≥ 125). However, they were not effective against bacteria like , and where lower values were obtained.
PubMed: 33575278
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.604628 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Dec 2020Medical records of 20 horses with a confirmed diagnosis of valvular endocarditis at the Ontario Veterinary College between January 1, 1993 and February 3, 2020 were...
Medical records of 20 horses with a confirmed diagnosis of valvular endocarditis at the Ontario Veterinary College between January 1, 1993 and February 3, 2020 were reviewed. The diagnosis was based on physical examination findings, complete blood (cell) count (CBC), serum biochemistry, echocardiography, blood culture, and post-mortem findings. Common presenting signs included tachycardia, pyrexia, weight loss, lameness/joint distension, and a heart murmur. Clinicopathological findings included leukocytosis, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Culture from 5 horses yielded in 2 cases and in 1 case. Of the 20 horses included in this study, 17 were euthanized and 3 were treated. Only 1 case had follow-up more than 1 year after discharge.
Topics: Animals; Echocardiography; Endocarditis; Euthanasia, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Ontario
PubMed: 33299245
DOI: No ID Found -
Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 202140S ribosomal protein SA (RPSA), a component of the small ribosomal subunit, is a high-affinity receptor of laminin that is widely expressed in cells and involves in...
AIMS
40S ribosomal protein SA (RPSA), a component of the small ribosomal subunit, is a high-affinity receptor of laminin that is widely expressed in cells and involves in many biological processes. However, it hasn't been reported which tissues and cells may be targeted by RPSA-mediated pathogen regulation. Therefore, in this study, a gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus suis Type 2 (SS2), gram-negative bacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pleuropneumoniae), and porcine circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) were used to infect ICR mice.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The effects of infection with the three pathogens on expression levels of RPSA in mouse tissues and peripheral blood immune cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The results suggested that the pathological changes in mice infected with SS2 were mainly manifested as congestion and inflammatory infiltration in the meninges, lungs, hearts and livers. The mice infected with A.pleuropneumoniae or PCV2 showed lung lesions and mild hepatocyte degeneration, respectively. In uninfected mice, RPSA protein was expressed to various degrees in all tissues except the spleen. After SS2 infection for 3 d, the expression of RPSA in the liver and brain increased, while decreased significantly in the heart and duodenum. These results were corroborated on examining the correlation between RPSA expression and the process of SS2 infection, except that there was no significant difference between the expression levels in the heart at 1 d and 3 d. After A.pleuropneumoniae and PCV2 infection for 3 d, the expression of RPSA decreased in the heart, and brain, respectively. Additionally, under physiological conditions, RPSA expression in CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in the peripheral blood of mice was higher than that in B cells and NK cells. After SS2 infection for 3 d, RPSA expression increased significantly in CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells but decreased significantly in macrophages. The expression of RPSA after A.pleuropneumoniae and PCV2 infection were similar, and RPSA expression decreased only in macrophages.
CONCLUSIONS
The results revealed that RPSA showed different expression levels in tissues and immune cells due to different pathogens causing disease courses, suggesting different target tissues and target cells in RPSA-mediated pathogenesis after infection, which supports the systematic study of the pathogenesis of RPSA in infectious diseases.
Topics: Animals; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Ribosomal Proteins; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 33217534
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104609