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Scientific Reports Jun 2024Sugarcane bagasse fly ash, a residual product resulting from the incineration of biomass to generate power and steam, is rich in SiO. Sodium silicate is a fundamental...
Sugarcane bagasse fly ash, a residual product resulting from the incineration of biomass to generate power and steam, is rich in SiO. Sodium silicate is a fundamental material for synthesizing highly porous silica-based adsorbents to serve circular practices. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a significant contaminant in animal feeds, necessitates the integration of adsorbents, crucial for reducing aflatoxin concentrations during the digestive process of animals. This research aimed to synthesize aluminosilicate and zinc silicate derived from sodium silicate based on sugarcane bagasse fly ash, each characterized by a varied molar ratio of aluminum (Al) to silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) to silicon (Si), respectively. The primary focus of this study was to evaluate their respective capacities for adsorbing AFB1. It was revealed that aluminosilicate exhibited notably superior AFB1 adsorption capabilities compared to zinc silicate and silica. Furthermore, the adsorption efficacy increased with higher molar ratios of Al:Si for aluminosilicate and Zn:Si for zinc silicate. The N confirmed AFB1 adsorption within the pores of the adsorbent. In particular, the aluminosilicate variant with a molar ratio of 0.08 (Al:Si) showcased the most substantial AFB1 adsorption capacity, registering at 88.25% after an in vitro intestinal phase. The adsorption ability is directly correlated with the presence of surface acidic sites and negatively charged surfaces. Notably, the kinetics of the adsorption process were best elucidated through the application of the pseudo-second-order model, effectively describing the behavior of both aluminosilicate and zinc silicate in adsorbing AFB1.
Topics: Silicates; Adsorption; Aluminum Silicates; Saccharum; Aflatoxin B1; Coal Ash; Cellulose; Zinc Compounds
PubMed: 38914625
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65158-2 -
Food Chemistry Apr 2024The study aimed to develop a rapid and sensitive colorimetric platform based on the Emerson reaction to visualize and determine total aflatoxins (AFs) in peanut oil....
The study aimed to develop a rapid and sensitive colorimetric platform based on the Emerson reaction to visualize and determine total aflatoxins (AFs) in peanut oil. This method offers the advantage of fast screening for AFs (AFB, AFB, AFG, and AFG), eliminating the need for specific antibodies. The proposed approach combined colorimetric detection with magnetic dummy imprinted solid-phase extraction and purification, enhancing sensitivity and selectivity. The oxidizer aided the colorless AFs in reacting with 4-aminoantipyrine, producing green condensates. Thus, a dual-mode approach was developed for AFs detection, employing both UV-vis colorimetric and smartphone-based colorimetry. Both methods showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of AFs. Notably, the smartphone-based method demonstrated a detection range of 0.5-57 μg/kg, with a detection limit as low as 0.21 μg/kg. The suggested colorimetric methods present a promising potential for onsite detection and fast screening of AFs in actual samples.
PubMed: 38914034
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139294 -
Mycotoxin Research Jun 2024Aflatoxin B (AFB) is classified as a Class I carcinogen and common pollutant in human and animal food products. Prolonged exposure to AFB can induce hepatocyte apoptosis...
Aflatoxin B (AFB) is classified as a Class I carcinogen and common pollutant in human and animal food products. Prolonged exposure to AFB can induce hepatocyte apoptosis and lead to hepatotoxicity. Therefore, preventing AFB-induced hepatotoxicity remains a critical issue and is of great significance. Baicalin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has a variety of pharmacodynamic activities, such as antiapoptotic and anticancer activities. This study systematically investigated the alleviating effect of baicalin on AFB-induced hepatotoxicity from the perspective of apoptosis and explored the possible molecular mechanism. In the normal human liver cell line L02, baicalin treatment significantly inhibited AFB-induced c-Jun-N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activation and cell apoptosis. In addition, the in vitro mechanism study demonstrated that baicalin alleviates AFB-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through suppressing the translocation of phosphorylated JNK to the nucleus and decreasing the phosphorylated c-Jun/c-Jun ratio and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Molecular docking and drug affinity responsive target stability assays demonstrated that baicalin has the potential to target JNK. This study provides a basis for the therapeutic effect of baicalin on hepatocyte apoptosis caused by AFB, indicating that the development of baicalin and JNK pathway inhibitors has broad application prospects in the prevention of hepatotoxicity, especially hepatocyte apoptosis.
PubMed: 38913091
DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00540-7 -
ACS Omega Jun 2024is the most significant oilseed nutritious legume crop in agricultural trade across the world. It is recognized as a valued crop for its contributions to nourishing... (Review)
Review
is the most significant oilseed nutritious legume crop in agricultural trade across the world. It is recognized as a valued crop for its contributions to nourishing food, as a cooking oil, and for meeting the protein needs of people who are unable to afford animal protein. Currently, its production, marketability, and consumption are hindered because of species infection that consequently contaminates the kernels with aflatoxins. Regarding health concerns, humans and animals are affected by acute and chronic aflatoxin toxicity and millions of people are at high risk of chronic levels. Most methods used to store peanuts are traditional and serve effectively for short-term storage. Now the question for long-term storage has been raised, and this promptly finds potential approaches to the issue. It is imperative to reduce the aflatoxin levels in peanuts to a permissible level by introducing detoxifying innovations. Most of the detoxification reports mention physical, chemical, and biological techniques. However, many current approaches are impractical because of time consumption, loss of nutritional quality, or weak detoxifying efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate practical, economical, and green methods to control that address current global food security problems. Herein, a green and economically revolutionary way is a nanotechnology that has demonstrated its potential to connect farmers to markets, elevate international marketability, improve human and animal health conditions, and enhance food quality and safety by the management of fungal diseases. Due to the antimicrobial potential of nanoparticles, they act as nanofungicides and have an incredible role in the control of aflatoxins. Nanoparticles have ultrasmall sizes and therefore penetrate the fungal body and invade the pathogen machinery, leading to fungal cell death by ROS production, mutation in DNA, disruption of organelles, and membrane leakage. This is the first mechanistic overview that unveils a comprehensive insight into aflatoxin contamination in peanuts, its prevalence, health effects, and management in addition to nanotechnological interventions that serve as a triple defense approach to detoxify aflatoxins. The optimum use of nanofungicides ensures food safety and the development of goals, especially "zero hunger".
PubMed: 38911815
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01316 -
Veterinary World May 2024Mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) are secondary metabolites in molds that grow in raw materials or commercial feed. This interaction has a...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) are secondary metabolites in molds that grow in raw materials or commercial feed. This interaction has a synergistic effect on mortality, body weight, feed intake, embryo abnormalities, egg production, and lymphoid organ atrophy. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a mycotoxin detoxifier on the blood profile of broilers that were given feed contaminated with mycotoxin, such as the number of heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH concentration (MCHC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 20 day-old chicks (DOC) of Cobb broilers were given four treatments with five replicates. The number of chickens used in this research was determined using statistical calculations, and the data obtained was homogeneous so that the population was represented. Treatments included negative control with basal feed (C-), positive control with mycotoxins contamination (C+), treatment 1: Mycotoxins contamination and mycotoxin detoxification 1.1 g/kg (T1), and treatment 2: Mycotoxins contamination and mycotoxin detoxification 1.6 g/kg (T2). Mycotoxin contamination comprised 0.1 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.1 mg/kg OTA. The treatment period for chickens was 28 days, from 8 to 35 days. A battery cage was used in this study. Chickens were kept in a closed, ventilated room and the room temperature (27°C) was monitored during the treatment period.
RESULTS
Based on the results of statistical data processing, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between chickens fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed (C+) and chickens not fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed (C-) and chickens given 1.6 g/kg mycotoxin detoxification (T2). Mycotoxin detoxification at a dose of 1.6 g/kg had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the heterophil, lymphocyte, and heterophil lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin levels of the blood broiler in this experiment. On other parameters such as monocytes, MCH, and MCHC, treatment 2 at dose 1.6 g/kg was the best treatment, although there was no significant effect with C- and T1.
CONCLUSION
The administration of mycotoxin detoxifiers at a dose of 1.6 g/kg increased the number of heterophils and the ratio of heterophil lymphocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and hemoglobin in broilers fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed.
PubMed: 38911087
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1044-1051 -
Talanta Jun 2024In response to the pressing need for highly efficient simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins, which are often found co-occurring in food raw materials and feed,...
In response to the pressing need for highly efficient simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins, which are often found co-occurring in food raw materials and feed, an MXene-based electrochemical aptasensor array (MBEAA) was developed. This aptasensor array utilizes high-specificity aptamers as recognition elements, enabling the capture of electrical signal changes in the presence of target mycotoxins. Based on this platform, a multi-channel portable electrochemical device, enabling rapid, cost-effective, and simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zealenone (ZEN) was further developed. The developed system boasts a wide detection range of 1.0 × 10 to 10.0 ng mL, with remarkable performance characterized by ultra-low detection limits of 41.2 pg mL, 27.6 pg mL, and 33.0 pg mL for AFB1, OTA, and ZEN, respectively. Successfully applied in corn samples, this method offers a portable, easy-to-operate, and cost-effective solution for simultaneous multi-mycotoxin detection. Moreover, the application of the self-developed detection system could be expanded for simultaneous detection of many different targets when their specific aptamers or antibodies were available.
PubMed: 38908138
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126450 -
Food Chemistry Jun 2024Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins and poses a high risk to human health. Highly sensitive and rapid detection is one of the most effective...
An ultrasensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 loading gold nanoparticles and horseradish peroxidase for detection of aflatoxin B1.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins and poses a high risk to human health. Highly sensitive and rapid detection is one of the most effective preventive measures to avoid potential hazards. Herein, an electrochemical aptasensor based on DNA nanotetrahedron and zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 loading gold nanoparticles, horseradish peroxidase, and aptamers was designed for the ultrasensitive detection of AFB1. The high specific surface area and large pore volume of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 can increase the loading capacity and further improve the detection sensitivity of electrochemical aptasensors. DNA nanotetrahedron can enhance the capture ability of AFB1 with steady immobilization. The developed aptasensor showed good analytical performance for AFB1 detection, with a detection limit of 3.9 pg mL and a wide linear range of 0.01-100 ng mL. The aptasensor detected AFB1 in corn samples with recovery rates ranging from 94.19%-105.77% and has potential for use in food safety monitoring.
PubMed: 38906010
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140039 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Sweating is one of the most important processing methods of Chinese medicinal herbs. However, the high temperature and humidity environment required for sweating Chinese...
Sweating is one of the most important processing methods of Chinese medicinal herbs. However, the high temperature and humidity environment required for sweating Chinese medicinal herbs makes it very easy for fungi to breed, especially toxigenic fungi. The mycotoxins produced by these fungi will then contaminate the Chinese medicinal herbs. In this study, we explored the changes in mycobiota, toxigenic fungi, and mycotoxins with and without sweating in (RD), a typical representative of traditional Chinese medicine that requires processing through sweating. We also isolated and identified the toxigenic fungi from RD, whether they were subjected to sweating treatment or not, and examined their toxigenic genes and ability. The results showed that the detection rate of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin) in RD with sweating was 36%, which was 2.25-fold higher than that in RD without sweating. We also detected T-2 toxin in the RD with sweating, whereas it was not found in the RD without sweating. The sweating process altered the fungal composition and increased the abundance of and in RD. and were the most frequently contaminating fungi in the RD. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed the presence of key toxigenic fungal strains in RD samples, including and . These four fungi, respectively, carried , , , and , which were key genes for the biosynthesis of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin. The toxigenic ability of these four fungal strains was verified in different matrices. We also found that , , and were isolated in RD both with sweating and without sweating, but their isolation frequency was significantly higher in the RD with sweating than in the RD without sweating. was not isolated from RD without sweating, but it was isolated from RD with sweating. These findings suggest that the sweating process promotes the expansion of toxigenic fungi and increases the risk of combined mycotoxin contamination in RD.
PubMed: 38903800
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1394774 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2024L-lysine functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-Lys) have been widely used for the detection of worldwide interest analytes. In this work, a colorimetric assay for the...
L-lysine functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-Lys) have been widely used for the detection of worldwide interest analytes. In this work, a colorimetric assay for the detection of the carcinogen aflatoxin B (AFB) based on the aggregation of AuNPs-Lys in the presence of copper ions was developed. For this purpose, AuNPs were synthesized in citrate aqueous solution, functionalized, and further characterized by UV-Vis, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In general, AuNPS-Lys (~2.73 × 10 particles) offered a clear colorimetric response in the presence of AFB and Cu ions showing linearity in the range of 6.25 to 200 ng AFB/mL, with a detection limit of 4.18 ng AFB/mL via photometric inspection. Moreover, the performance of the proposed methodology was tested using the 991.31 AOAC official procedure based on monoclonal antibodies in maize samples artificially contaminated with AFB. There was a good agreement between the measured AFB concentrations in both assays, the average recoveries for the colorimetric and immunoaffinity assays were between 91.2-98.4% and 96.0-99.2%, respectively. These results indicated that the colorimetric assay could be used as a rapid, eco-friendly, and cost-effective platform for the quantification of AFB in maize-based products.
PubMed: 38903616
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1425638 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2024Aflatoxin B (AFB), the most toxic and harmful mycotoxin, has a high likelihood of occurring in animal feed and human food, which seriously affects agriculture and food... (Review)
Review
Aflatoxin B (AFB), the most toxic and harmful mycotoxin, has a high likelihood of occurring in animal feed and human food, which seriously affects agriculture and food safety and endangers animal and human health. Recently, natural plant products have attracted widespread attention due to their low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and simple composition, indicating significant potential for resisting AFB. The mechanisms by which these phytochemicals resist toxins mainly involve antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic pathways. Moreover, these substances also inhibit the genotoxicity of AFB by directly influencing its metabolism , which contributes to its elimination. Here, we review various phytochemicals that resist AFB and their anti-AFB mechanisms in different animals, as well as the common characteristics of phytochemicals with anti-AFB function. Additionally, the shortcomings of current research and future research directions will be discussed. Overall, this comprehensive summary contributes to the better application of phytochemicals in agriculture and food safety.
PubMed: 38897919
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01796