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Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023Aluminum-containing adjuvants are extensively used in inactive human and animal vaccines owing to their favorable immunostimulatory and safe properties. Nonetheless,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A Comparative Study of the Effects of Al(OH) and AlPO Adjuvants on the Production of Neutralizing Antibodies (NAbs) against Bovine parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV3) in Guinea Pigs.
Aluminum-containing adjuvants are extensively used in inactive human and animal vaccines owing to their favorable immunostimulatory and safe properties. Nonetheless, there is controversy over the effects of different aluminum salts as an adjuvant for the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) vaccine. In order to find a suitable adjuvant, we studied the effects of two adjuvants (i.e., aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)] and aluminum potassium sulfate [AlPO]) on the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) for an experimental BPIV3 vaccine. The animals under study (Guinea pigs) were randomly assigned to five groups of experimental vaccines containing Al(OH) (AH), AlPO (AP), Al(OH)-AlPO mixture (MIX), commercial vaccine (COM), and control (NS). The treatment groups were immunized with two doses of vaccine 21 days apart (on days 0 and 21), and the control group received normal saline under the same conditions. The animals were monitored for 42 days, and blood samples were then taken. The results indicated that all vaccines were able to induce the production of NAbs at levels higher than the minimum protective titer (0.6). An increase in titer was observed throughout the monitoring period. Moreover, an increase in both the level and mean titer of NAbs obtained from the vaccine containing Al(OH) adjuvant was significantly higher than in the other studied groups (P≤0.005). The comparison of NAbs titer in other groups did not display a significant difference. Considering the speed of rising and the optimal titer of NAbs production in the experimental vaccine, the Al(OH) adjuvant is a suitable candidate for preparing a vaccine against BPIV3 for immunization.
Topics: Animals; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aluminum Hydroxide; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Guinea Pigs; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine; Viral Vaccines; Antibodies, Viral; Random Allocation; Aluminum Compounds; Female
PubMed: 38828184
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1779 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has a high prevalence in cloven-hoofed animals. It is also highly contagious and remains a serious threat to livestock worldwide. Despite... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has a high prevalence in cloven-hoofed animals. It is also highly contagious and remains a serious threat to livestock worldwide. Despite the widespread vaccination program in Iran, outbreaks of FMD continue to occur. Vaccination is one of the most effective methods of preventing FMD. The vaccines used in Iran are of the inactivated type and contain several serotypes. Since inactivated vaccines without adjuvants do not induce a high and durable antibody response, it is necessary to use adjuvants. Montanide ISA 206 VG is a mineral oil-based adjuvant that produces a water-in-oil-in-water (w:o:w) emulsion in vaccine preparations. However, a large number of manufacturers in Iran and around the world still use alum adjuvant (with or without saponin) to produce the FMD vaccine. This study used Montanide ISA 206 and alum adjuvants to administer the O2010 serotype of the FMD virus to goats. A total of six goats were divided randomly into three groups. Vaccines were administered subcutaneously twice, at a one-month interval. Blood sampling was done at different times, and the micro-neutralization method was used to measure the neutralizing antibody titer in each serum. Seven days after the second vaccination, the alum group's antibody titer was higher but not statistically significant. However, from the 28th day after the second injection until the end of the study, the Montanide ISA 206 group's antibody titer was significantly higher than that of the alum group. Six months after the second injection, the antibody titer in the ISA 206 group remained at the peak level, while in the alum group, it decreased and reached the minimum protective level. Nine months after the second injection, the antibody titer remained at its peak level in the ISA 206 group, whereas it dropped significantly in the alum group. Based on the findings, ISA 206 VG is capable of generating long-term humoral immunity in goats against the FMD serotype O2010 and could replace aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in FMD vaccine preparations.
Topics: Animals; Goats; Aluminum Hydroxide; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Goat Diseases; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Viral Vaccines; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Iran; Oleic Acids; Mannitol
PubMed: 38828163
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1843 -
The Science of the Total Environment Aug 2024Cyanobacterial blooms have been a growing problem in water bodies and attracted attention from researcher and water companies worldwide. Different treatment methods have...
Cyanobacterial blooms have been a growing problem in water bodies and attracted attention from researcher and water companies worldwide. Different treatment methods have been researched and applied either inside water treatment plants or directly into reservoirs. We tested a combination of coagulants, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and iron(III) chloride (FeCl), and ballasts, luvisol (LUV) and planosol (PLAN), known as the 'Floc and Sink' technique, to remove positively buoyant cyanobacteria from a tropical reservoir water. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the two reaction variables - coagulant dosage (x) and ballast dosage (x) to remove the response variables: chlorophyll-a, turbidity, true color, and organic matter. Results showed that the combination of LUV with PAC effectively reduced the concentration of the response variables, while PLAN was ineffective in removing cyanobacteria when combined to PAC or FeCl. Furthermore, FeCl presented poorer floc formation and lower removal efficiency compared to PAC. This study may contribute to the theoretical and practical knowledge of the algal biomass removal for mitigating eutrophication trough different dosages of coagulants and ballasts.
Topics: Cyanobacteria; Eutrophication; Water Purification; Chlorides; Flocculation; Ferric Compounds; Aluminum Hydroxide; Soil
PubMed: 38795993
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173378 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Red mud (RM) is an industrial waste generated in the process of aluminum refinement. The recycling and reusing of RM have become urgent problems to be solved. To explore...
Red mud (RM) is an industrial waste generated in the process of aluminum refinement. The recycling and reusing of RM have become urgent problems to be solved. To explore the feasibility of using RM in geotechnical engineering, this study combined magnesium oxide (MgO) (or calcium oxide (CaO)) with RM as an RM-based binder, which was then used to stabilize the soil. The physical, mechanical, and micro-structural properties of the stabilized soil were investigated. As the content of MgO or CaO in the mixture increased, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the RM-based cementitious materials first increased and then decreased. For the soils stabilized with RM-MgO or RM-CaO, the UCS increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum at RM:MgO = 5:5 or RM:CaO = 8:2. The addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) promoted the hydration reaction. The UCS enhancement ranged from 8.09% to 66.67% for the RM-MgO stabilized soils and 204.6% to 346.6% for the RM-CaO stabilized soils. The optimum ratio of the RM-MgO stabilized soil (with NaOH) was 2:8, while that of the RM-CaO stabilized soil (with NaOH) was 4:6. Freeze-thaw cycles reduced the UCS of the stabilized soil, but the resistance of the stabilized soil to freeze-thaw erosion was significantly improved by the addition of RM-MgO or RM-CaO, and the soil stabilized with RM-MgO had better freeze-thaw resistance than that with RM-CaO. The hydrated magnesium silicate generated by the RM-MgO stabilized soil and the hydrated calcium silicate generated by the RM-CaO stabilized soil helped to improve the UCS of the stabilized soil. The freeze-thaw cycles did not weaken the formation of hydration products in the stabilized soil but could result in physical damage to the stabilized soils. The decrease in the UCS of the stabilized soil was mainly due to physical damage.
PubMed: 38793407
DOI: 10.3390/ma17102340 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024In response to the escalating concern over the effect of environmental factors on ocular health, this study aimed to investigate the impact of air pollution-associated...
In response to the escalating concern over the effect of environmental factors on ocular health, this study aimed to investigate the impact of air pollution-associated particulate matter (PM) on ocular allergy and inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) topically and aluminum hydroxide via intraperitoneal injection. Two weeks later, the mice were challenged with OVA and exposed to PM. Three groups-naive, OVA, and OVA-sensitized with PM exposure (OVA + PM) groups-were induced to an Allergic Eye disease (AED) model. Parameters including clinical signs, histological changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulins E (IgE) levels, mast cells degranulation, cellular apoptosis and T-cell cytokines were studied. The results demonstrate that exposure with PM significantly exacerbates ocular allergy, evidenced by increased eye-lid edema, mast cell degranulation, inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-α), cell proliferation (Ki67), and serum IgE, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and apoptosis and reduced goblet cells. These findings elucidate the detrimental impact of PM exposure on exacerbating the severity of AED. Noticeably, diminished goblet cells highlight disruptions in ocular surface integrity, while increased PMN infiltration with an elevated production of IgE signifies a systemic allergic response with inflammation. In conclusion, this study not only scientifically substantiates the association between air pollution, specifically PM, and ocular health, but also underscores the urgency for further exploration and targeted interventions to mitigate the detrimental effects of environmental pollutants on ocular surfaces.
PubMed: 38790364
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050498 -
Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS May 2024To elucidate the mechanism of dysfunction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) is of significance. Telomerase involves the regulation of the cell fate and activities....
BACKGROUND
To elucidate the mechanism of dysfunction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) is of significance. Telomerase involves the regulation of the cell fate and activities. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulating the tolerogenic feature of DCs.
METHODS
The telomerase was assessed in DCs, which were collected from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), healthy control (HC) subjects, and mice. RNAs were extracted from DCs, and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNAseq), real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting.
RESULTS
The results showed that expression of TERT was higher in peripheral DCs of AR patients. The expression of IL10 in DCs was negatively correlated with the levels of TERT expression. Importantly, the levels of TERT mRNA in DCs were associated with the AR response in patients with AR. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promoted the expression of Tert in DCs. Sensitization with the ovalbumin-aluminum hydroxide protocol increased the expression of Tert in DCs by exacerbating ER stress. TERT interacting with c-Maf (the transcription factor of IL-10) inducing protein (CMIP) in DCs resulted in CMIP ubiquitination and degradation, and thus, suppressed the production of IL-10. Inhibition of Tert in DCs mitigated experimental AR.
CONCLUSIONS
Elevated amounts of TERT were detected in DCs of patients with AR. The tolerogenic feature of DCs was impacted by TERT. Inhibited TERT attenuated experimental AR.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Dendritic Cells; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Immune Tolerance; Interleukin-10; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Rhinitis, Allergic; Telomerase
PubMed: 38783329
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01650-6 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Aug 2024Evaluating the quality of herbal medicine based on the content and activity of its main components is highly beneficial. Developing an eco-friendly determination method... (Review)
Review
Evaluating the quality of herbal medicine based on the content and activity of its main components is highly beneficial. Developing an eco-friendly determination method has significant application potential. In this study, we propose a new method to simultaneously predict the total flavonoid content (TFC), xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XO) activity, and antioxidant activity (AA) of Prunus mume using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Using the sodium nitrite-aluminum nitrate-sodium hydroxide colorimetric method, uric acid colorimetric method, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity as reference methods, we analyzed TFC, XO, and AA in 90 P. mume samples collected from different locations in China. The solid samples were subjected to NIR. By employing spectral preprocessing and optimizing spectral bands, we established a rapid prediction model for TFC, XO, and AA using partial least squares regression (PLS). To improve the model's performance and eliminate irrelevant variables, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was used to calculate the pretreated full spectrum. Evaluation model indicators included the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) and determination coefficient (R) values. The TFC, XO, and AA model, combining optimal spectral preprocessing and spectral bands, had RMSECV values of 0.139, 0.117, and 0.121, with R values exceeding 0.92. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the TFC, XO, and AA model on the prediction set was 0.301, 0.213, and 0.149, with determination coefficient (R) values of 0.915, 0.933, and 0.926. The results showed a strong correlation between NIR with TFC, XO, and AA in P. mume. Therefore, the established model was effective, suitable for the rapid quantification of TFC, XO, and AA. The prediction method is simple and rapid, and can be extended to the study of medicinal plant content and activity.
Topics: Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Flavonoids; Prunus; Xanthine Oxidase; Antioxidants; Least-Squares Analysis; Enzyme Inhibitors; China
PubMed: 38776585
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116164 -
Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England... Jun 2024Slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) form the core of innovative strategies in sustainable agriculture. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH), known for their high capacity to...
Slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) form the core of innovative strategies in sustainable agriculture. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH), known for their high capacity to sequester plant nutrients, especially phosphate, are emerging as promising candidates for SRF synthesis. The phosphate release properties of MgAl LDH (with a targeted Mg/Al ratio of 2.0) intercalated with HPO anions were assessed in various aqueous environments. A comprehensive analysis, including in-depth chemical and structural characterizations (ICP-OES, XRD, PDF, Al NMR, P NMR, FTIR, SEM) of the as-prepared phase unveiled a more intricate composition than anticipated for a pure or ideal MgAl-HPO LDH, encompassing an excess of intercalated phosphate in conjunction with K. Beyond the intercalated phosphate, solid state P NMR speciation identified multiple HPO environments, indicating a portion of the phosphate reacting with intralayer Mg to form K-struvite. Additionally, some phosphates were adsorbed onto the surface of amorphous aluminum hydroxide, a side phase formed during MgAl coprecipitation. The phosphate release demonstrated rapid kinetics, occurring within 6 days. Moreover, the released phosphate increased significantly when reducing the Solid/Liquid (S/L) ratio (58%) and further increasing in the presence of carbonate ions (90%). The released phosphate varied from 12% to 90% under different release conditions, transitioning from water to a 3.33 mM NaHCO aqueous solution at a low S/L ratio (from 20 mg LDH per mL to 0.02 mg LDH per mL). The simultaneous release of K, Mg, Al indicated the complete dissolution of the K-struvite and partial dissolution of phosphate intercalated MgAl LDH. These results enhanced our understanding of the mechanism governing phosphate release from MgAl LDH, paving the way for potential phosphate recovery by LDH or for the development of LDH-based SRFs.
PubMed: 38771566
DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00601a -
PloS One 2024Swine atrophic rhinitis is a disease caused by Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica that affects pigs. Inactivated vaccines containing the toxins produced...
Swine atrophic rhinitis is a disease caused by Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica that affects pigs. Inactivated vaccines containing the toxins produced by Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica have been widely used for the prevention of swine atrophic rhinitis. The efficacy of a vaccine is correlated with the amount of antigen present; however, the protective toxin of P. multocida bound to aluminum hydroxide, which is used as an adjuvant, can hinder the monitoring of the antigen concentration in the vaccine. This study assessed the applicability of a dot immunoassay as an antigen quantification method using monoclonal antibodies. This quantification method was able to detect the antigen with high specificity and sensitivity even when the antigen was bound to the adjuvant, and its application to vaccine products revealed a correlation between the amount of antigen present in the vaccine and the neutralizing antibody titers induced in pigs. The antigen quantification method presented in this study is a simple and sensitive assay capable of quantifying the amount of antigen present in a vaccine that can be used as an alternative quality control measure.
Topics: Animals; Pasteurella multocida; Swine; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Bacterial Vaccines; Aluminum Hydroxide; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Antigens, Bacterial; Swine Diseases; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Antibodies, Bacterial; Pasteurella Infections; Antibodies, Neutralizing
PubMed: 38768145
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301688 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2024The committed differentiation fate regulation has been a difficult problem in the fields of stem cell research, evidence showed that nanomaterials could promote the...
PURPOSE
The committed differentiation fate regulation has been a difficult problem in the fields of stem cell research, evidence showed that nanomaterials could promote the differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles possess the regulation function of stem cell fate, while the underlying mechanism needs to be investigated. In this study, the process of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiate to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by magnesium aluminum LDH (MgAl-LDH) was investigated.
METHODS
MgAl-LDH with diameters of 30, 50, and 100 nm were synthesized and characterized, and their effects on the cytotoxicity and differentiation of NPCs were detected in vitro. Dot blot and MeRIP-qPCR were performed to detect the level of mA RNA methylation in nanoparticles-treated cells.
RESULTS
Our work displayed that LDH nanoparticles of three different sizes were biocompatible with NPCs, and the addition of MgAl-LDH could significantly promote the process of ESCs differentiate to NPCs. 100 nm LDH has a stronger effect on promoting NPCs differentiation compared to 30 nm and 50 nm LDH. In addition, dot blot results indicated that the enhanced NPCs differentiation by MgAl-LDH was closely related to mA RNA methylation process, and the major modification enzyme in LDH controlled NPCs differentiation may be the mA RNA methyltransferase METTL3. The upregulated METTL3 by LDH increased the mA level of mRNA, enhancing its stability.
CONCLUSION
This work reveals that MgAl-LDH nanoparticles can regulate the differentiation of ESCs into NPCs by increasing mA RNA methylation modification of .
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Animals; Neural Stem Cells; Mice; Nanoparticles; Methylation; Hydroxides; Methyltransferases; Particle Size; Embryonic Stem Cells; Adenosine; Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide
PubMed: 38766656
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S463141