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Ecology Jul 2023Pesticides have been used in Canada since 1945 as part of large-scale aerial spray applications to control insect pests on forested lands. Some of the pesticides used...
Pesticides have been used in Canada since 1945 as part of large-scale aerial spray applications to control insect pests on forested lands. Some of the pesticides used historically were efficacious, nonselective, persistent, and have led to serious impacts on the environment. A well known, and extensively documented example is the large-scale aerial spray programs in New Brunswick, Canada. From 1952 to 1993, 97% of the 6.2 million ha of the forested lands of New Brunswick were treated with at least one application of one insecticide, the majority of which were applied to control outbreaks of eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana). The most well known insecticide was dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), applied from 1952 to 1968, which still persists in treated soils and adjacent water bodies, and caused the individual and cumulative ecosystem effects that can still be measured today. The insecticides that replaced DDT were nonpersistent and unlikely to be found today. However, during the years of application some of the insecticides were likely to have impacted local ecosystems to some degree. To aid future studies on the efficacy and environmental impact of these insecticides we created a digital spatial data set of known pesticide application in New Brunswick forestry from 1952 to 1993. The data set includes active ingredient, formulation, application rate, tank mix, aircraft type, and other ancillary information. The current version of the data is available on the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy Development, GIS Open Data Page and in the supplemental material. Use of the data set for academic and educational purposes is encouraged, provided that both this data paper and the data source are properly cited; the Government of New Brunswick should be acknowledged as the data source (Open Government License http://www.snb.ca/e/2000/data-E.html).
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; New Brunswick; Pesticides; Ecosystem; DDT; Moths; Picea
PubMed: 37248722
DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4068 -
Current Research in Insect Science 2022Edible insects are currently promoted worldwide as an alternative animal protein source, but they are mostly still harvested from the wild where they are predisposed to...
Edible insects are currently promoted worldwide as an alternative animal protein source, but they are mostly still harvested from the wild where they are predisposed to contamination with agrochemicals. This study analysed six species of edible insects ( sp, and sp) collected from different habitats and/or reared in the laboratory in Kenya and Uganda for safety from agrochemical contaminants using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The residue levels were statistically compared with the Codex Alimentarius Commission maximum residue limits (MRLs). Residues of only nine agrochemicals were detected in the insects out of 374 chemicals which were screened. The detected agrochemicals include two insecticides (aminocarb and pymetrozine), three herbicides (atraton, methabenzthiazuron and metazachlor) and four fungicides (carboxin, fenpropimorph, fludioxonil and metalaxyl). and adult sp were free from detectable levels of any agrochemical. Whereas the pesticides residue levels in most insect samples were within maximum residue limits, some of them notably from black soldier fly larval frass, from oil palm and from plant compost contained 2-, 8- and 49-fold higher levels of atraton, methabenzthiazuron and metazachlor, respectively, than MRLs. These findings demonstrate that edible insects may accumulate harmful residues of agrochemicals from the environment where they breed or forage, rendering them unsafe for human consumption or feeding animals. The mechanisms for possible bioaccumulation of these agrochemicals in the insects remains to be investigated. Development of methods for farming edible insects under regulated indoor conditions to ensure their safety as sources of food or feed is recommended.
PubMed: 36683952
DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100049 -
Environmental Health Insights 2022This study assessed concentrations of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farm-to-fork in Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. A total of 160 samples of fruit...
This study assessed concentrations of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farm-to-fork in Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. A total of 160 samples of fruit and vegetables collected from farms, markets, streets, restaurants and homes were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer for dithiocarbamates. Multiple pesticide residues were detected in majority of the samples (95.6%). The proportions of the most frequently detected pesticides residue classes were organophosphates (91.3%), carbamates (67.5%), pyrethroids (60.0%) dithiocarbamates (48.1%) and neonicotinoids (42.5%). Among organophosphates, propotamophos, acephate, fonofos, monocrotophos and dichlorvos were the most detected active ingredients; aminocarb, methomyl and pirimicarb were the commonly detected carbamates; while imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid and lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethroid were also highly detected. Twenty-seven pesticide were tested at all stages, of which the concentrations either decreased or increased along the chain. Multiple pesticide residues occurred in commonly consumed fruit and vegetables with decreasing or increasing concentrations from farm-to-fork.
PubMed: 35846167
DOI: 10.1177/11786302221111866 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Jun 2022The indiscriminate utilization of agrochemicals causes environmental and animal life impacts. In this regard, methodologies have been developed to offer efficiency and...
UNLABELLED
The indiscriminate utilization of agrochemicals causes environmental and animal life impacts. In this regard, methodologies have been developed to offer efficiency and quickness for agrochemicals detection. Due to their selectivity and molecular recognition sites, Molecular Imprinted Polymer (MIPs) have been widely employed in some areas, including biotechnology, waste analyses, foodstuff, biological fluids, and others. This work proposed developing a method to determine aminocarb, pirimicarb, dimethoate, omethoate, pyridaphenthion, and fenitrothion pesticides using molecularly imprinted polymer combined with solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE) for clean-up and paper spray ionization mass spectrometry for their analysis. Extractions analysis for Aminocarb, Pirimicarb, and Omethoate using MIP-SPE showed better performance when compared with MIP and NIP. The values were found with > 0.98 for all pesticides, and LODs and LOQs values were 50 and 100 µg kg, respectively. The precision and accuracy were assessed at three concentration levels-low, medium, and high. The precision values (interday and intraday) were below 10%, and the variation of recovery was between 80 and 120% for all pesticides. Therefore, it was possible to verify the presence of two carbamates and five organophosphorus without the necessity of preconcentration samples with precision and good recovery.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05464-7.
PubMed: 35602426
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05464-7 -
Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign... Nov 2020Pesticides are now recognised to interact with drug transporters, but only few data are available on this issue for carbamate pesticides, a widely used class of...
Pesticides are now recognised to interact with drug transporters, but only few data are available on this issue for carbamate pesticides, a widely used class of agrochemicals, to which humans are highly exposed. The present study was therefore designed to determine whether four representative carbamate pesticides, i.e. the insecticides aminocarb and carbofuran, the herbicide chlorpropham and the fungicide propamocarb, may impair activities of main drug transporters implicated in pharmacokinetics. The interactions of carbamates with solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette transporters were investigated using cultured transporter-overexpressing cells, reference substrates and spectrofluorimetry-, liquid chomatography/tandem mass spectrometry- or radioactivity-based methods. Aminocarb and carbofuran exerted no or minimal effects on transporter activities, whereas chlorpropham inhibited BCRP and OAT3 activities and propamocarb decreased those of OCT1 and OCT2, but -stimulated that of MATE2-K. Such alterations of transporters however required chlorpropham/propamocarb concentrations in the 5-50 µM range, likely not relevant to environmental exposure. -stimulation assays and propamocarb accumulation experiments additionally suggested that propamocarb is not a substrate for OCT1, OCT2 and MATE2-K. These data indicate that some carbamate pesticides can interact with some drug transporters, but only when used at concentrations higher than those expected to occur in environmentally exposed humans.
Topics: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Carbamates; Drug Interactions; Humans; Insecticides; Neoplasm Proteins; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Pesticides
PubMed: 32421406
DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1771473 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Mar 2016This study presents a complementary approach for the evaluation of water quality in a river basin by employing active and passive sampling. Thirty-eight hydrophilic...
This study presents a complementary approach for the evaluation of water quality in a river basin by employing active and passive sampling. Thirty-eight hydrophilic organic compounds (HpOCs) (organohalogen herbicides, organophosphorous pesticides, carbamate, triazine, urea, pharmaceuticals, phenols, and industrial chemicals) were studied in grab water samples and in passive samplers POCIS collected along Strymonas River, Northern Greece, at three sampling campaigns during the year 2013. Almost all the target compounds were detected at the periods of high rainfall intensity and/or low flow rate. The most frequently detected compounds were aminocarb, carbaryl, chlorfenviphos, chloropropham, 2,4-D, diflubenzuron, diuron, isoproturon, metolachlor, and salicylic acid. Bisphenol A and nonylphenol were also occasionally detected. The use of POCIS allowed the detection of more micropollutants than active sampling. Low discrepancy between the concentrations obtained from both samplings was observed, at least for compounds with >50 % detection frequency; thus, POCIS could be a valuable tool for the selection and monitoring of the most relevant HpOCs in the river basin. Results showed relatively low risk from the presence of HpOCs; however, the potential risk associated with micropollutants such as carbaryl, dinoseb, diuron, fenthion, isoproturon, metolachlor, nonylphenol, and salicylic acid should not be neglected.
Topics: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Ecotoxicology; Environmental Monitoring; Greece; Herbicides; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Pesticides; Risk Assessment; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Quality
PubMed: 26573318
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5760-4 -
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental... 2014Aminocarb is a widely applied carbamate insecticide with action of controlling pests such as Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In this study, subchronic effects on Wistar rats...
Aminocarb is a widely applied carbamate insecticide with action of controlling pests such as Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In this study, subchronic effects on Wistar rats were investigated using hematological, biochemical, and histological techniques. Rats were exposed orally at sublethal levels of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg body weight (groups A, B, and C, respectively) for 14 d. Hematological results revealed no statistical differences after 1 d of exposure but significant reduction in white blood cells detected after 7 d of exposure in group C, as well as, in all treated groups after 14 d of exposure. Biochemical data showed a decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity in all groups after 1 d of exposure with a return to normal after 7 and 14 d. Significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of rats exposed to aminocarb was noted after 7 d of treatment. The levels of triglycerides were also significantly decreased. The present investigation also showed a significant increase in content of serum urea and creatinine in animals from group A (14 d), and from groups B and C (7 and 14 d). Histological results demonstrated hemorrhagic focus on hepatic and renal parenchyma in all exposed groups. Taken together, the attained results were dose dependent and indicated adverse effects of aminocarb on hepatic and renal functions, as well as on immune responsiveness at sublethal tested doses.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Creatinine; Insecticides; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Phenylcarbamates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triglycerides; Urea
PubMed: 25072717
DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.909305 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... 2013A simple and sensitive flow-injection (FI) method is reported for the determination of thiram and aminocarb pesticides in natural water samples based on the strong...
Determination of thiram and aminocarb pesticides in natural water samples using flow injection with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-diperiodatoargentate(III) chemiluminescence detection.
A simple and sensitive flow-injection (FI) method is reported for the determination of thiram and aminocarb pesticides in natural water samples based on the strong enhancing effects of these pesticides on the tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-diperiodatoargentate(III) (Ru(bipy)3(2+)-DPA) chemiluminescence (CL) system. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the CL intensity was linear over the range of 1.0 - 1000 and 1.0 - 10000 ng mL(-1) (R(2) = 0.9998 (n = 7) and 0.9994 (n = 11)) for thiram and aminocarb, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSDs; n = 3) in the range 1.0 - 2.6%. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.1 ng mL(-1) for both pesticides with injection throughputs of 150 h(-1). The key chemical and physical variables (reagent concentrations, flow rates, sample volume, PMT voltage) were optimized and potential interferences investigated. The method was successfully applied to natural water samples and the results obtained were not significantly different (95% confidence interval) from results obtained by the previously reported FI-CL and HPLC methods. Thiram could be determined in the presence of aminocarb using Triton X-100. The possible CL reaction mechanism is also discussed briefly.
Topics: Coordination Complexes; Flow Injection Analysis; Luminescence; Luminescent Measurements; Molecular Structure; Pesticides; Phenylcarbamates; Solid Phase Extraction; Thiram; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 24212732
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.1061 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Sep 2009A procedure for the simultaneous kinetic spectrophotometric determination of aminocarb and carbaryl in vegetable and water samples was described. The method was based on...
A procedure for the simultaneous kinetic spectrophotometric determination of aminocarb and carbaryl in vegetable and water samples was described. The method was based on the differential oxidation rate of aminocarb and carbaryl when they were reacted with the oxidant, potassium ferricyanide (K(3)Fe(CN)(6)), in an appropriate alkaline medium. Both species were instantly oxidized, and resulted in a decrease of ferricyanide concentration. This anion has a maximum spectral absorbance at about 420 nm. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear ranges were 0.05-0.6 mg L(-1) and 0.1-1.2 mg L(-1) for aminocarb and carbaryl, respectively. The kinetic data collected were processed by chemometrics methods, such as classical least squares (CLS), partial least squares (PLS), principal components regression (PCR), back propagation-artificial neural network (BP-ANN), radial basis function-artificial neural network (RBF-ANN), and principal component-radial basis function-artificial neural network (PC-RBF-ANN). These methods were applied for the prediction of the two carbamate pesticides. The results showed that the PLS and PC-RBF-ANN calibration models gave the lowest prediction errors. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of aminocarb and carbaryl in vegetable and water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.
Topics: Carbaryl; Kinetics; Models, Chemical; Neural Networks, Computer; Pesticides; Phenylcarbamates; Spectrum Analysis; Vegetables; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 19349118
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.003 -
Parasitology Mar 2006This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects (immunosuppression or immunoactivation) of various anthelmintics including levamisole, fenvalerate, dieldrin, carbofuran,... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects (immunosuppression or immunoactivation) of various anthelmintics including levamisole, fenvalerate, dieldrin, carbofuran, aminocarb, thiabendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole and ivermectin. The induced modulation of immune function may occur via direct and/or indirect mechanisms. The immunomodulatory effects of these anti-parasitics have been studied in a variety of bacterial (e.g. brucellosis, salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, mastitis), viral (e.g. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Herpes, foot and mouth disease), parasitic (e.g. onchocerciasis, coccidiosis, ascariasis, schistosomiasis) and neoplastic diseases. Some antiparasitics have also been used to boost immunity in a number of human diseases including leprosy, Hodgkin's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and in adjuvanted therapy of colorectal cancer. The ability to stimulate the immune response of animals offers a new means of disease intervention. Future research on immunomodulatory effects of anti-parasitics, for humans and domestic farm animals, will provide additional methods of treating immunosuppressed subjects. The immunopotentiating or immunosuppressing activity of anti-parasitics will dictate whether co-administration of vaccines and anthelmintics or administration of vaccines during the window of immunoactivation is justified or not.
Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 16332285
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182005009108