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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Jun 2024The presence of a large amount of organic and inorganic pollutants in dairy effluent is a substantial environmental issue. This study investigated electrocoagulation... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparative evaluation between Taguchi method and response surface method for optimization of electrocoagulation process in the context of treatment of dairy industry wastewater.
The presence of a large amount of organic and inorganic pollutants in dairy effluent is a substantial environmental issue. This study investigated electrocoagulation (EC) as a potential treatment method for dairy wastewater under different operating conditions, such as applied voltage (5-25 V), electrolysis time (30-90 min), and inter-electrode distance (1-2 cm) by using aluminum electrodes. This study focuses on achieving the maximum removal of BOD, COD, and nitrate in dairy effluents with the aforementioned operating conditions. The process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and Taguchi method. RSM method optimized the electrocoagulation operating conditions such as the voltage at 23.75 V, time of 90 min, and inter-electrode distance at 1.07 cm. This optimization achieved the maximum removal percentage of BOD, COD, and nitrate at 79.06%, 84.35%, and 79.64%, respectively, in dairy effluent. Taguchi method optimized the electrocoagulation parameters such as the voltage at 25 V, time duration of 90 min, and inter-electrode distance of 1.00 cm, showcasing improved removal percentages of BOD, COD, and nitrate as 90.54%, 89.28%, and 82.74% respectively. The current study attempts to understand the optimization efficiencies between Taguchi method and response surface method for diary wastewater treatment.
Topics: Wastewater; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Dairying; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Electrocoagulation; Nitrates; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis
PubMed: 38922358
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12784-y -
Journal of Molecular Modeling Jun 2024This research aims to offer a deeper understanding of the bonding interactions between M-Se and M-CO and how these interactions change across the group 6 transition...
CONTEXT
This research aims to offer a deeper understanding of the bonding interactions between M-Se and M-CO and how these interactions change across the group 6 transition metal series: [SeM(CO)] (M = Cr, Mo, W). It also seeks to explore the impact of carbonyl groups on M-M interactions within the clusters. Seven criteria, which are based on QTAIM properties, have been considered and compared with the corresponding criteria in other transition metal clusters. The results confirm that no such bond critical points or bond baths occur between transition metals, which instead have 5c-7e bonding interactions delocalized over their five-membered M(μ-Se) ring, as evidenced by the non-negligible nonbonding delocalization indices. The topological properties of three bond clusters, Cr-Se, Mo-Se, and W-Se, resemble those of "intermediate closed shell characters," which combine covalent and electrostatic properties. Source function calculations indicated that the bonded Se atom contributed the most to each Cr-Se and Mo-Se bcp. The O atoms and nonbonded Se atoms also contributed to some extent. However, metal atoms act as sinks rather than as sources of electron density. In contrast, the majority of the metal atoms, both bonded and nonbonded, contribute to Cr-W bcps. Analysis of the delocalization indices δ(M…O) in the three clusters indicates that CO significantly contributes to Cr π-back donation in cluster 1. In contrast, no π-back donation occurs from CO to Mo or W in clusters 2 or 3, respectively.
METHODS
The B3P86 hybrid functional was used for computations in the Gaussian 09 software. The LanL2DZ basis set was employed for Cr, Mo, and W, while the 6-31G (d, p) basis set was used for C, O, and Se atoms. We performed QTAIM analysis using the AIM2000 and Multiwfn packages, incorporating B3P86/WTBS for Cr, Mo, and W atoms. The 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set was used for C, O, and Se atoms. Additionally, we utilized the ELF and SF.
PubMed: 38922351
DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06031-x -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2024To evaluate the protective effect of an experimental solution containing TiF4/NaF on the development of radiation-induced dentin caries lesions.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the protective effect of an experimental solution containing TiF4/NaF on the development of radiation-induced dentin caries lesions.
METHODOLOGY
bovine root samples were irradiated (70Gy) and distributed as following (n=12/group): Commercial Saliva (BioXtra), NaF (500 ppm F-), TiF4 (500 ppm F), TiF4/NaF (TiF4: 300 ppm F-, NaF: 190 ppm F-), and Phosphate buffer solution (PBS, negative control). Biofilm was produced using biofilm from irradiated patients and McBain saliva (0.2% of sucrose, at 37oC and 5% CO2) for five days. The treatments were applied 1x/day. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted and demineralization was quantified by transversal microradiography. The ANOVA/Tukey test was applied for all parameters.
RESULTS
All treatments reduced CFU for total microorganisms. TiF4 reduced Lactobacillus sp. (7.04±0.26 log10 CFU/mL) and mutans streptococci (7.18±0.28) CFU the most, when compared to PBS (7.58±0.21 and 7.75±0.17) and followed by NaF (7.12±0.31 and 7.34±0.22) and TiF4/NaF (7.16±0.35 and 7.29± 0.29). TiF4 and Commercial saliva showed the lowest integrated mineral loss (ΔZ-vol%.mm) (1977±150 and 2062±243, respectively) when compared to PBS (4540±335), followed by NaF (2403±235) and TiF4/NaF (2340±200). Commercial saliva was the only to significantly reduce mineral loss (LD-µm) (111±25) compared to PBS (153±24).Mean mineral loss (R-vol%) decreased by 35.2% for TiF4 (18.2±3.3) when compared to PBS (28.1±2.9) Conclusion: TiF4/NaF has a comparable anti-cariogenic effect to TiF4 and Commercial saliva under the model in this study.
Topics: Sodium Fluoride; Cattle; Animals; Dentin; Dental Caries; Biofilms; Fluorides; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans; Time Factors; Analysis of Variance; Microradiography; Cariostatic Agents; Reproducibility of Results; Lactobacillus; Colony Count, Microbial; Tooth Demineralization; Humans; Materials Testing; Reference Values; Treatment Outcome; Statistics, Nonparametric; Titanium
PubMed: 38922242
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2024-0024 -
Toxins Jun 2024Envenomation by marine animals poses a significant health concern globally, affecting both local residents and tourists in coastal regions. The primary objective of this... (Review)
Review
Envenomation by marine animals poses a significant health concern globally, affecting both local residents and tourists in coastal regions. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the existing scientific literature to determine the most effective first-aid treatment for envenomations caused by marine animals, specifically whether hot-water immersion (HWI) or ice-pack treatment (IPT) provides the best immediate care. This comprehensive review covers a wide range of marine envenomations, from jellyfish stings to stingray injuries. While our focus is primarily on the efficacy of HWI and IPT, we also explore the role of cold-water treatment as a result of its relevance and similarity to ice-pack applications. In addition, we examine other treatments mentioned in the literature, such as medications or vinegar, and highlight their findings where applicable. To provide a clear and structured overview, we summarised the articles in separate tables. These tables categorise the type of research conducted, the marine species studied, the region of origin of the marine species, and the key findings of each study. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates a general consensus in the scientific community on the effectiveness of HWI or IPT for envenomation by marine animals. However, when treating those injuries, it is crucial to consider all factors since there is no universally superior treatment due to the diverse nature of marine habitats.
Topics: Animals; Humans; First Aid; Bites and Stings; Aquatic Organisms; Hot Temperature; Immersion; Cryotherapy; Water
PubMed: 38922167
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060273 -
Toxins Jun 2024The escalating proliferation of cyanobacteria poses significant taste and odor (T/O) challenges, impacting freshwater ecosystems, public health, and water treatment... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Temporal Dynamics and Influential Factors of Taste and Odor Compounds in the Eastern Drinking Water Source of Chaohu Lake, China: A Comparative Analysis of Global Freshwaters.
The escalating proliferation of cyanobacteria poses significant taste and odor (T/O) challenges, impacting freshwater ecosystems, public health, and water treatment costs. We examined monthly variations in four T/O compounds from September 2011 to August 2012 in Chaohu Lake's eastern drinking water source (DECL). More importantly, we compared the reported T/O occurrence and the related factors in freshwater bodies worldwide. The assessment of T/O issues indicated a severe and widespread problem, with many cases surpassing odor threshold values. Remarkably, China reported the highest frequency and severity of odor-related problems. A temporal analysis revealed variations in odor occurrences within the same water body across different years, emphasizing the need to consider high values in all seasons for water safety. Globally, T/O issues were widespread, demanding attention to variations within the same water body and across different layers. Algae were crucial contributors to odor compounds, necessitating targeted interventions due to diverse odorant sources and properties. A correlation analysis alone lacked definitive answers, emphasizing the essential role of further validation, such as algae isolation. Nutrients are likely to have influenced the T/O, as GSM and MIB correlated positively with nitrate and ammonia nitrogen in DECL, resulting in proposed control recommendations. This study offers recommendations for freshwater ecosystem management and serves as a foundation for future research and management strategies to address T/O challenges.
Topics: Odorants; China; Lakes; Drinking Water; Taste; Environmental Monitoring; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Cyanobacteria; Seasons; Fresh Water
PubMed: 38922158
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060264 -
Toxics May 2024A community engaged research (CER) approach was used to provide an exposure assessment of poly- and perfluorinated (PFAS) compounds in North Carolina residential...
A community engaged research (CER) approach was used to provide an exposure assessment of poly- and perfluorinated (PFAS) compounds in North Carolina residential drinking water. Working in concert with community partners, who acted as liaisons to local residents, samples were collected by North Carolina residents from three different locations along the Cape Fear River basin: upper, middle, and lower areas of the river. Residents collected either drinking water samples from their homes or recreational water samples from near their residence that were then submitted by the community partners for PFAS analysis. All samples were processed using weak anion exchange (WAX) solid phase extraction and analyzed using a non-targeted suspect screening approach as well as a quantitative approach that included a panel of 45 PFAS analytes, several of which are specific to chemical industries near the collection site locations. The non-targeted approach, which utilized a suspect screening list (obtained from EPA CompTox database) identified several PFAS compounds at a level two confidence rating (Schymanski scale); compounds identified included a fluorinated insecticide, a fluorinated herbicide, a PFAS used in polymer chemistry, and another that is used in battery production. Notably, at several locations, PFOA (39.8 ng/L) and PFOS (205.3 ng/L) were at levels that exceeded the mandatory EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 4 ng/L. Additionally, several sites had detectable levels of PFAS that are unique to a local chemical manufacturer. These findings were communicated back to the community partners who then disseminated this information to the local residents to help empower and aid in making decisions for reducing their PFAS exposure.
PubMed: 38922083
DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060403 -
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Anionic carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are effective media to remove cationic contaminants from water. In this study, sustainable cationic CNF-based adsorbents...
Anionic carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are effective media to remove cationic contaminants from water. In this study, sustainable cationic CNF-based adsorbents capable of removing anionic contaminants were demonstrated using a simple approach. Specifically, the zero-waste nitro-oxidization process was used to produce carboxylated CNF (NOCNF), which was subsequently converted into a cationic scaffold by crosslinking with aluminum ions. The system, termed Al-CNF, is found to be effective for the removal of fluoride ions from water. Using the Langmuir isotherm model, the fluoride adsorption study indicates that Al-CNF has a maximum adsorption capacity of 43.3 mg/g, which is significantly higher than that of alumina-based adsorbents such as activated alumina (16.3 mg/g). The selectivity of fluoride adsorption in the presence of other anionic species (nitrate or sulfate) by Al-CNF at different pH values was also evaluated. The results indicate that Al-CNF can maintain a relatively high selectivity towards the adsorption of fluoride. Finally, the sequential applicability of using spent Al-CNF after the fluoride adsorption to further remove cationic contaminant such as Basic Red 2 dye was demonstrated. The low cost and relatively high adsorption capacity of Al-CNF make it suitable for practical applications in fluoride removal from water.
PubMed: 38921908
DOI: 10.3390/nano14121032 -
Marine Drugs Jun 2024is one of the most economically significant and widely cultured and consumed algae in the world. species present excellent nutraceutic properties due to their...
is one of the most economically significant and widely cultured and consumed algae in the world. species present excellent nutraceutic properties due to their bioactive compounds (BACs). This research aimed to find the most efficient aqueous extraction method for BACs by examining alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis with 2.5% sodium carbonate (SC) and at 80 °C proved optimal for extracting all BACs (phycobiliproteins, soluble proteins, polyphenols, and carbohydrates) except mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which were best extracted with water only, and at 80 °C. Enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly with the 'Miura' enzymatic cocktail (cellulase, xylanase, glycoside hydrolase, and β-glucanase), showed superior results in extracting phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC), soluble proteins, and carbohydrates, with increases of approximately 195%, 510%, 890%, and 65%, respectively, compared to the best alkaline hydrolysis extraction (2.5% SC and 80 °C). Phenolic content analysis showed no significant difference between the 'Miura' cocktail and 2.5% SC treatments. Antioxidant activity was higher in samples from alkaline hydrolysis, while extraction of MAAs showed no significant difference between water-only and 'Miura' treatments. The study concludes that enzymatic hydrolysis improves the efficiency of BACs extraction in , highlighting its potential for the nutraceutical industry, and especially with respect to MAAs for topical and oral UV-photoprotectors.
Topics: Porphyra; Hydrolysis; Dietary Supplements; Antioxidants; Carbonates; Phenols; Carbohydrates
PubMed: 38921595
DOI: 10.3390/md22060284 -
Marine Drugs Jun 2024Three polysaccharides (SnNG, SnFS and SnFG) were purified from the body wall of . The physicochemical properties, including monosaccharide composition, molecular weight,...
Three polysaccharides (SnNG, SnFS and SnFG) were purified from the body wall of . The physicochemical properties, including monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, sulfate content, and optical rotation, were analyzed, confirming that SnFS and SnFG are sulfated polysaccharides commonly found in sea cucumbers. The highly regular structure {3)-L-Fuc-(α1,} of SnFS was determined via a detailed NMR analysis of its oxidative degradation product. By employing β-elimination depolymerization of SnFG, tri-, penta-, octa-, hendeca-, tetradeca-, and heptadeca-saccharides were obtained from the low-molecular-weight product. Their well-defined structures confirmed that SnFG possessed the backbone of {-GalNAc-β(1,4)--GlcA}, and each GlcA residue was branched with Fuc. SnFS and SnFG are both structurally the simplest version of natural fucan sulfate and fucosylated glycosaminoglycan, facilitating the application of low-value sea cucumbers . Bioactivity assays showed that SnFG and its derived oligosaccharides exhibited potent anticoagulation and intrinsic factor Xase (iXase) inhibition. Moreover, a comparative analysis with the series of oligosaccharides solely branched with Fuc showed that in oligosaccharides with lower degrees of polymerization, such as octasaccharides, Fuc led to a greater increase in APTT prolongation and iXase inhibition. As the degree of polymerization increases, the influence from the sulfation pattern diminishes, until it is overshadowed by the effects of molecular weight.
Topics: Animals; Anticoagulants; Polysaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Molecular Weight; Stichopus; Sea Cucumbers; Sulfates; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Blood Coagulation
PubMed: 38921576
DOI: 10.3390/md22060265 -
Marine Drugs May 2024Recently, there has been a growing interest in collagen peptides derived from marine sources for their notable ability to protect skin cells against apoptosis induced by...
Recently, there has been a growing interest in collagen peptides derived from marine sources for their notable ability to protect skin cells against apoptosis induced by oxidants. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the fundamental properties of collagen peptides, including their physicochemical, thermal, structural, stem-cell-regenerative, and skin-cell-protective effects, in comparison to commercial collagen peptides. The acid-soluble (ASC) and pepsin-soluble (PSC) collagens exhibited three distinct bands on SDS-PAGE, namely α (α and α), β, and γ chains, confirming a type I pattern. The thermal profiles obtained from TG and DSC analyses confirmed the denaturation of PSC and ASC at temperatures ranging from 51.94 to 56.4 °C and from 52.07 to 56.53 °C, respectively. The purified collagen peptides were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, revealing a mass range of 900-15,000 Da. Furthermore, the de novo peptide sequence analysis confirmed the presence of the Gly-X-Y repeating sequence in collagen peptides. Collagen peptide treatments significantly enhanced HFF-1 cell proliferation and migration compared to the control group. ELISA results confirmed the potential interactions between collagen peptides and HFF-1 cells through αβ, αβ, and αβ integrin receptors. Notably, collagen peptide treatment effectively restored the proliferation of HFF-1 cells damaged by HO. Consequently, the advantageous characteristics of squid skin collagen peptides highlight their promising role in regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Hydrogen Peroxide; Collagen; Fibroblasts; Decapodiformes; Skin; Humans; Peptides; Cell Proliferation; Stem Cells; Cell Line; Protective Agents; Cell Movement
PubMed: 38921566
DOI: 10.3390/md22060255