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Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Gastrointestinal parasitism is a major health and welfare problem in ruminants. Synthetic chemical anthelmintic drugs have led to the emergence of resistance in...
Gastrointestinal parasitism is a major health and welfare problem in ruminants. Synthetic chemical anthelmintic drugs have led to the emergence of resistance in gastrointestinal strongyles, inducing the search for alternatives to control the infections that affect ruminants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of plant extracts against Rudolphi. Three plants of the Guadeloupean biodiversity, L., L. and spp., were selected based on their high polyphenolic content and natural abundance. The phytochemistry of plants was explored, a biological assay against the parasite was carried out, and several hypotheses about the way of action were proposed by an innovative electrochemical screening method.
PubMed: 38931441
DOI: 10.3390/ph17060774 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Mebendazole () is a benzimidazole carbamate anthelmintic used worldwide for the treatment and prevention of parasitic disorders in animals and humans. A large number of...
Mebendazole () is a benzimidazole carbamate anthelmintic used worldwide for the treatment and prevention of parasitic disorders in animals and humans. A large number of in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that also has anticancer activity in multiple types of cancers. After oral administration, the phenylketone moiety of is rapidly reduced to the hydroxyl group to form the chiral hydroxy metabolite (). To the best of our knowledge, there is no information in the literature on the stereochemical course of transformation and the anthelmintic and antitumor activity of individual enantiomers of . In the present study, we describe in detail the direct HPLC resolution of on a 100 mm × 4.6 mm Chirapak IG-3 column packed with 3 μm silica particles containing amylose (3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) as a selector. At 25 °C and using pure methanol as the mobile phase, the enantioseparation and resolution factors were 2.38 and 6.13, respectively. These conditions were scaled up at a semi-preparative scale using a 250 mm × 10 mm Chiralpak IG column to isolate multi-milligram amounts of both enantiomeric forms of the chiral metabolite. The chiroptical properties of the collected enantiomers were determined and, through a theoretical study, were related to the more stable conformations of MBZ-OH. The first and second eluted enantiomers were dextrorotatory and levorotatory, respectively, in dimethylformamide solution. Finally, by recording the retention factors of the enantiomers as the water content in the water-acetonitrile mobile phases was progressively varied, U-shaped retention maps were generated, indicating a dual and competitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography retention mechanism on the Chirapak IG-3 chiral stationary phase.
PubMed: 38931363
DOI: 10.3390/ph17060696 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2024Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since the current anthelmintic therapy is...
Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since the current anthelmintic therapy is no longer sustainable. A better knowledge of the host-parasite interaction is needed to design effective vaccines. To date, few studies have evaluated host-parasite interaction by comparing infected and reinfected animals. The present study evaluates the microscopical hepatic lesions in sheep infected and reinfected with during the acute and chronic stages of infection. The histopathological study revealed the presence of necrotizing foci (NF1) associated with larvae migration during the early stages of infection in the primoinfected (PI) and reinfected (RI) groups. In the late stages of infection of the PI group and at the early and late stages of infection in the RI groups, extensive necrotizing/hemorrhagic foci (NF2) were found in the vicinity of enlarged bile ducts, some containing adult flukes, suggesting parasites may have caused NF2 while feeding. The immunohistochemical study revealed an increase in Foxp3+ T cells in both PI and RI groups with respect to the UC group and in the infiltrates adjacent to NF1 in the RI groups with respect to the PI group, suggesting the induce Foxp3 T cell expansion to facilitate parasite survival. In addition, in both the PI and RI groups, and during acute and chronic stages of the infection, a poor expression of iNOS was found accompanied by a strong expression of CD163, suggesting a marked M2 activation of macrophages in the hepatic lesions, which may be related with healing processes, and it also may facilitate parasite survival. The main differences between PI and RI animals were the more severe infiltration of eosinophils and Foxp3+ T cells, whereas RI did not modify M2 activation of macrophages which occurs since the early stages of primoinfection.
PubMed: 38929451
DOI: 10.3390/ani14121833 -
BMJ Case Reports Jun 2024This report describes a male in his late 20s who presented with a 2-month history of recurrent haemoptysis and chest pain. A chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, was...
This report describes a male in his late 20s who presented with a 2-month history of recurrent haemoptysis and chest pain. A chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, was suspected. He had undergone surgical resection of an intrapericardial hydatid cyst in the past. His blood investigations showed peripheral eosinophilia, and his chest X-ray showed a cystic oval lesion in the left upper zone. A CT pulmonary angiogram revealed filling defects in the bilateral segmental and subsegmental arteries with a cystic lesion in the left upper lobe. Further workup, including bronchoalveolar lavage culture and MRI of the thorax, confirmed the diagnosis of a hydatid cyst of pulmonary echinococcosis. This case illustrates the presentation of multisystemic echinococcosis in a young male with no other risk factors, initially treated with surgical resection and antihelminthic therapy. The disease later recurred, which required prolonged medications, which brought the patient into remission.
Topics: Humans; Male; Echinococcosis, Pulmonary; Adult; Albendazole; Hemoptysis; Anthelmintics; Recurrence; Chest Pain; Heart Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Follow-Up Studies
PubMed: 38926123
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256689 -
Planta Jun 2024Integrated management strategies, including novel nematicides and resilient cultivars, offer sustainable solutions to combat root-knot nematodes, crucial for... (Review)
Review
Integrated management strategies, including novel nematicides and resilient cultivars, offer sustainable solutions to combat root-knot nematodes, crucial for safeguarding global agriculture against persistent threats. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) pose a significant threat to a diverse range of host plants, with their obligatory endoparasitic nature leading to substantial agricultural losses. RKN spend much of their lives inside or in contact by secreting plant cell wall-modifying enzymes resulting in the giant cell development for establishing host-parasite relationships. Additionally, inflicting physical harm to host plants, RKN also contributes to disease complexes creation with fungi and bacteria. This review comprehensively explores the origin, history, distribution, and physiological races of RKN, emphasizing their economic impact on plants through gall formation. Management strategies, ranging from cultural and physical to biological and chemical controls, along with resistance mechanisms and marker-assisted selection, are explored. While recognizing the limitations of traditional nematicides, recent breakthroughs in non-fumigant alternatives like fluensulfone, spirotetramat, and fluopyram offer promising avenues for sustainable RKN management. Despite the success of resistance mechanisms like the Mi gene, challenges persist, prompting the need for integrative approaches to tackle Mi-virulent isolates. In conclusion, the review stresses the importance of innovative and resilient control measures for sustainable agriculture, emphasizing ongoing research to address evolving challenges posed by RKN. The integration of botanicals, resistant cultivars, and biological controls, alongside advancements in non-fumigant nematicides, contributes novel insights to the field, laying the ground work for future research directions to ensure the long-term sustainability of agriculture in the face of persistent RKN threats.
Topics: Animals; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Agriculture; Tylenchoidea; Host-Parasite Interactions; Disease Resistance; Crops, Agricultural; Antinematodal Agents
PubMed: 38922545
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04464-5 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024, a blood-feeding parasite in grazing sheep, causes economic losses. Drug resistance necessitates exploring plant-based anthelmintics like (Asteraceae). The plant,...
, a blood-feeding parasite in grazing sheep, causes economic losses. Drug resistance necessitates exploring plant-based anthelmintics like (Asteraceae). The plant, particularly its ethyl acetate extract, shows anthelmintic activity against . However, there is limited information on pharmacodynamic interactions in ethyl acetate compounds. The study aims to identify pharmacodynamic interactions in the ethyl acetate extract of with anthelmintic effects on eggs and L larvae using binary mixtures. Bioactive compounds were isolated via chromatography and identified using spectroscopic techniques. Pharmacodynamic interactions were assessed through binary mixtures with a main compound. Four bioactive compounds were identified: 1-nonacosanol, hentriacontane, peruvin, and cinic acid. Binary mixtures, with peruvin as the main compound, were performed. Peruvin/1-nonacosanol-hentriacontane and peruvin/cinic acid mixtures demonstrated 1.42-fold and 4.87-fold increased lethal effects in L infective larvae, respectively, at a 0.50LC/0.50LC concentration. In this work, we determined the synergism between bioactive compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of and identified unreported compounds for the specie.
PubMed: 38921806
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060509 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024species are nematophagous fungi that secrete extracellular nematocidal products (ECP). The individual and combined effects of ECP from () and () growth in liquid...
Assessing the In Vitro Individual and Combined Effect of and (Orbiliales) Liquid Culture Filtrates against Infective Larvae of the Sheep Blood-Feeding Nematode (Trichostrongylidae).
BACKGROUND
species are nematophagous fungi that secrete extracellular nematocidal products (ECP). The individual and combined effects of ECP from () and () growth in liquid media against L3 (HcL3) were assessed.
METHODS
The isolation, morphological (MI) and molecular identification (Mol-I), assessment of nematocidal activity (NA) of fungal liquid culture filtrates (LCF) in two liquid media alone and in combination and the myco-compound profile identification (MCP) were performed.
RESULTS
The MI suggested that the fungi corresponded to the species and . This result was confirmed by PCR analysis followed by sequencing, alignment and a phylogenetic analysis. Likewise, the highest mortalities were 91.4% with individual LCF of and 86.2% with those of at the highest concentration (100 mg/mL) in Czapek-Dox Broth. The combination of both LCF resulted in a similarly high larval mortality with no statistical differences in relation to individual activity ( > 0.05). The MCP showed the presence of alkaloids in both fungi. Coumarins, sterols and saponins were found only in .
MAIN CONCLUSIONS
Both fungi produced ECP with a high NA that could be identified and assessed in future studies as potential natural anthelmintic compounds.
PubMed: 38921796
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060498 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a serious worldwide problem. To reduce their spread, it is essential to know the prevalence of helminths on farms and the...
Anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a serious worldwide problem. To reduce their spread, it is essential to know the prevalence of helminths on farms and the control practices adopted. As these studies in the Calabria region of southern Italy are fragmentary and outdated, a study on the prevalence of helminths in small ruminant holdings in this area has been conducted. The measures implemented to control helminths were also evaluated through questionnaires administered to farmers. In particular, on 90 farms (45 sheep and 45 goats), 1800 faecal samples from 900 sheep and 900 goats were collected in the spring. Using the FLOTAC dual technique, parasitological examinations demonstrated the presence of gastrointestinal nematodes in 100% of sheep and goat farms, followed by spp. (84.44% sheep and 48.89% goats), spp. (73.33% sheep and 35.56% goats), (48.89% sheep and 42.22% goats), lungworms (28.89% sheep and 42.22% goats), (40% sheep and 26.67% goats), (13.33% sheep and 26.67% goats), (6.67% sheep and 31.11% goats), (6.67% sheep and 4.44% goats), and (4.44% sheep and goats). The questionnaires showed that 82% and 85% of the farmers had applied pasture rotation, and that 93.3% and 86.6% had used anthelmintics in the previous year for sheep and goats, respectively. Only 24.4% of sheep farmers and 11.3% of goat farmers had carried out parasitological tests prior to treatments. The most used classes of anthelmintics were macrocyclic lactones and benzimidazoles, and only in 21.6% and 15.6%, for sheep and goats, respectively, was drug rotation carried out. These results denote that helminths represent a health problem for small ruminants and highlight a lack of knowledge of parasite control strategies among farmers. In these conditions, anthelmintic resistance phenomena could develop over time. Therefore, it is necessary to implement all possible strategies for the control of helminths, and to prevent the spread of anthelmintic resistance phenomena on farms in southern Italy.
PubMed: 38921791
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060493 -
Biosensors Jun 2024Agricultural products are vitally important for sustaining life on earth and their production has notably grown over the years worldwide in general and in Brazil...
Agricultural products are vitally important for sustaining life on earth and their production has notably grown over the years worldwide in general and in Brazil particularly. Elevating agricultural practices consequently leads to a proportionate increase in the usage of pesticides that are crucially important for enhanced crop yield and protection. These compounds have been employed excessively in alarming concentrations, causing the contamination of soil, water, and air. Additionally, they pose serious threats to human health. The current study introduces an innovative tool for producing appropriate materials coupled with an electrochemical sensor designed to measure carbendazim levels. The sensor is developed using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) mounted on a glassy carbon electrode. This electrode is equipped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for improved performance. The combined system demonstrates promising potential for accurately quantifying carbendazim. The morphological characteristics of the synthesized materials were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) technique. The analytical curve was drawn using the electrochemical method in the range of 2 to 20 ppm while for HPLC 2-12 ppm; the results are presented as the maximum adsorption capacity of the MIP (82.4%) when compared with NIP (41%) using the HPLC method. The analysis conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) yielded a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 ppm and a repeatability of 5.08% ( = 10). The results obtained from the analysis of selectivity demonstrated that the proposed electrochemical sensor is remarkably efficient for the quantitative assessment of carbendazim, even in the presence of another interferent. The sensor was successfully tested for river water samples for carbendazim detection, and recovery rates ranging from 94 to 101% were obtained for HPLC and 94 to 104% for the electrochemical method. The results obtained show that the proposed electrochemical technique is viable for the application and quantitative determination of carbendazim in any medium.
Topics: Carbamates; Benzimidazoles; Pesticides; Nanotubes, Carbon; Electrochemical Techniques; Biosensing Techniques; Electrodes; Biomimetic Materials; Limit of Detection
PubMed: 38920608
DOI: 10.3390/bios14060304 -
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology... Jun 2024Toxocariasis, a zoonotic infection transmitted by (from dogs) and (from cats) larvae, poses rare but severe risks to humans. We present a case of hepatic visceral... (Review)
Review
Toxocariasis, a zoonotic infection transmitted by (from dogs) and (from cats) larvae, poses rare but severe risks to humans. We present a case of hepatic visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by in a 21-year-old male with a history of close contact with a pet dog. Initial symptoms and imaging findings mimicked a pyogenic liver abscess. The initial laboratory investigations revealed neutrophilia and elevated levels of IgE. Despite broad-spectrum antibiotics, persistent fever prompted further investigation. Subsequent serological testing for Toxocara antibodies and histopathological analysis of liver tissue demonstrating eosinophil infiltrates and Charcot-Leyden crystals led to a confirmed diagnosis of a liver abscess caused by . Serological testing for Toxocara antibodies and histopathological analysis of liver tissue confirmed a -induced liver abscess. Albendazole treatment yielded significant clinical improvement. This case highlights the necessity of considering toxocariasis in liver abscess differentials, particularly in high-seroprevalence regions like Vietnam. Relying solely on serological tests may be insufficient, emphasizing the need for corroborative evidence, including invasive procedures like liver biopsy, for accurate hepatic toxocariasis diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Toxocara canis; Larva Migrans, Visceral; Male; Animals; Young Adult; Albendazole; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Dogs; Liver; Antibodies, Helminth; Ultrasonography; Liver Abscess; Toxocariasis; Immunoglobulin E; Anthelmintics
PubMed: 38918038
DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2024.051