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Eating Behaviors Apr 2024A more comprehensive understanding of the factors regarding weight control in individuals with overweight or obesity after quitting smoking is needed. The study aimed to... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
A more comprehensive understanding of the factors regarding weight control in individuals with overweight or obesity after quitting smoking is needed. The study aimed to analyze the changes of in-treatment variables during a smoking cessation intervention and examine their impact on weight.
METHODS
A total of 120 individuals who smoke with overweight or obesity (M = 31.75 ± 4.31; 54.16 % female) participated in a cognitive-behavioral therapy for smoking cessation and weight control or the same treatment plus contingency management. Weight, smoking variables (cotinine and continuous abstinence), eating behaviors (appetite, grazing), exercise, and sleep were assessed weekly throughout the treatment.
RESULTS
More participants gained weight over time with reduced nicotine use or abstinence. There was a tendency during treatment to increase appetite and exercise time, while grazing episodes and sleeping hours remained stable. Higher baseline weight (p < .001), greater cotinine reduction (p = .021) and time (p = .009) were associated with greater weight gain, while more hours of exercise (p = .003), no appetite changes (p = .003) and diminished appetite (p < .001) were associated with less gain over the treatment. Both treatment conditions showed similar results in all in-treatment variables.
DISCUSSION
Individuals with overweight and obesity with higher baseline weight and higher baseline cotinine levels during smoking cessation interventions may require special attention to improve weight outcomes. Exercise and appetite regulation may be useful for mitigating weight gain in smoking cessation interventions for individuals with overweight or obesity.
Topics: Humans; Smoking Cessation; Female; Male; Adult; Overweight; Obesity; Exercise; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Body Weight; Feeding Behavior; Weight Gain; Middle Aged; Appetite
PubMed: 38723487
DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101882 -
Cureus Apr 2024The exponential increase in diabetes mellitus (DM) poses serious public health concerns. In this review, we focus on the role of leptin in type 2 DM. The peripheral... (Review)
Review
The exponential increase in diabetes mellitus (DM) poses serious public health concerns. In this review, we focus on the role of leptin in type 2 DM. The peripheral actions of leptin consist of upregulating proinflammatory cytokines which play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM and insulin resistance. Moreover, leptin is known to inhibit insulin secretion and plays a significant role in insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 DM. A literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar for relevant articles published until December 2023. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: "Diabetes Mellitus," "Leptin," "NPY," and "Biomarker." This article aims to discuss the physiology of leptin in type 2 DM, its glucoregulatory actions, its relationship with appetite, the impact that various lifestyle modifications can have on leptin levels, and, finally, explore leptin as a potential target for various treatment strategies.
PubMed: 38707092
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57667 -
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice May 2024Physical exercise is widely acknowledged for its health benefits, but its effectiveness in treating obesity remains contentious due to variability in response. Owing to...
BACKGROUND
Physical exercise is widely acknowledged for its health benefits, but its effectiveness in treating obesity remains contentious due to variability in response. Owing to the roles of glutamate in appetite regulation, food addiction, and impulsivity, this observational cohort-study evaluated medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) glutamate as a predictor of variability in exercise response, specifically in terms of fat loss and muscle gain.
METHODS
Healthy non-exercising adult men (n = 21) underwent an 8-week supervised exercise program. Baseline glutamate levels in the mPFC were measured through magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For exercise-dependent changes in body composition (fat and muscle mass), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and blood metabolic biomarkers related to lipid and glucose metabolism, measurements were obtained through bioelectrical impedance and blood sample analyses, respectively.
RESULTS
The exercise program resulted in significant improvements in body composition, including reductions in percentage body fat mass, body fat mass, and waist-to-hip ratio and an increase in mean muscle mass. Furthermore, BMR and metabolic indicators linked to glucose and lipids exhibited significant changes. Notably, lower baseline glutamate levels were associated with greater loss in percentage body fat mass (r = 0.482, p = 0.027), body fat mass (r = 0.441, p = 0.045), and increase in muscle mass (r = -0.409, p = 0.066, marginal) following the exercise program.
CONCLUSION
These preliminary findings contribute to our understanding of the neurobiology of obesity and emphasize the significance of glutamate in regulating body composition. The results also highlight cortical glutamate as a potential predictor of exercise-induced fat loss and muscle gain.
PubMed: 38704348
DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2024.04.004 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Sep 2024The pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is an important aquaculture freshwater species, used as an ornamental fish, food source for humans and angling bait. Pond...
The pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is an important aquaculture freshwater species, used as an ornamental fish, food source for humans and angling bait. Pond loaches are resistant to fasting and extreme environmental conditions, including temperature and low oxygen levels. Little is known about how these factors affect the feeding physiology and the endocrine regulation of feeding of loaches. In this study, we examined the effects of fasting, as well as increased temperature and decreased oxygen levels on food intake and transcript levels of appetite regulators. Fasted fish had lower blood glucose levels, and lower expression levels of intestine CCK and PYY, and brain CART1, but had higher levels of brain orexin and ghrelin than fed fish. Fish held at 30 °C had higher food intake, glucose levels, and mRNA levels of intestine CCK and PYY, and brain CART2, but lower brain orexin levels than fish at 20 °C. Fish held at low oxygen levels had a lower food intake, higher intestine CCKa and ghrelin, and brain orexin, CART2 and ghrelin mRNA expression levels than fish held at high O levels. Our results suggest that fasting and high temperatures increase the expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic factors respectively, whereas the increase in expression of both orexigenic and anorexigenic factors in low O environments might not be related to their role in feeding, but possibly to protection from tissue damage. The results of our study might shed new light on how pond loaches are able to cope with extreme environmental conditions such as low food availability, extreme temperatures and hypoxia.
Topics: Animals; Fasting; Cypriniformes; Ghrelin; Orexins; Brain; Cholecystokinin; Appetite Regulation; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Blood Glucose; Oxygen; Peptide YY; Eating; Temperature; Feeding Behavior
PubMed: 38703991
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111651 -
The Journal of Nutrition May 2024Eating frequency (EF) focuses on the total number of eating occasions per day and may influence metabolic health.
BACKGROUND
Eating frequency (EF) focuses on the total number of eating occasions per day and may influence metabolic health.
OBJECTIVES
We sought to examine the effect of high compared with low EF on appetite regulation and inflammatory biomarkers among healthy adults.
METHODS
Data are from a randomized, crossover trial (the Frequency of Eating and Satiety Hormones study). Participants (n = 50) completed 2 isocaloric 21-d study periods of low EF (3 eating occasions/d) and high EF (6 eating occasions/d) in random order with a 14-d washout period in between. Participants were free-living and consumed their own food, using study-directed, structured meal plans with identical foods and total energy in both study periods. On days 1 and 21 of each EF period, fasting blood was collected during in-person clinic visits to assess plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Linear mixed models with EF, diet sequence, and period as fixed effects and participant as random effect were used to estimate the intervention effect. Interaction effects between EF and body fat percentage were examined.
RESULTS
Among the 50 participants who completed the trial, 39 (78%) were women, 30 (60%) were Non-Hispanic White, and 40 (80%) had a body mass index of <25 kg/m, and the mean age was 32.1 y. The differences between high and low EF in fasting ghrelin (geometric mean difference: 17.76 ng/mL; P = 0.60), leptin (geometric mean difference: 2.09 ng/mL; P = 0.14), adiponectin (geometric mean difference: 381.7 ng/mL; P = 0.32), and hs-CRP (geometric mean difference: -0.018 mg/dL; P = 0.08) were not statistically significant. No significant interaction was observed between EF and body fat percentage on appetite regulation and inflammatory biomarkers.
CONCLUSIONS
No differences was observed in fasting ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and hs-CRP comparing high and low EF. Future studies are needed to understand the physiology of EF and appetite as they relate to metabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02392897.
PubMed: 38703890
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.029 -
Cell Reports. Medicine May 2024While weight gain is associated with a host of chronic illnesses, efforts in obesity have relied on single "snapshots" of body mass index (BMI) to guide genetic and...
While weight gain is associated with a host of chronic illnesses, efforts in obesity have relied on single "snapshots" of body mass index (BMI) to guide genetic and molecular discovery. Here, we study >2,000 young adults with metabolomics and proteomics to identify a metabolic liability to weight gain in early adulthood. Using longitudinal regression and penalized regression, we identify a metabolic signature for weight liability, associated with a 2.6% (2.0%-3.2%, p = 7.5 × 10) gain in BMI over ≈20 years per SD higher score, after comprehensive adjustment. Identified molecules specified mechanisms of weight gain, including hunger and appetite regulation, energy expenditure, gut microbial metabolism, and host interaction with external exposure. Integration of longitudinal and concurrent measures in regression with Mendelian randomization highlights the complexity of metabolic regulation of weight gain, suggesting caution in interpretation of epidemiologic or genetic effect estimates traditionally used in metabolic research.
Topics: Humans; Weight Gain; Male; Female; Body Mass Index; Adult; Obesity; Young Adult; Metabolomics; Energy Metabolism; Proteomics; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Metabolome
PubMed: 38703763
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101548 -
Appetite Aug 2024Emotional eating, or eating in response to negative emotions, is a commonly reported short-term emotion regulation strategy but has been shown to be ineffective in the...
BACKGROUND
Emotional eating, or eating in response to negative emotions, is a commonly reported short-term emotion regulation strategy but has been shown to be ineffective in the long term. Most emotional eating interventions based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) have been delivered in the context of weight loss trials, highlighting a need for ACT-based emotional eating interventions in weight-neutral contexts.
AIMS
This proof-of-concept study aimed to test the acceptability and efficacy potential of a brief virtual ACT workshop for emotional eating in a small sample of adults identifying as emotional eaters.
METHODS
Twenty-six adult emotional eaters completed an ACT workshop delivered in two 1.5-h sessions over two weeks. The workshop targeted awareness and acceptance of emotions and eating urges, and valued actions around eating.
RESULTS
The acceptability of the workshop was demonstrated by high participant satisfaction. Significant improvements on all outcome measures were found and maintained up to 3 months follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
These proof-of-concept findings suggest that a brief virtual ACT workshop may improve emotional eating and associated ACT processes. Results from this study can inform a future randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the workshop and the role of theoretical processes of change.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04457804.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series with the intervention.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Female; Emotions; Male; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Proof of Concept Study; Middle Aged; Feeding Behavior; Young Adult; Eating; Emotional Regulation
PubMed: 38692511
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107386 -
Neuromolecular Medicine May 2024Seipin is a key regulator of lipid metabolism, the deficiency of which leads to severe lipodystrophy. Hypothalamus is the pivotal center of brain that modulates appetite...
Seipin is a key regulator of lipid metabolism, the deficiency of which leads to severe lipodystrophy. Hypothalamus is the pivotal center of brain that modulates appetite and energy homeostasis, where Seipin is abundantly expressed. Whether and how Seipin deficiency leads to systemic metabolic disorders via hypothalamus-involved energy metabolism dysregulation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that Seipin-deficiency induced hypothalamic inflammation, reduction of anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and elevation of orexigenic agonist-related peptide (AgRP). Importantly, administration of rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent, rescued POMC and AgRP expression, suppressed hypothalamic inflammation, and restored energy homeostasis in Seipin knockout mice. Our findings offer crucial insights into the mechanism of Seipin deficiency-associated energy imbalance and indicates that rosiglitazone could serve as potential intervening agent towards metabolic disorders linked to Seipin.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Hypothalamus; Energy Metabolism; Pro-Opiomelanocortin; Agouti-Related Protein; Mice, Knockout; Homeostasis; GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits; Rosiglitazone; Male; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Hypoglycemic Agents; Neuropeptides; Gene Expression Regulation
PubMed: 38691185
DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08788-z -
Appetite Aug 2024Sleep may influence appetite regulation through physiological and neurocognitive pathways. However, the association between sleep and appetite in childhood has been...
Sleep may influence appetite regulation through physiological and neurocognitive pathways. However, the association between sleep and appetite in childhood has been scarcely reported, particularly using a prospective design. We aimed to test associations between sleep duration at 7 years of age (y) and appetitive traits at both 7 and 10 y. Participants are from the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal), at 7 (n = 2437) and 10 y (n = 1938) follow-ups. Data on sleep was gathered at 7 y and, considering bedtime and get-up time, total mean sleep duration was calculated and further categorized according to the 10th and 90th percentiles. Appetitive traits were assessed at 7 and 10 y using the parent-reported Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Associations were tested through Generalized Linear Models (co-variates: child's sex; maternal age, education and pre-pregnancy body mass index at 7 y). At 10 y, associations were further adjusted for the respective appetitive trait at 7 y. Children slept a mean of 10.2 h/night, and 13% and 9% slept ≤9.5 and ≥ 11.0 h/night at 7 y, respectively. For each additional hour in sleep duration, children scored 0.078 (99%CI: -0.145; -0.011) lower on Food Responsiveness, 0.065 (99%CI: -0.129; -0.002) lower on Emotional Undereating and 0.096 (99%CI: -0.161; -0.032) lower on Food Fussiness. Lastly, children sleeping ≤9.5 h/night scored higher on Food Responsiveness (β = 0.145 99%CI: 0.020; 0.271); while those sleeping ≥11.0 h/night scored lower on Food Fussiness (β = -0.255 99%CI: -0.370; -0.079). No significant prospective associations were found. In conclusion, in 7 y children, sleep duration was cross-sectionally associated with lower scores on food approach (Food Responsiveness) and avoidant traits (Emotional Undereating and Food Fussiness). However, the magnitude of the associations was small and further studies are warranted.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Child; Sleep; Portugal; Prospective Studies; Feeding Behavior; Appetite; Surveys and Questionnaires; Birth Cohort; Body Mass Index; Child Behavior; Time Factors; Follow-Up Studies; Sleep Duration
PubMed: 38688409
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107384 -
Nutrients Apr 2024This study investigates the effect of daily consumption of wheat biscuits enriched with plant proteins in postprandial metabolic responses of women with... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Wheat Biscuits Enriched with Plant Proteins Incorporated into an Energy-Restricted Dietary Plan on Postprandial Metabolic Responses of Women with Overweight/Obesity.
This study investigates the effect of daily consumption of wheat biscuits enriched with plant proteins in postprandial metabolic responses of women with overweight/obesity who follow an energy-restricted diet. Thirty apparently healthy women participated in a 12-week randomized controlled trial and were assigned either to a control (CB) or an intervention (PB) group. Participants consumed daily either a conventional (CB) or an isocaloric wheat biscuit enriched with plant proteins (PB) containing high amounts of amino acids with appetite-regulating properties, i.e., BCAAs and L-arg. At baseline and the end of the intervention, a mixed meal tolerance test was performed. The responses of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and glicentin were evaluated over 180 min. After 12 weeks, both groups experienced significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference. In the PB group, a trend towards higher weight loss was observed, accompanied by lower carbohydrate, fat, and energy intakes ( < 0.05 compared to baseline and CB group), while decreases in fasting insulin and the HOMA-IR index were also observed ( < 0.05 compared to baseline). In both groups, similar postprandial glucose, ghrelin, and GLP-1 responses were detected, while iAUC for insulin was lower ( < 0.05). Interestingly, the iAUC of glicentin was greater in the PB group ( < 0.05 compared to baseline). Subjective appetite ratings were beneficially affected in both groups ( < 0.05). Consumption of wheat biscuits enriched in plant proteins contributed to greater weight loss, lower energy intake, and insulin resistance and had a positive impact on postprandial glicentin response, a peptide that can potentially predict long-term weight loss and decreased food intake.
Topics: Humans; Female; Postprandial Period; Adult; Obesity; Triticum; Overweight; Blood Glucose; Middle Aged; Insulin; Plant Proteins; Ghrelin; Caloric Restriction; Weight Loss; Energy Intake; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
PubMed: 38674919
DOI: 10.3390/nu16081229