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Veterinary Microbiology Mar 2018In the present study 12 Arcanobacterium phocae strains isolated from fur animals in Finland, including foxes, minks and Finnraccoons, could successfully be identified...
Identification of Arcanobacterium phocae isolated from fur animals by phenotypic properties, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and by detection of phocaelysin encoding gene phl as probable novel target.
In the present study 12 Arcanobacterium phocae strains isolated from fur animals in Finland, including foxes, minks and Finnraccoons, could successfully be identified phenotypically, by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and genotypically by sequencing 16S rDNA and phocaelysin (PHL) encoding gene phl. The PHL of all 12 A. phocae strains in the present study and reference strains A. phocae DSM 10002 and A. phocae DSM 10003 displayed, as typical members of the cholesterol dependent cytolysin-group of toxins, the variant undecapeptide sequence EATGLAWDPWW which appeared to be most closely related to arcanolysin of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and pyolysin of Trueperella pyogenes. In addition, gene phl could be determined with a newly designed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. The detection of mass spectra by MALDI-TOF MS and the LAMP assay based on gene phl might help to reliably identify A. phocae in future and also elucidate the role this species plays in infections of fur animals.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Arcanobacterium; Bacterial Proteins; Finland; Foxes; Genotype; Mink; Phenotype; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 29519524
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.017 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2017There is currently only limited information on the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of spp., spp., and from animals. The comparability of the data is...
There is currently only limited information on the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of spp., spp., and from animals. The comparability of the data is hampered by the use of different antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and interpretive criteria. To date, standard broth microdilution methods and clinical breakpoints that are approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and are applicable to spp., spp., and are available. The lack of species-specific clinical breakpoints for the different animal species reduces the explanatory power of the data. Among the isolates of the three genera, elevated MICs for different classes of antimicrobial agents (e.g., β-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, phenicols, sulfonamides/diaminopyrimidines, and fluoroquinolones) have been described. The most comprehensive data set is available for , which also includes information about genes and mutations involved in antimicrobial resistance. In isolates, the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes (B) and (X) were identified. Tetracycline resistance in was based on the resistance genes (W), (Z), and (33), whereas the aminoglycoside resistance genes , , , , , and have been described in . So far, only single genes conferring either phenicol resistance (), trimethoprim resistance (), or β-lactam resistance () are known to occur in isolates. Various 23S rRNA mutations, including A2058T, A2058G, and G2137C, were identified in macrolide/lincosamide-resistant .
Topics: Actinomycetaceae; Animal Diseases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcanobacterium; Corynebacterium; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genes, MDR; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Species Specificity
PubMed: 29219109
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0021-2017 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2017Animal health depends on the ability of immune cells to kill invading pathogens, and on the resilience of tissues to tolerate the presence of pathogens. Trueperella...
Animal health depends on the ability of immune cells to kill invading pathogens, and on the resilience of tissues to tolerate the presence of pathogens. Trueperella pyogenes causes tissue pathology in many mammals by secreting a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, pyolysin (PLO), which targets stromal cells. Cellular cholesterol is derived from squalene, which is synthesized via the mevalonate pathway enzymes, including HMGCR, FDPS and FDFT1. The present study tested the hypothesis that inhibiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway to reduce cellular cholesterol increases the resilience of stromal cells to PLO. We first verified that depleting cellular cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin increased the resilience of stromal cells to PLO. We then used siRNA to deplete mevalonate pathway enzyme gene expression, and used pharmaceutical inhibitors, atorvastatin, alendronate or zaragozic acid to inhibit the activity of HMGCR, FDPS and FDFT1, respectively. These approaches successfully reduced cellular cholesterol abundance, but mevalonate pathway enzymes did not affect cellular resilience equally. Inhibiting FDFT1 was most effective, with zaragozic acid reducing the impact of PLO on cell viability. The present study provides evidence that inhibiting FDFT1 increases stromal cell resilience to a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Cattle; Cell Survival; Cholesterol; Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase; Geranyltranstransferase; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; Mevalonic Acid; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Recombinant Proteins; Stromal Cells; beta-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 29213055
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17138-y -
Veterinary Microbiology Oct 2017Trueperella pyogenes is an important opportunistic pathogen. Pyolysin (PLO) makes important contributions to the pathogenicity of T. pyogenes. However, the structure and...
Trueperella pyogenes is an important opportunistic pathogen. Pyolysin (PLO) makes important contributions to the pathogenicity of T. pyogenes. However, the structure and function of PLO has not been well documented. In the current study, epitopes in domain 1-3 of PLO have been mapped using rabbit anti-recombinant PLO (rPLO) polyclonal antibodies, and then the results were re-checked by using mouse and chicken anti-rPLO polyclonal antibodies, respectively. The results indicated that the region of aa 281-393 in PLO could not elicit antibodies against linear epitopes. A total of six B cell linear epitopes have been found in domain 1 of PLO. Two of the six epitopes (EP1 and EP2) were used to immunize mice and chicken. Chicken anti-EP1 and anti-EP2 serum and mouse anti-EP2 serum could react with rPLO and corresponding epitope polypeptide in western blot assay; however, only mouse anti-EP2 serum shows weak anti-hemolysis effect in the rPLO and sheep red blood system. Our results provide some new information to the research field of PLO structure and function.
Topics: Actinomycetaceae; Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Chickens; Epitope Mapping; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte; Hemolysin Proteins; Immunodominant Epitopes; Mice; Mutation; Protein Domains; Rabbits; Recombinant Proteins
PubMed: 29103692
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.018 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Oct 2017Infectious skin disorders are not uncommon in mink. Such disorders are important as they have a negative impact on animal health and welfare as well as on the quality...
BACKGROUND
Infectious skin disorders are not uncommon in mink. Such disorders are important as they have a negative impact on animal health and welfare as well as on the quality and value of the fur. This study presents the isolation of Arcanobacterium phocae from mink with severe skin lesions and other pathological conditions, and from wild seals and otters.
RESULTS
In 2015, A. phocae was isolated for the first time in Denmark from outbreaks of dermatitis in mink farms. The outbreaks affected at least 12 farms. Originating from these 12 farms, 23 animals cultured positive for A. phocae. The main clinical findings were necrotizing pododermatitis or dermatitis located to other body sites, such as the lumbar and cervical regions. A. phocae could be isolated from skin lesions and in nine animals also from liver, spleen and lung, indicating a systemic spread. The bacterium was also, for the first time in Denmark, detected in dead seals (n = 9) (lungs, throat or wounds) and otters (n = 2) (throat and foot).
CONCLUSIONS
An infectious skin disorder in mink associated with A. phocae has started to occur in Danish farmed mink. The origin of the infection has not been identified and it is still not clear what the pathogenesis or the port of entry for A. phocae infections are.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Arcanobacterium; Dermatitis; Mink; Otters; Phoca
PubMed: 29073927
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0342-8 -
Acute Medicine 2017The presentation of a 'sore throat' is common and often requires only symptomatic treatment. This is the case of a 20-year-old female who presented with persistent...
The presentation of a 'sore throat' is common and often requires only symptomatic treatment. This is the case of a 20-year-old female who presented with persistent symptoms of a sore throat. On admission she had raised inflammatory markers and a subsequent blood culture demonstrated a fusobacterium necrophorum and arcanobacterium haemolyticum bacteraemia. Further investigations established an internal jugular vein thrombosis, confirming the diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome. This case highlights the importance of further investigation when a sore throat fails to improve, and to remember this often-forgotten syndrome.
PubMed: 29072873
DOI: No ID Found -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2017Trueperella bernardiae (T.bernardiae) is a gram-positive curved rod that is considered an uncommon pathogen involved in few infections. The true incidence of infections...
Trueperella bernardiae (T.bernardiae) is a gram-positive curved rod that is considered an uncommon pathogen involved in few infections. The true incidence of infections with this bacterium, and the clinical implications, remain unknown. We report 2 cases of wound infections in 2 patients who underwent different surgical procedures, although in the second case the microorganism was isolated in mixed culture. Culture of wound secretions resulted in isolation of T. bernardiae. Treatment was performed and resolution of the infections was documented.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcanobacterium; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Male; Symptom Assessment; Treatment Outcome; Wound Infection
PubMed: 28890519
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2017.221 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Aug 2017In 2007, a previously unrecorded disease, fur animal epidemic necrotic pyoderma (FENP), was detected in farmed mink (Neovision vision), foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and...
BACKGROUND
In 2007, a previously unrecorded disease, fur animal epidemic necrotic pyoderma (FENP), was detected in farmed mink (Neovision vision), foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and Finnraccoons (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Finland. Symptoms included severe pyoderma with increased mortality, causing both animal welfare problems and economic losses. In 2011, an epidemiologic questionnaire was mailed to all members of the Finnish Fur Breeders' Association to assess the occurrence of FENP from 2009 through the first 6 months of 2011. The aim was to describe the geographical distribution and detailed clinical signs of FENP, as well as sources of infection and potential risk factors for the disease.
RESULTS
A total of 239 farmers (25%) returned the questionnaire. Clinical signs of FENP were observed in 40% (95% CI 34-46%) of the study farms. In addition, the survey clarified the specific clinical signs for different animal species. The presence of disease was associated with the importation of mink, especially from Denmark (OR 9.3, 95% CI 2.6-33.0). The transmission route between Finnish farms was associated with fur animal purchases. Some risk factors such as the farm type were also indicated. As such, FENP was detected more commonly on farms with more than one species of fur animal in comparison to farms with, for example, only foxes (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.4-8.6), and the incidence was higher on farms with over 750 breeder mink compared to smaller farms (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.6-9.0). Contact between fur animals and birds and other wildlife increased the risk of FENP on farms. Responses also indicated that blocking the entry of wildlife to the animal premises protected against FENP.
CONCLUSIONS
FENP was most likely introduced to Finland by imported mink and spread further within the country via domestically purchased fur animals. Some potential risk factors, such as the type and size of the farm and contact with wildlife, contributed to the spread of FENP. Escape-proof shelter buildings block the entry of wildlife, thus protecting fur animals against FENP.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Farmers; Female; Finland; Foxes; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mink; Pyoderma; Raccoons; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 28774326
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0322-z -
Journal of Oral Microbiology 2017This study investigated if chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is correlated with periodontitis via periodontal microbiota and if certain bacteria affect...
This study investigated if chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is correlated with periodontitis via periodontal microbiota and if certain bacteria affect periodontitis as well as COPD. Moreover, the study investigated whether suffering from COPD is associated with a decrease in the richness and diversity of periodontal microbiota. Subgingival plaque was obtained from 105 patients. Bacterial DNA was isolated from 55 COPD and 50 non-COPD participants (either with or without periodontitis). 16S rRNA gene metagenomic sequencing was used to characterize the microbiota and to determine taxonomic classification. In the non-periodontitis patients, suffering from COPD resulted in a decrease in bacteria richness and diversity in the periodontal microenvironment. An increase in the genera , , and and in four species (, , , and ) in both COPD and periodontitis patients suggests that an increase in these periodontitis-associated microbiota may be related to COPD. Three genera (, , and ) were associated with COPD but not with periodontitis. The decrease in the genera , , and in COPD patients implies that these genera may be health-associated genera, and the decrease in these genera may be related to disease. These data support the hypothesis that COPD is correlated with periodontitis via these significantly changed specific bacteria.
PubMed: 28748030
DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1324725 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Aug 2017Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that causes diverse pyogenic infections in livestock. The genes that encode the exotoxin pyolysin (plo) and other...
UNLABELLED
Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that causes diverse pyogenic infections in livestock. The genes that encode the exotoxin pyolysin (plo) and other putative factors that promote adhesion of pathogen to host cells (fimbriae fimA, fimC, fimE, fimG, neuraminidases nanH, nanP, and collagen-binding protein cbpA) have been associated with virulence, particularly in mastitis and uterus infections of dairy cows. However, the role of these virulence markers in the pathogenicity of the agent in domestic animals infections still is incompletely understood. The genes plo, fimA, fimC, fimE, fimG, nanH, nanP, and cbpA were investigated in 71 T. pyogenes strains recovered from cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, equines, and a pig, recovered from mastitis (n = 35), and non-mastitis (n = 36) cases (abscesses, reproductive tract diseases, pneumonia, lymphadenitis, encephalitis). The most common genes harboured by the isolates were: plo (71/71 = 100·0%), fimA (70/71 = 98·6%), nanP (56/71 = 78·9%), fimE (53/71 = 74·6%), fimC (46/71 = 64·8%) and nanH (45/71 = 63·4%), whereas cbpA (6/71 = 8·4%) and fimG (4/71 = 5·6%) were uncommon. The most frequent genotypes were plo/fimA/fimE/fimC/nanH/nanP (17/71 = 23·9%), plo/fimA/fimE/nanH/nanP (13/71 = 18·3%), and plo/fimA/fimE/fimC/nanP (11/71 = 15·5%). No association was observed between the presence of genes vs clinical signs or host species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on aforementioned virulence factors of pathogen detected in diseased horses and dogs.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The role of particular virulence factors of Trueperella pyogenes that determine different pyogenic infections among domestic animals is poorly understood. Eight putative virulence genes and genotype profiles of 71 isolates were investigated among different clinical manifestations in domestic animals. The most common genes were plo (71/71 = 100·0%), fimA (70/71 = 98·6%), nanP (56/71 = 78·9%), fimE (53/71 = 74·6%), fimC (46/71 = 64·8%) and nanH (45/71 = 63·4%), whereas plo/fimA/fimE/fimC/nanH/nanP (17/71 = 23·9%), plo/fimA/fimE/nanH/nanP (13/71 = 18·3%), and plo/fimA/fimE/fimC/nanP (11/71 = 15·5%) were the most frequent genotypes. Studies involving virulence factors are critical in the investigation of molecular epidemiology, pathogenicity, and hypothetical differences in the virulence among T. pyogenes strains from different geographical areas.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Arcanobacterium; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Cattle; Dogs; Female; Genotype; Goats; Hemolysin Proteins; Horses; Livestock; Mastitis; Pets; Sheep; Swine; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 28561264
DOI: 10.1111/lam.12757