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BMC Ophthalmology Apr 2024To assess the prevalence of low corneal endothelial cell density and correlates of corneal endothelial cell density among adults attending Mbarara University and...
BACKGROUND
To assess the prevalence of low corneal endothelial cell density and correlates of corneal endothelial cell density among adults attending Mbarara University and Referral Hospital Eye Centre in Uganda.
METHODS
In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, participants 18 years and older, were enrolled. We obtained informed consent, and basic demographic data. We also conducted visual acuity, a detailed slit lamp examination, intra-ocular pressure, corneal diameter, tear-film break-up time, keratometry, A-scan, and pachymetry on all participants. A confocal microscope Heidelberg HRT3 was used to examine the central cornea and to obtain the mean cell density (cells/mm). To calculate the proportion of low endothelial cell density, descriptive statistics were used, whereas correlates of endothelial cell density were assessed, using linear regression analyses.
RESULTS
We evaluated a total of 798 eyes of 404 participants aged between 18 and 90 years (males = 187, females = 217). The average endothelial cell density was 2763.6 cells/mm, and there was a decrease in endothelial cell density with increasing age, irrespective of gender. There was no significant difference in endothelial cell density between males and females. Increasing age (adjusted coefficient - 10.1, p < 0.001), history of smoking (adjusted coefficient - 439.6, p = 0.004), history of ocular surgery (adjusted coefficient - 168.0, p = 0.023), having dry eye (adjusted coefficient - 136.0, p = 0.051), and having arcus senilis (adjusted coefficient - 132.0, p = 0.08), were correlated with lower endothelial cell density. However, increasing corneal diameter (adjusted coefficient 134.0, p = 0.006), increasing central corneal thickness (adjusted coefficient 1.2, p = 0.058), and increasing axial length (adjusted coefficient 65.8, p = 0.026), were correlated with higher endothelial cell density. We found five eyes (0.63%) from different participants with a low endothelial cell density (< 1000cells/mm).
CONCLUSION
Our study established baseline normal ranges of ECD in a predominantly black African population, and found that low ECD is rare in our population. The elderly, smokers, and those with past ocular surgery are the most vulnerable. The low prevalence could be due to a lack of reference values for the black African population.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Male; Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Uganda; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cornea; Hospitals; Endothelial Cells
PubMed: 38616259
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03435-4 -
Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine... May 2024Three physical signs, namely tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus and xanthelasma, have been associated with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH). The prevalence...
AIMS
Three physical signs, namely tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus and xanthelasma, have been associated with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH). The prevalence and clinical significance of these signs are not well established among contemporary heFH individuals. This study explored the frequency as well as the association of these physical signs with prevalent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in heFH individuals.
METHODS
Data from the Hellenic Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry were applied for this analysis. The diagnosis of heFH was based on the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Score. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of heFH-related physical signs with prevalent ASCVD.
RESULTS
Adult patients ( n = 2156, mean age 50 ± 15 years, 47.7% women) were included in this analysis. Among them, 14.5% had at least one heFH-related physical sign present. The prevalence of corneal arcus before the age of 45 years was 6.6%, tendon xanthomas 5.3%, and xanthelasmas 5.8%. Among physical signs, only the presence of corneal arcus before the age of 45 years was independently associated with the presence of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). No association of any physical sign with total CAD, stroke or peripheral artery disease was found. Patients with physical signs were more likely to receive higher intensity statin therapy and dual lipid-lowering therapy, but only a minority reached optimal lipid targets.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of physical signs is relatively low in contemporary heFH patients. The presence of corneal arcus before the age of 45 years is independently associated with premature CAD.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Aged; Male; Cardiovascular Diseases; Arcus Senilis; Heterozygote; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Atherosclerosis; Hypercholesterolemia; Coronary Artery Disease; Lipids; Registries; Xanthomatosis
PubMed: 38526957
DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000001612 -
Cureus Jul 2023Type V hyperlipoproteinemia or multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome is a rare lipid disorder triggered mainly by uncontrolled diabetes, obesity, poor diet, or...
Type V hyperlipoproteinemia or multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome is a rare lipid disorder triggered mainly by uncontrolled diabetes, obesity, poor diet, or particular medications. It is associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis and accelerated coronary artery disease which may manifest in younger age groups. We present a case of a 42-year-old male who presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of a non-healing hand injury. Upon laboratory workup, the patient was found to have an elevated total cholesterol (TC) of 1129 mg/dL, very low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) > 4000 mg/dL with an inability to calculate low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Lipoprotein electrophoresis revealed an actual TG level of > 7000 mg/dL, increased chylomicrons, normal B and pre-B-lipoproteins, and increased L-lipoproteins with an elevated Apolipoprotein B. Despite these derangements, the patient did not exhibit any abdominal complaints, demonstrating a normal lipase level. The physical exam was indicative of bilateral arcus senilis and obesity. Insulin drip was initiated along with intravenous (IV) hydration and it required 12 days to bring triglycerides down to less than 1000 mg/dL. The total cholesterol was also seen to be down trending to around 500 mg/dL and the HDL improved to 22 mg/dL. We present this case as a unique presentation of asymptomatic chylomicronemia resistant to insulin treatment with an elevated ApoB but with no evidence of pancreatitis or coronary artery disease.
PubMed: 37546045
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41424 -
European Journal of Ophthalmology Sep 2023Cranial autonomic dysregulation is a common symptom of patients suffering from cluster headache or migraine. The peripheral vascular dysfunction may increase the risk...
BACKGROUND
Cranial autonomic dysregulation is a common symptom of patients suffering from cluster headache or migraine. The peripheral vascular dysfunction may increase the risk for ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, myocardial infarction, retinal vasculopathy, cardiovascular mortality, and peripheral artery diseases. Furthermore, it may also manifest with ocular symptoms, e.g., increased lacrimation, conjunctival injection, and facial swelling.
CASE PRESENTATION
We here report a case of a patient with migraine and ocular signs of a vascular dysregulation that have led to persisting changes of conjunctival vessels and to a corneal arcus.
CONCLUSIONS
Autonomic vascular dysregulation may not only cause headaches but also persisting changes of ocular tissues, e.g., conjunctival vessel alterations and a corneal arcus.
Topics: Humans; Arcus Senilis; Migraine Disorders; Cluster Headache; Headache; Conjunctiva
PubMed: 36325686
DOI: 10.1177/11206721221136426 -
BMC Ophthalmology Aug 2022To determine the age and sex-standardized prevalence of corneal arcus and its associated factors in a geriatric population.
PURPOSE
To determine the age and sex-standardized prevalence of corneal arcus and its associated factors in a geriatric population.
METHODS
This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in Tehran; the capital of Iran, using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method. All participants underwent a detailed interview, blood pressure measurement, laboratory blood tests, and a complete ocular examination.
RESULTS
Three thousand three hundred ten of 3791 invitees participated in the study (response rate: 87.31%). The mean age of the participants was 69.35 ± 7.62 years (60-97 years) and 1912 (57.76%) were female. Overall, the age and sex-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of corneal arcus was 44.28% (41.21-47.39). Based on the multiple logistic regression, the odds of corneal arcus were higher in men than in women (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.14-2.00); in the age group ≥ 80 years compared to the age group 60-64 years (OR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.68-3.53), and in retired people compared to employed individuals (OR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.31-3.21).
CONCLUSION
The present study showed a high prevalence of corneal arcus in the geriatric population. Although various studies have reported a significant relationship between corneal arcus with blood lipid and glucose levels as well as blood pressure, these relationships were not found in the present study.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arcus Senilis; Blood Pressure; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Iran; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence
PubMed: 36045353
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02578-6 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 2022To evaluate corneal densitometry (CD) of patients with arcus senilis (AS) and its association with the serum lipid markers.
PURPOSE
To evaluate corneal densitometry (CD) of patients with arcus senilis (AS) and its association with the serum lipid markers.
METHODS
This is a cross-sectional, case-control study. The AS diagnosis was made clinically. Forty-five eyes of 45 patients with AS and 38 eyes of 38 age-matched control subjects with no noticeable AS were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent detailed ophthalmologic examination along with corneal Scheimpflug imaging with CD measurement. The evaluated serum lipid markers of the participants included total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). The Spearman correlation analysis was used to correlate the serum lipid values and the CD. P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant.
RESULTS
The male to female ratio was 26/19 and 14/24 in the study and control groups, respectively (P = 0.057). The mean age was 59.56 ± 8.7 and 56.47 ± 8.6 years in the study and control groups, respectively (P = 0.117). The mean total CD values in the zones extending from 2 to 12 mm were higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The serum HDL level was found to be significantly decreased in the study group compared to the control group (P = 0.048 and Z = -1.976). There was a significant positive correlation between the serum triglyceride level and the CD value of the outermost zone (10-12 mm) (r = 0.334 and P = 0.025).
CONCLUSION
The CD of patients with AS was found to increase not only in the peripheral zone but also in the cornea's paracentral zone compared to the healthy controls. The serum triglyceride level should give an insight into the intensity of arcus senilis. The serum HDL levels were decreased in patients with AS.
Topics: Aged; Arcus Senilis; Case-Control Studies; Cornea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Densitometry; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Triglycerides
PubMed: 35502026
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2696_21 -
PloS One 2021We aimed to determine the prevalence of corneal arcus and to identify associated factors in the general population of Germany. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
PURPOSE
We aimed to determine the prevalence of corneal arcus and to identify associated factors in the general population of Germany.
METHODS
The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based cohort study in Germany, which includes an ophthalmological assessment. Refraction, distance-corrected visual acuity, non-contact tonometry and anterior segment imaging were performed for the five-year follow-up examination. Anterior segment photographs were graded for the presence of corneal arcus. Prevalence estimates were computed, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to determine associated factors for corneal arcus including sex, age, spherical equivalent, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), socio-economic status, smoking, BMI, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, HbA1c, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, and lipid modifying agents.
RESULTS
A total of 9,850 right and 9,745 left eyes of 9,858 subjects (59.2±10.8 years), 49.0% females were included in this cross-sectional analysis. 21.1% of men (95%-CI: 20.0%- 22.3%) had a corneal arcus in at least one eye, and 16.9% (95%-CI: 15.9%- 18.0%) of women. In multivariable analyses, the presence of corneal arcus was associated with male gender (OR = 0.54 for female, p<0.0001), higher age (OR = 2.54 per decade, p<0.0001), smoking (OR = 1.59, p<0.0001), hyperopia (OR = 1.05 per diopter, p<0.0001), thinner cornea (OR = 0.994 per μm, p<0.0001), higher IOP (OR = 1.02, p = 0.039), higher HDL-C-level (OR = 2.13, p<0.0001), higher LDL-C-level (OR = 1.21, p<0.0001), and intake of lipid modifying agents (OR = 1.26, p = 0.0001). Arcus was not associated with socio-economic status, BMI, arterial blood pressure, and HbA1c.
CONCLUSIONS
Corneal arcus is a frequent alteration of the cornea in Germany and is associated with ocular parameters and systemic parameters of dyslipidemia.
Topics: Arcus Senilis; Cornea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Germany; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 34547023
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255893 -
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift... Aug 2021
Topics: Aged; Arcus Senilis; Atorvastatin; Cornea; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypolipidemic Agents; Male
PubMed: 34416769
DOI: 10.1055/a-1527-4848