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Bioresource Technology Jun 2017High concentrations of residual arsanilic acid occur in pig manure due to its use in feed to promote growth and control diseases. This study compared the effects of...
High concentrations of residual arsanilic acid occur in pig manure due to its use in feed to promote growth and control diseases. This study compared the effects of arsanilic acid at three concentrations (0, 325, and 650mg/kg dry pig manure) on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the microbial community during anaerobic digestion. Addition of 650mg/kg arsanilic acid enhanced the absolute abundances of tetC, sul2, ermB, and gyrA more than twofold in the digestion product. Redundancy analysis indicated that the change in the microbial community structure was the main driver of variation in the ARGs profile. The As resistance gene arsC co-occurred with four ARGs and intI1, possibly causing the increase in ARGs under pressure by arsanilic acid. High arsanilic acid concentrations can increase the risk of ARGs occurring in anaerobic digestion products. The amount of arsanilic acid used as a feed additive should be controlled.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arsanilic Acid; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Manure; Sus scrofa; Swine
PubMed: 28319770
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.025 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Feb 2017The structures of the alkali metal (K, Rb and Cs) complex salts with 4-amino-phenyl-arsonic acid (-arsanilic acid) manifest an isotypic series with the general formula...
The structures of the alkali metal (K, Rb and Cs) complex salts with 4-amino-phenyl-arsonic acid (-arsanilic acid) manifest an isotypic series with the general formula [(CHAsNO)(HO)], with = K {poly[di-μ-4-amino-phenyl-arsonato-tri-μ-aqua-dipotassium], [K(CHAsNO)(HO)], (I)}, Rb {poly[di-μ-4-amino-phenyl-arsonato-tri-μ-aqua-dirubidium], [Rb(CHAsNO)(HO)], (II)}, and Cs {poly[di-μ-4-amino-phenyl-arsonato-tri-μ-aqua-dirubidium], [Cs(CHAsNO)(HO)], (III)}, in which the repeating structural units lie across crystallographic mirror planes containing two independent and different metal cations and a bridging water mol-ecule, with the two hydrogen -arsanilate ligands and the second water mol-ecule lying outside the mirror plane. The bonding about the two metal cations in all complexes is similar, one five-coordinate, the other progressing from five-coordinate in (I) to eight-coordinate in both (II) and (III), with overall -O bond-length ranges of 2.694 (5)-3.009 (7) (K), 2.818 (4)-3.246 (4) (Rb) and 2.961 (9)-3.400 (10) Å (Cs). The additional three bonds in (II) and (III) are the result of inter-metal bridging through the water ligands. Two-dimensional coordination polymeric structures with the layers lying parallel to (100) are generated through a number of bridging bonds involving the water mol-ecules (including hydrogen-bonding inter-actions), as well as through the arsanilate O atoms. These layers are linked across [100] through amine N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to arsonate and water O-atom acceptors, giving overall three-dimensional network structures.
PubMed: 28217343
DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017000445 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section C,... Jan 2017(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid) is used as an antihelminth in veterinary applications and was earlier used in the monosodium salt dihydrate form as the...
(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid) is used as an antihelminth in veterinary applications and was earlier used in the monosodium salt dihydrate form as the antisyphilitic drug atoxyl. Examples of complexes with this acid are rare. The structures of the alkaline earth metal (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) complexes with (4-aminophenyl)arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid) have been determined, viz. hexaaquamagnesium bis[hydrogen (4-aminophenyl)arsonate] tetrahydrate, [Mg(HO)](CHAsNO)·4HO, (I), catena-poly[[[diaquacalcium]-bis[μ-hydrogen (4-aminophenyl)arsonato-κO:O']-[diaquacalcium]-bis[μ-hydrogen (4-aminophenyl)arsonato-κO:O]] dihydrate], {[Ca(CHAsNO)(HO)]·2HO}, (II), catena-poly[[triaquastrontium]-bis[μ-hydrogen (4-aminophenyl)arsonato-κO:O']], [Sr(CHAsNO)(HO)], (III), and catena-poly[[triaquabarium]-bis[μ-hydrogen (4-aminophenyl)arsonato-κO:O']], [Ba(CHAsNO)(HO)], (IV). In the structure of magnesium salt (I), the centrosymmetric octahedral [Mg(HO)] cation, the two hydrogen p-arsanilate anions and the four water molecules of solvation form a three-dimensional network structure through inter-species O-H and N-H hydrogen-bonding interactions with water and arsonate O-atom and amine N-atom acceptors. In one-dimensional coordination polymer (II), the distorted octahedral CaO coordination polyhedron comprises two trans-related water molecules and four arsonate O-atom donors from bridging hydrogen arsanilate ligands. One bridging extension is four-membered via a single O atom and the other is eight-membered via O:O'-bridging, both across inversion centres, giving a chain coordination polymer extending along the [100] direction. Extensive hydrogen-bonding involving O-H...O, O-H...N and N-H...O interactions gives an overall three-dimensional structure. The structures of the polymeric Sr and Ba complexes (III) and (IV), respectively, are isotypic and are based on irregular MO coordination polyhedra about the M centres, which lie on twofold rotation axes along with one of the coordinated water molecules. The coordination centres are linked through inversion-related arsonate O:O'-bridges, giving eight-membered ring motifs and forming coordination polymeric chains extending along the [100] direction. Inter-chain N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions extend the structures into three dimensions and the crystal packing includes π-π ring interactions [minimum ring centroid separations = 3.4666 (17) Å for (III) and 3.4855 (8) Å for (IV)].
PubMed: 28035104
DOI: 10.1107/S2053229616019434 -
Journal of Environmental Sciences... Nov 2016The occurrence of a large number of diverse arsenic species in the environment and in biological systems makes it important to compare their relative toxicity. The...
The occurrence of a large number of diverse arsenic species in the environment and in biological systems makes it important to compare their relative toxicity. The toxicity of arsenic species has been examined in various cell lines using different assays, making comparison difficult. We report real-time cell sensing of two human cell lines to examine the cytotoxicity of fourteen arsenic species: arsenite (As), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA) originating from the oxide and iodide forms, dimethylarsinous acid (DMA), dimethylarsinic glutathione (DMAG), phenylarsine oxide (PAO), arsenate (As), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethyltrithioarsonate (MMTTA), dimethylmonothioarsinate (DMMTA), dimethyldithioarsinate (DMDTA), 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone, Rox), and 4-aminobenzenearsenic acid (p-arsanilic acid, p-ASA). Cellular responses were measured in real time for 72hr in human lung (A549) and bladder (T24) cells. IC values for the arsenicals were determined continuously over the exposure time, giving rise to IC histograms and unique cell response profiles. Arsenic accumulation and speciation were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). On the basis of the 24-hr IC values, the relative cytotoxicity of the tested arsenicals was in the following decreasing order: PAO≫MMA≥DMA≥DMAG≈DMMTA≥As≫MMTTA>As>DMDTA>DMA>MMA≥Rox≥p-ASA. Stepwise shapes of cell response profiles for DMA, DMAG, and DMMTA coincided with the conversion of these arsenicals to the less toxic pentavalent DMA. Dynamic monitoring of real-time cellular responses to fourteen arsenicals provided useful information for comparison of their relative cytotoxicity.
Topics: Arsenic; Arsenicals; Cacodylic Acid; Hazardous Substances; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 28007166
DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.004 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Mar 2017P-arsanilic acid (AsA) is a emerging but less concerned contaminant used in animal feeding operations, for it can be degraded to more toxic metabolites after being...
P-arsanilic acid (AsA) is a emerging but less concerned contaminant used in animal feeding operations, for it can be degraded to more toxic metabolites after being excreted by animals. Rice is the staple food in many parts of the world, and also more efficient in accumulating arsenic (As) compared to other cereals. However, the uptake and transformation of AsA by rice is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the potential risk of using AsA as a feed additive and using the AsA contaminated animal manure as a fertilizer. Five rice cultivars were grown in soil containing 100mg AsA/kg soil, after harvest, As species and their concentrations in different tissues were determined. Total As concentration of the hybrid rice cultivar was more than conventional rice cultivars for whole rice plant. For rice organs, the highest As concentration was found in roots. AsA could be absorbed by rice, partly degraded and converted to arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenate. The number of As species and their concentrations in each cultivar were related to their genotypes. The soil containing 100mg AsA/kg or more is unsuitable for growing rice. The use of AsA and the disposal of animal manure requires detailed attention.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Arsenates; Arsenic; Arsenicals; Arsenites; Cacodylic Acid; Fertilizers; Food Contamination; Manure; Oryza; Plant Roots; Soil; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 27936403
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.030 -
Journal of Environmental Sciences... Sep 2016p-Arsanilic acid (p-ASA) is widely used in China as livestock and poultry feed additive for promoting animal growth. The use of organoarsenics poses a potential threat...
p-Arsanilic acid (p-ASA) is widely used in China as livestock and poultry feed additive for promoting animal growth. The use of organoarsenics poses a potential threat to the environment because it is mostly excreted by animals in its original form and can be transformed by UV-Vis light excitation. This work examined the initial rate and efficiency of p-ASA phototransformation under UV-C disinfection lamp. Several factors influencing p-ASA phototransformation, namely, pH, initial concentration, temperature, as well as the presence of NaCl, NH4(+), and humic acid, were investigated. Quenching experiments and LC-MS were performed to investigate the mechanism of p-ASA phototransformation. Results show that p-ASA was decomposed to inorganic arsenic (including As(III) and As(V)) and aromatic products by UV-C light through direct photolysis and indirect oxidation. The oxidation efficency of p-ASA by direct photosis was about 32%, and those by HO and (1)O2 were 19% and 49%, respectively. Cleavage of the arsenic-benzene bond through direct photolysis, HO oxidation or (1)O2 oxidation results in simultaneous formation of inorganic As(III), As(IV), and As(V). Inorganic As(III) is oxidized to As(IV) and then to As(V) by (1)O2 or HO. As(IV) can undergo dismutation or simply react with oxygen to produce As(V) as well. Reactions of the organic moieties of p-ASA produce aniline, aminophenol and azobenzene derivatives as main products. The photoconvertible property of p-ASA implies that UV disinfection of wastewaters from poultry and swine farms containing p-ASA poses a potential threat to the ecosystem, especially agricultural environments.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Arsanilic Acid; Disinfection; Photochemical Processes; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 27593271
DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.017 -
Hippocampus Dec 2016Permanent vestibular loss has detrimental effects on the hippocampus, resulting in a disruption to spatial learning and memory, hippocampal theta rhythm and place cell...
Permanent vestibular loss has detrimental effects on the hippocampus, resulting in a disruption to spatial learning and memory, hippocampal theta rhythm and place cell field spatial coherence. Little is known about the vestibular system-related hippocampal cholinergic transmission. Since the pharmacological blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors within the hippocampus produces deficits in learning and memory, we hypothesized that ACh receptors may at least partly support the integration of vestibular input. Consequently, we examined the expression of M muscarinic ACh receptors in the hippocampus at 7 and 30 days following bilateral vestibular lesions (BVL) in rats using autoradiography. Animals were divided into sham (n = 12) and BVL (n = 11) groups. BVL animals received intratympanic injections of sodium arsanilate (30 mg/0.1 ml) under isoflurane anesthesia and sham animals received the same volume of saline. Analysis of the brain tissue revealed a significant reduction in the number of M receptors throughout the hippocampus and striatum at 30 days (P ≤ 0.0001), but not at 7 days following BVL. This suggests that the changes in learning and memory seen following vestibular damage may be in part due to the loss of M muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus and striatum. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Autoradiography; Bilateral Vestibulopathy; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Down-Regulation; Hippocampus; Male; Muscarinic Antagonists; Pirenzepine; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Muscarinic M1; Time Factors; Tritium
PubMed: 27569857
DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22651 -
Environmental Science & Technology Aug 2016Microbes play a critical role in the global arsenic biogeocycle. Most studies have focused on redox cycling of inorganic arsenic in bacteria and archaea. The parallel...
Microbes play a critical role in the global arsenic biogeocycle. Most studies have focused on redox cycling of inorganic arsenic in bacteria and archaea. The parallel cycles of organoarsenical biotransformations are less well characterized. Here we describe organoarsenical biotransformations in the environmental microbe Shewanella putrefaciens. Under aerobic growth conditions, S. putrefaciens reduced the herbicide MSMA (methylarsenate or MAs(V)) to methylarsenite (MAs(III)). Even though it does not contain an arsI gene, which encodes the ArsI C-As lyase, S. putrefaciens demethylated MAs(III) to As(III). It cleaved the C-As bond in aromatic arsenicals such as the trivalent forms of the antimicrobial agents roxarsone (Rox(III)), nitarsone (Nit(III)) and phenylarsenite (PhAs(III)), which have been used as growth promoters for poultry and swine. S. putrefaciens thiolated methylated arsenicals, converting MAs(V) into the more toxic metabolite monomethyl monothioarsenate (MMMTAs(V)), and transformed dimethylarsenate (DMAs(V)) into dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTAs(V)). It also reduced the nitro groups of Nit(V), forming p-aminophenyl arsenate (p-arsanilic acid or p-AsA(V)), and Rox(III), forming 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzylarsonate (3A4HBzAs(V)). Elucidation of organoarsenical biotransformations by S. putrefaciens provides a holistic appreciation of how these environmental pollutants are degraded.
Topics: Animals; Arsenic; Arsenicals; Biotransformation; Cacodylic Acid; Roxarsone; Shewanella putrefaciens; Swine
PubMed: 27366920
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00235 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... May 2016In the structure of the brucinium salt of 4-amino-phenyl-arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid), systematically 2,3-dimeth-oxy-10-oxostrychnidinium 4-amino-phenyl-ar-son-ate...
In the structure of the brucinium salt of 4-amino-phenyl-arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid), systematically 2,3-dimeth-oxy-10-oxostrychnidinium 4-amino-phenyl-ar-son-ate tetra-hydrate, (C23H27N2O4)[As(C6H7N)O2(OH)]·4H2O, the brucinium cations form the characteristic undulating and overlapping head-to-tail layered brucine substructures packed along [010]. The arsanilate anions and the water mol-ecules of solvation are accommodated between the layers and are linked to them through a primary cation N-H⋯O(anion) hydrogen bond, as well as through water O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to brucinium and arsanilate ions as well as bridging water O-atom acceptors, giving an overall three-dimensional network structure.
PubMed: 27308034
DOI: 10.1107/S2056989016006691 -
Precipitation of organic arsenic compounds and their degradation products during struvite formation.Journal of Hazardous Materials Nov 2016Roxarsone (ROX) and arsanilic acid (ASA) have been extensively used as organoarsenic animal feed additives. Organic arsenic compounds and their degradation products,...
Roxarsone (ROX) and arsanilic acid (ASA) have been extensively used as organoarsenic animal feed additives. Organic arsenic compounds and their degradation products, arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)), exist in the effluent from anaerobic reactors treating animal manure contaminated by ROX or ASA with ammonium (NH4(+)-N) and phosphate (PO4(3-)-P) together. Therefore, arsenic species in the effluent might be involved in the struvite formation process. In this study, the involvement of organic arsenic compounds and their degradation products As(V) and As(III) in the struvite crystallization was investigated. The results demonstrated that arsenic compounds did not substantially affect the PO4(3-)-P recovery, but confirmed the precipitation of arsenic during struvite formation. The precipitation of arsenic compounds in struvite was considerably affected by a solution pH from 9.0 to 11.0. With an increase in pH, the content of ASA and ROX in the precipitation decreased, but the contents of As(III) and As(V) increased. In addition, the arsenic content of As(V) in the struvite was higher than that of As(III), ASA and ROX. The results indicated that the struvite could be contaminated when the solution contains arsenic species, but that could be minimized by controlling the solution pH and maintaining anaerobic conditions during struvite formation.
PubMed: 27262276
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.057