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Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue Jan 2016The p-arsanilic acid (ASA) is an important organoarsenical compound and its removal is more difficult compared to inorganic arsenic, however, little attention has been...
The p-arsanilic acid (ASA) is an important organoarsenical compound and its removal is more difficult compared to inorganic arsenic, however, little attention has been paid to the removal of ASA in aqueous environment. The influence of P25 on the adsorption of ASA, effect of P25 dosage, pH and illumination intensity on the photo-catalysis, the production analysis and main mechanism of photo-degradation were investigated in this study. The results showed that in the P25 catalysis process, simulated natural light could degrade ASA into As (V) by oxidation. The total As was reduced to about 0.34 mg x L(-1) within 0.5 h under the following condition: the initial concentration of ASA was 2 mg x L(-1) and the dosage of TiO2 was 1 g x L(-1). The result showed that the removal rate of ASA in acidic conditions was much higher than that in alkaline conditions. The optimal strength of light was 68.5 mW x Cm(-2). Hydroxide radical played a major role in photocatalytic oxidation of ASA by P25.
Topics: Adsorption; Arsanilic Acid; Catalysis; Light; Oxidation-Reduction; Titanium
PubMed: 27078958
DOI: No ID Found -
Water Research Jun 2016Being highly water-soluble, phenylarsonic feed additives discharged in animal wastes can easily accumulate in surface water bodies. The photodegradation mechanism,...
Being highly water-soluble, phenylarsonic feed additives discharged in animal wastes can easily accumulate in surface water bodies. The photodegradation mechanism, kinetics, and pathways of p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA), 4-hydrophenylarsonic acid (4-HPAA), and phenylarsonic acid (PAA) in water under simulated and natural sunlight irradiation were investigated. The -AsO(OH)2 group was cleaved from the aromatic ring during photodegradation, and p-benzoquinone and p-hydroquinone were formed as the major organic degradation intermediates. Experimental results did not indicate any significant direct photolysis of the phenylarsonic compounds under simulated and natural sunlight irradiation, but consistently showed that they sensitized the formation of singlet oxygen, which was responsible for their photodegradation and oxidation of the As(III) released. A simple (1)O2-based "heterogeneous" model was developed, which could well describe the kinetics of (1)O2 formation and phenylarsonic compound photodegradation under various conditions. Indirect photolysis caused by inorganic ions commonly present in natural waters was negligible, while natural organic matter could significantly inhibit their photodegradation. The half-lives of p-ASA, 4-HPAA, and PAA photodegradation under simulated sunlight irradiation (765 W m(-2), 25 °C) were 11.82 ± 0.19, 20.06 ± 0.10, and 135 ± 6.0 min, respectively, while their degradation rates under natural sunlight in the Pearl River Delta of southern China were 5 times slower due to lower irradiation intensity and water temperatures (19-23 °C).
Topics: Benzoquinones; Kinetics; Photolysis; Sunlight; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 27038583
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.053 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jul 2016The poultry industry has used organoarsenicals, such as 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone, ROX), to prevent disease and to promote growth. Although previous...
The poultry industry has used organoarsenicals, such as 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone, ROX), to prevent disease and to promote growth. Although previous studies have analyzed arsenic species in chicken litter after composting or after application to agricultural lands, it is not clear what arsenic species were excreted by chickens before biotransformation of arsenic species during composting. We describe here the identification and quantitation of arsenic species in chicken litter repeatedly collected on days 14, 24, 28, 30, and 35 of a Roxarsone-feeding study involving 1600 chickens of two strains. High performance liquid chromatography separation with simultaneous detection by both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry provided complementary information necessary for the identification and quantitation of arsenic species. A new metabolite, N-acetyl-4-hydroxy-m-arsanilic acid (N-AHAA), was identified, and it accounted for 3-12% of total arsenic. Speciation analyses of litter samples collected from ROX-fed chickens on days 14, 24, 28, 30, and 35 showed the presence of N-AHAA, 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (3-AHPAA), inorganic arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), and ROX. 3-AHPAA accounted for 3-19% of the total arsenic. Inorganic arsenicals (the sum of As(III) and As(V)) comprised 2-6% (mean 3.5%) of total arsenic. Our results on the detection of inorganic arsenicals, methylarsenicals, 3-AHPAA, and N-AHAA in the chicken litter support recent findings that ROX is actually metabolized by the chicken or its gut microbiome. The presence of the toxic metabolites in chicken litter is environmentally relevant as chicken litter is commonly used as fertilizer.
Topics: Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Arsenic; Arsenicals; Cacodylic Acid; Chickens; Roxarsone
PubMed: 26876684
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05619 -
Water Research Feb 2016Although banned in some developed countries, p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) is still used widely as a feed additive for swine production in many countries. With little uptake...
Although banned in some developed countries, p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) is still used widely as a feed additive for swine production in many countries. With little uptake and transformation in animal bodies, nearly all the p-ASA administered to animals is excreted chemically unchanged in animal wastes, which can subsequently release the more toxic inorganic arsenic species upon degradation in the environment. For safe disposal of the animal wastes laden with p-ASA, we proposed a method of leaching the highly water-soluble p-ASA out of the manure first, followed by treatment of the leachate using the Fenton process to achieve fast oxidation of p-ASA and removal of the inorganic arsenic species released (predominantly arsenate) from solution simultaneously. The effects of solution pH, dosages of H2O2 and Fe(2+), and the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the treatment efficiency were systematically investigated. Under the optimum treatment conditions (0.53 mmol L(-1) Fe(2+), 2.12 mmol L(-1) H2O2, and initial pH of 3.0), p-ASA (10 mg-As L(-1)) could be completely oxidized to As(V) within 30 min in pure water and 4 natural water samples, and at the final pH of 4.0, the residual arsenic levels in solution phase were as low as 1.1 and 20.1-43.4 μg L(-1) in the two types of water matrixes, respectively. The presence of humic acid significantly retarded the oxidation of p-ASA by scavenging HO, and inhibited the As(V) removal through competitive adsorption on ferric hydroxide. Due to the high contents of DOM in the swine manure leachate samples (TOC at ∼500 mg L(-1)), much higher dosages of Fe(2+) (10.0 mmol L(-1)) and H2O2 (40.0 mmol L(-1)) and a longer treatment time (120 min) were required to achieve near complete oxidation of p-ASA (98.0%), while maintaining the levels of residual arsenic in the solution at <70.0 μg L(-1). The degradation pathway of p-ASA in the Fenton process was proposed based on the major degradation products detected. Together, the results demonstrate that the Fenton process is promising as an efficient, robust, and low-cost treatment method for controlling the risk of p-ASA in the animal wastes generated at factory farms.
Topics: Adsorption; Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Arsenic; Humic Substances; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Manure; Organic Chemicals; Oxidation-Reduction; Sus scrofa; Waste Disposal, Fluid
PubMed: 26638133
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.037 -
Food Chemistry Apr 2016For the first time in this study, we used molecular modelling to design a suitable hapten (arsanilic acid, ASA) and produced a broad-specificity monoclonal antibody...
For the first time in this study, we used molecular modelling to design a suitable hapten (arsanilic acid, ASA) and produced a broad-specificity monoclonal antibody (mAb). This mAb exhibited the IC50 for ASA was 913.7 μg L(-1) and showed the cross-reactivity to ASA (100%), carbarsone (849.2%), and nitarsone (1159.5%), respectively. Based on this mAb, an optimised indirect competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) protocol was developed to monitor organoarsenic compounds (OAs) in edible chicken and pork and feed, which the detection limit for OAs in a muscle matrix ranged from 74.2 μg kg(-1) to 143.3 μg kg(-1) and in a feed matrix ranged from 7.4 mg kg(-1) to 11.8 mg kg(-1), the recoveries were 61.3-109.6% with a coefficient of variation of less than 10.8%. These data demonstrated that the developed ic-ELISA is a reliable and useful tool for screening OAs in edible chicken and pork and feed.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Arsenicals; Chickens; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Food Contamination; Limit of Detection; Meat; Swine
PubMed: 26617022
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.055 -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Dec 2015A simple and sensitive derivatization method using toluene-3,4-dithiol as a derivatization reagent for the simultaneous analysis of seven arsenic compounds (roxarsone,...
Determination of residual arsenic compounds in chicken muscle by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection after pre-column derivatization with toluene-3,4-dithiol.
A simple and sensitive derivatization method using toluene-3,4-dithiol as a derivatization reagent for the simultaneous analysis of seven arsenic compounds (roxarsone, nitarsone, p-arsanilic acid, o-arsanilic acid, phenylarsonic acid, phenylarsine oxide, and mono-methylarsonic acid) in chicken muscle was developed and validated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV). The structure of the derivatized arsenic compounds was confirmed by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Optimization of the derivatization reaction conditions was carried out by investigating the influence of reagent concentration, buffer or additive acids, temperature, and time. The optimized conditions were a derivatization reagent concentration of 20mg/mL with 0.05mol/L HCl as an additive acid at 60°C for 15min. In this study, baseline separation of arsenic compounds could be achieved within 13min, except for phenylarsonic acid and phenylarsine oxide whose derivatized products are equal. The developed method was successfully validated and applied to 12 chicken muscle samples from Korean districts and other countries.
Topics: Animals; Arsenicals; Chickens; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Residues; Linear Models; Muscle, Skeletal; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Toluene
PubMed: 26551207
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.034 -
Analytica Chimica Acta Aug 2015Chicken is the most consumed meat in North America. Concentrations of arsenic in chicken range from μg kg(-1) to mg kg(-1). However, little is known about the...
Chicken is the most consumed meat in North America. Concentrations of arsenic in chicken range from μg kg(-1) to mg kg(-1). However, little is known about the speciation of arsenic in chicken meat. The objective of this research was to develop a method enabling determination of arsenic species in chicken breast muscle. We report here enzyme-enhanced extraction of arsenic species from chicken meat, separation using anion exchange chromatography (HPLC), and simultaneous detection with both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESIMS). We compared the extraction of arsenic species using several proteolytic enzymes: bromelain, papain, pepsin, proteinase K, and trypsin. With the use of papain-assisted extraction, 10 arsenic species were extracted and detected, as compared to 8 detectable arsenic species in the water/methanol extract. The overall extraction efficiency was also improved using a combination of ultrasonication and papain digestion, as compared to the conventional water/methanol extraction. Detection limits were in the range of 1.0-1.8 μg arsenic per kg chicken breast meat (dry weight) for seven arsenic species: arsenobetaine (AsB), inorganic arsenite (As(III)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), inorganic arsenate (As(V)), 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone), and N-acetyl-4-hydroxy-m-arsanilic acid (NAHAA). Analysis of breast meat samples from six chickens receiving feed containing Roxarsone showed the presence of (mean±standard deviation μg kg(-1)) AsB (107±4), As(III) (113±7), As(V) (7±2), MMA (51±5), DMA (64±6), Roxarsone (18±1), and four unidentified arsenic species (approximate concentration 1-10 μg kg(-1)).
Topics: Animals; Arsenic; Arsenicals; Chickens; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Limit of Detection; Meat; Papain; Proteolysis; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 26320952
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.001 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Nov 2015The paper presents the kinetics and proposed pathways photodegradation and photooxidation of p-arsanilic acid, in a neutral environment by ozone and hydrogen peroxide....
The paper presents the kinetics and proposed pathways photodegradation and photooxidation of p-arsanilic acid, in a neutral environment by ozone and hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that in a neutral environment, photoozonation process was characterized by the highest decomposition rate constant (k) (k = 31.8 × 10(-3) min(-1)). The rate constants decreased in the order UV/O3 > O3 > UV/H2O2 > H2O2 > UV. It was also found that under pH = 7, decomposition of p-arsanilic acid leads mainly to the formation of aniline, which undergoes secondary reactions. Intermediate products of oxidation and photooxidation by hydrogen peroxide like nitrobenzene, nitrophenol, azobenzenes, and phenylazophenol were identified depending on processes. However, in the photodegradation process, formation of nitrasone as a reaction product of p-arsanilic acid with oxygen in the singlet state was observed. In the case of ozonation and photoozonation, in addition, aniline formation of carboxylic acids was observed.
Topics: Arsanilic Acid; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxidation-Reduction; Ozone; Photolysis; Water
PubMed: 26109222
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4890-z -
Journal of Separation Science Sep 2015Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for microwave-assisted extraction of six major inorganic and organic arsenic species (As(III), As(V),...
Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for microwave-assisted extraction of six major inorganic and organic arsenic species (As(III), As(V), dimethyl arsenic acid, monomethyl arsenic acid, p-arsanilic acid, and roxarsone) from chicken tissues, followed by detection using a high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled mass spectrometry detection method, which allows the simultaneous analysis of both inorganic and organic arsenic species in the extract in a single run. Effects of extraction medium, solution pH, liquid-to-solid ratio, and the temperature and time of microwave-assisted extraction on the extraction of the targeted arsenic species were studied. The optimum microwave-assisted extraction conditions were: 100 mg of chicken tissue, extracted by 5 mL of 22% v/v methanol, 90 mmol/L (NH4 )2 HPO4 , and 0.07% v/v trifluoroacetic acid (with pH adjusted to 10.0 by ammonium hydroxide solution), ramping for 10 min to 71°C, and holding for 11 min. The method has good extraction performance for total arsenic in the spiked and nonspiked chicken tissues (104.0 ± 13.8% and 91.6 ± 7.8%, respectively), except for the ones with arsenic contents close to the quantitation limits. Limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) for As(III), As(V), dimethyl arsenic acid, monomethyl arsenic acid, p-arsanilic acid, and roxarsone in chicken tissues using this method were 0.012, 0.058, 0.039, 0.061, 0.102, and 0.240 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively.
Topics: Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Arsenic; Arsenicals; Cacodylic Acid; Chickens; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inorganic Chemicals; Mass Spectrometry; Meat; Microwaves; Models, Statistical; Organic Chemicals; Regression Analysis; Roxarsone; Temperature
PubMed: 26106064
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500065 -
Cell Biology and Toxicology Jun 2015In the present study, we differentiated hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs). The hepatic differentiation was...
Hepatic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and adverse effects of arsanilic acid and acetaminophen during in vitro hepatic developmental stage.
In the present study, we differentiated hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs). The hepatic differentiation was confirmed by increases in hepatic proteins or genes, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities, albumin secretion, and glycogen storage. To determine the developmental toxic effect of arsanilic acid (Ars) and acetaminophen (AAP) on the hepatic development, the differentiating cells were treated with the test chemicals (below IC12.5) from day 4 to day 13. The enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) did not significantly differ in response to Ars treatment. AAP treatment increased the activities of all enzymes in a dose-dependent manner, significantly at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mM of AAP. On the expressions of hepatic genes for Ars, the expressions were significantly inhibited by more than 0.5 mM for Albumin (ALB), but only 2.5 mM for α-feto protein (AFP). In the AAP-treated group, the expressions of ALB and AFP were significantly decreased at the concentrations exceeding 0.625 mM. The activities of CYP3A4 were not changed by both treatments. The activities of CYP1A2 were increased by AAP, whereas it was decreased by Ars treatment. In conclusion, AAP could cause serious adverse effects during the hepatic development as compared to Ars.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adipose Tissue; Arsanilic Acid; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 25894252
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9300-2