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Food Chemistry May 2024Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and total viable count (TVC) are important freshness indicators of meat. Hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometrics has been...
Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and total viable count (TVC) are important freshness indicators of meat. Hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometrics has been proven to be effective in meat detection. However, a challenge with chemometrics is the lack of a universally applicable processing combination, requiring trial-and-error experiments with different datasets. This study proposes an end-to-end deep learning model, pyramid attention features fusion model (PAFFM), integrating CNN, attention mechanism and pyramid structure. PAFFM fuses the raw visible and near-infrared range (VNIR) and shortwave near-infrared range (SWIR) spectral data for predicting TVB-N and TVC in chicken breasts. Compared with the CNN and chemometric models, PAFFM obtains excellent results without a complicated processing combinatorial optimization process. Important wavelengths that contributed significantly to PAFFM performance are visualized and interpreted. This study offers valuable references and technical support for the market application of spectral detection, benefiting related research and practical fields.
PubMed: 38925007
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139847 -
IUBMB Life Jun 2024To date, SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of deaths, but the choice of treatment is limited. We previously established a platform for identifying Food and Drug...
To date, SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of deaths, but the choice of treatment is limited. We previously established a platform for identifying Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved repurposed drugs for avian influenza A virus infections that could be used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. In this study, we analyzed blood samples from two cohorts of 63 COVID-19 patients, including 19 patients with severe disease. Among the 39 FDA-approved drugs we identified for COVID-19 therapy in both cohorts, 23 drugs were confirmed by literature mining data, including 14 drugs already under COVID-19 clinical trials and 9 drugs reported for COVID-19 treatments, suggesting the remaining 16 FDA-approved drugs may be candidates for COVID-19 therapy. Additionally, we previously reported that herbal small RNAs (sRNAs) could be effective components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating COVID-19. Based on the abundance of sRNAs, we screened the 245 TCMs in the Bencao (herbal) sRNA Atlas that we had previously established, and we found that the top 12 TCMs for COVID-19 treatment was consistent across both cohorts. We validated the efficiency of the top 30 sRNAs from each of the top 3 TCMs for COVID-19 treatment in poly(I:C)-stimulated human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549 cells). In conclusion, our study recommends potential COVID-19 remedies using FDA-approved repurposed drugs and herbal sRNAs from TCMs.
PubMed: 38923653
DOI: 10.1002/iub.2860 -
The Journal of General Virology Jun 2024Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are responsible for disease outbreaks in wild birds and poultry, resulting in devastating losses to the poultry...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are responsible for disease outbreaks in wild birds and poultry, resulting in devastating losses to the poultry sector. Since 2020, an increasing number of outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 was seen in wild birds. Infections in mammals have become more common, in most cases in carnivores after direct contact with infected birds. Although ruminants were previously not considered a host species for HPAI viruses, in March 2024 multiple outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 were detected in goats and cattle in the United States. Here, we have used primary bronchus-derived well-differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells (WD-AECs) cultured at air-liquid interface to assess the susceptibility and permissiveness of bovine epithelial cells to infection with European H5N1 virus isolates. We inoculated bovine WD-AECs with three low-passage HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus isolates and detected rapid increases in viral genome loads and infectious virus during the first 24 h post-inoculation, without substantial cytopathogenic effects. Three days post-inoculation infected cells were still detectable by immunofluorescent staining. These data indicate that multiple lineages of HPAI H5N1 may have the propensity to infect the respiratory tract of cattle and support extension of avian influenza surveillance efforts to ruminants. Furthermore, this study underscores the benefit of WD-AEC cultures for pandemic preparedness by providing a rapid and animal-free assessment of the host range of an emerging pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Epithelial Cells; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Virus Replication; Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 38922678
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002007 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Jun 2024The proportion of human isolates with reduced neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) susceptibility in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus was as high as 13%....
The proportion of human isolates with reduced neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) susceptibility in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus was as high as 13%. These drug-resistant strains showed good replication capacity without serious loss of fitness. At the presence of oseltamivir, R229I substitution were found in HA1 region of the HPAI H7N9 virus before NA R292 K appeared. HPAI H7N9 or H7N9/PR8 recombinant viruses were developed to study whether HA R229I could increase the fitness of the H7N9 virus bearing NA 292 K. Replication efficiency was assessed in MDCK or A549 cells. Neuraminidase enzyme activity and receptor-binding ability were analyzed. The pathogenicity in C57 mice was evaluated. Antigenicity analysis was conducted through a two-way HI test, in which the antiserum was obtained from immunized ferrets. Transcriptomic analysis of MDCK infected with HPAI H7N9 24hpi was done. It turned out that HA R229I substitution from oseltamivir induction in HA1 region increased 1)replication ability in MDCK(< 0.05) and A549(< 0.05), 2)neuraminidase enzyme activity, 3)binding ability to both α2,3 and α2,6 receptor, 4)pathogenicity to mice(more weight loss; shorter mean survival day; viral titer in respiratory tract, < 0.05; Pathological changes in pneumonia), 5) transcriptome response of MDCK, of the H7N9 virus bearing NA 292 K. Besides, HA R229I substitution changed the antigenicity of H7N9/PR8 virus (>4-fold difference of HI titer). It indicated that through the fine-tuning of the HA-NA balance, R229I increased the fitness and change the antigenicity of a H7N9 virus bearing NA 292 K. Public health attention of this mechanism needs to be drawn.
PubMed: 38922326
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2373314 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Jun 2024The within the family includes at least 22 different species, and is known to cause different types of infections and even be fatal in multiple avian species. There is...
The within the family includes at least 22 different species, and is known to cause different types of infections and even be fatal in multiple avian species. There is limited knowledge of the genetic and biological information of species -2 to 22 in domestic and wild birds and the disease significance of these viruses in birds is not fully determined, although as many as 10 new distinct species have been identified from wild birds and domestic poultry around the world in the last decade. This study aimed to use PCR, virus isolation, and sequencing to genetically and biologically characterize (AOAV-16) in wild birds and domestic poultry collected from different locations in China between 2014 and 2022. Of five isolated AOAV-16 strains (Y1 to Y5), only the Y4 strain had a hemagglutination (HA)-negative result. All of these isolates were low virulent viruses for chickens, except Y3 which was detected simultaneously with avian influenza virus (AIV) of H9N2 subtype. Furthermore, at least four different types of intergenic sequences (IGS) between the HN and L genes junction, and the recombination event as well as interspecific transmission by wild migratory birds, existed within the species AOAV-16. These findings and results of other reported AOAV-16 strains recommend strict control measures to limit contact between wild migratory birds and domestic poultry and imply potential threats to commercial poultry and even public health challenges worldwide.
PubMed: 38922304
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2373366 -
MSphere Jun 2024In humans, seasonal influenza viruses cause epidemics. Avian influenza viruses are of particular concern because they can infect multiple species and lead to...
UNLABELLED
In humans, seasonal influenza viruses cause epidemics. Avian influenza viruses are of particular concern because they can infect multiple species and lead to unpredictable and severe disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a universal influenza vaccine that provides protection against all influenza strains. The cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is a promising adjuvant for subunit vaccines, which promotes type I interferons' production through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. The encapsulation of cGAMP in acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (MPs) enhances its intracellular delivery. In this study, the Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) methodology was used to generate H1, H3, and H5 vaccine candidates. Monovalent and multivalent COBRA HA vaccines formulated with cGAMP Ace-DEX MPs were evaluated in mice for protective antibody responses. cGAMP MPs adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccines elicited robust antigen-specific antibodies following vaccination. Compared with COBRA HA vaccine groups with no adjuvant or blank MPs, the cGAMP MPs enhanced HAI activity elicited by COBRA HA vaccines. The HAI activity was not significantly different between cGAMP MPs adjuvanted monovalent or multivalent COBRA HA vaccines. The cGAMP MPs adjuvanted COBRA vaccine groups had higher antigen-specific IgG2a-binding titers than the COBRA vaccine groups with no adjuvant or blank MPs. The COBRA vaccines formulated with cGAMP MPs mitigated diseases caused by influenza viral challenge and decreased pulmonary viral titers in mice. Therefore, the formulation of COBRA vaccines plus cGAMP MPs is a promising universal influenza vaccine that elicits protective immune responses against human seasonal and pre-pandemic strains.
IMPORTANCE
Influenza viruses cause severe respiratory disease, particularly in the very young and the elderly. Next-generation influenza vaccines are needed to protect against new influenza variants. This report used a promising adjuvant, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), to enhance the elicited antibodies by an improved influenza hemagglutinin candidate and protect against influenza virus infection. Overall, adding adjuvants to influenza vaccines is an effective method to improve vaccines.
PubMed: 38920382
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00160-24 -
Virology May 2024The H7 subtype avian influenza viruses are circulating widely worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry and posing a serious threat to human...
The H7 subtype avian influenza viruses are circulating widely worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry and posing a serious threat to human health. In 2019, H7N2 and H7N9 co-circulated in Chinese poultry, yet the risk of H7N2 remained unclear. We isolated and sequenced four H7N2 viruses from chickens, revealing them as novel reassortants with H7N9-derived HA, M, NS genes and H9N2-derived PB2, PB1, PA,NP, NA genes. To further explore the key segment of pathogenicity, H7N2-H7N9NA and H7N2-H9N2HA single-substitution were constructed. Pathogenicity study showed H7N2 isolates to be highly pathogenic in chickens, with H7N2-H7N9NA slightly weaker than H7N2-Wild type. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that H7N9-derived HA genes primarily drove the high pathogenicity of H7N2 isolates, eliciting a strong inflammatory response. These findings underscored the increased threat posed by reassorted H7N2 viruses to chickens, emphasizing the necessity of long-term monitoring of H7 subtype avian influenza viruses.
PubMed: 38917688
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110121 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul 2024Ocular inoculation of a clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus caused severe and fatal infection in ferrets. Virus was transmitted to ferrets in...
Ocular inoculation of a clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus caused severe and fatal infection in ferrets. Virus was transmitted to ferrets in direct contact. The results highlight the potential capacity of these viruses to cause human disease after either respiratory or ocular exposure.
Topics: Animals; Ferrets; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Humans; Eye; Influenza, Human
PubMed: 38916793
DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240520 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Examining the persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) from cattle and human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic viruses in unpasteurized milk revealed that...
Examining the persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) from cattle and human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic viruses in unpasteurized milk revealed that both remain infectious on milking equipment materials for several hours. Those findings highlight the risk for H5N1 virus transmission to humans from contaminated surfaces during the milking process.
PubMed: 38914418
DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.240775 -
Poultry Science May 2024The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) exhibits a wide host range and is commonly found in migratory waterfowl. Recent studies have revealed that the H4N6 AIV can... (Review)
Review
The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) exhibits a wide host range and is commonly found in migratory waterfowl. Recent studies have revealed that the H4N6 AIV can infect guinea pigs via aerosol transmission without prior adaptation. Additionally, the Q226L/G228S substitutions in the receptor-binding site have led to structural changes in globular head of H4 AIV, resulting in a configuration similar to that of pandemic H2N2 and H3N2 human influenza viruses. This article provides an updated review of the historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations, receptor-binding preferences, and host range of H4 AIV. The insights presented herein will help in assessing the potential risk of future H4 AIV epidemics.
PubMed: 38914042
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103913