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Journal of Oleo Science 2022Brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions as a radiator for thermogenesis and helps maintain body temperature and regulate metabolism. Inflammatory signals have been reported...
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions as a radiator for thermogenesis and helps maintain body temperature and regulate metabolism. Inflammatory signals have been reported to inhibit PGC-1α activation and UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. Inflammation is mainly caused by cell hypertrophy and macrophage invasion due to obesity, and invading macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL1β, and IL6, which suppress the thermogenesis in BAT. Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble vitamin with anti-inflammatory effects is expected to contribute to the suppression of inflammation in adipose tissue. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of tocopherols, α-tocopherol (α-toc) and δ-tocopherol (δ-toc), against brown adipocyte inflammation and thermogenesis dysfunction.Inflammatory stimulation by TNF-α, a major inflammatory cytokine, significantly decreased the protein expression levels of UCP1 and PGC-1α in rat primary brown adipocytes. The pre-incubation of α-toc or δ-toc significantly suppressed the decrease in UCP1 and PGC-1α expression and lipid accumulation. Additionally, α-toc and δ-toc suppress the induction of ERK1/2 gene expression, implying that an antiinflammatory effect is involved in this protective effect. We fed mice a high-fat diet for 16 weeks and investigated the effects of α-toc and δ-toc in the diet. Intake of α-toc and δ-toc significantly suppressed weight gain and hypertrophy of brown adipocytes. Our results suggest that α-toc and δ-toc suppress the dysfunction of thermogenesis in brown adipocytes due to inflammation and contribute to the treatment of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
Topics: Mice; Rats; Animals; Adipocytes, Brown; Uncoupling Protein 1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Thermogenesis; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Diet, High-Fat; Obesity; Inflammation; Hypertrophy; Lipids; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 36310052
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22184 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Grape pomace and seeds are important winemaking by-products. Their oils are rich in bioactive compounds such as fatty acids and tocopherols. We have characterized oils...
Grape pomace and seeds are important winemaking by-products. Their oils are rich in bioactive compounds such as fatty acids and tocopherols. We have characterized oils from both by-products from five Spanish grape varieties (Palomino Fino, Pedro Ximénez, Muscat of Alexandria, Tempranillo and Tintilla de Rota). A high content of UFAs was found in all the analyzed samples. Grape pomace oils generally had the same oleic acid (PUFA) content as seed oils, and lower PUFA contents; they also had a markedly higher linolenic acid (PUFA) content, improving the PUFA/PUFA ratio. All the oil studied show good indicators of nutritional quality: low values of the atherogenicity (0.112-0.157 for pomace, 0.097-0.112 for seed) and thrombogenicity indices (0.30-0.35 for pomace, 0.28-0.31 for seed) and high values of the relationship between hypo- and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (6.93-9.45 for pomace, 9.11-10.54 for seed). Three tocopherols were determined: α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol. Pomace oils have higher relative contents of α- and δ-tocopherol, whereas seed oils have higher relative contents of γ-tocopherol. A significantly higher content of total tocopherols has been found in pomace oil; it is higher in the oils from red varieties of pomace (628.2 and 706.6 mg/kg by-product), and in the oils from pomace containing stems (1686.4 mg/kg by-product). All the oils obtained can be considered as a source of vitamin E, and their consumption is beneficial for health.
Topics: Tocopherols; Fatty Acids; Vitis; gamma-Tocopherol; Spain; Plant Oils; Seeds; Vitamin E; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Oleic Acid
PubMed: 36296576
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206980 -
Biomolecules Oct 2022We have found 15 previously unknown compounds in seeds of lemon and other citrus species, such as tangerine, grapefruit and pomelo. The structure of these compounds was...
Acyl-ω-methylserotonins and Branched-chain Acylserotonins in Lemon and Other Citrus Seeds-New Lipids with Antioxidant Properties and Potential Pharmacological Applications.
We have found 15 previously unknown compounds in seeds of lemon and other citrus species, such as tangerine, grapefruit and pomelo. The structure of these compounds was characterized by HR-MS spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and chemical synthesis. These compounds were predominantly long-chain (C20-C25), saturated acyl-ω-methylserotonins with the main contribution of C22 and C24 homologues, usually accounting for about 40% and 30% of all acylserotonins, respectively. The other, previously undescribed, minor compounds were branched-chain acylserotonins, as well as normal-chain acylserotonins, recently found in baobab seed oil. Within the seed, acylserotonins were found nearly exclusively in the inner seed coat, where probably their biosynthesis proceeds. On the other hand, lemon seedlings contained only trace amounts of these compounds that were not found in adult leaves. The compounds identified in the present studies were shown to have antioxidant properties in vitro, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In the investigated reaction in hexane, Me-C22 and Me-C24-serotonins were less active than n-C22 and n-C24-serotonins and δ-tocopherol, while branched-chain acylserotonins (iso-C21 and -C25) showed higher antioxidant activity than all the normal-chain compounds. On the other hand, all these compounds showed a similar but considerably lower antioxidant activity in acetonitrile than in hexane.
Topics: Citrus; Antioxidants; Hexanes; Seeds; Plant Oils; Lipids; Acetonitriles
PubMed: 36291737
DOI: 10.3390/biom12101528 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Regular consumption of hen eggs can help to prevent deficiencies of essential nutrients, such as essential amino acids, vitamin A and E or trace elements zinc and...
Regular consumption of hen eggs can help to prevent deficiencies of essential nutrients, such as essential amino acids, vitamin A and E or trace elements zinc and selenium, for vulnerable populations. This study focused on assessing the nutritional value of spray-dried eggs, favored by their manufacturability, storability and ease of addition to (complementary) foods. Using a wide range of analytical techniques, we recorded and compared the nutrient profiles of commercially produced pasteurized whole eggs and their respective powder samples spray-dried at 160°C. Important nutrients that were not significantly affected by spray-drying include total fat content, several amino acids, α- and δ-tocopherol, lutein, zeaxanthin, essential trace elements and cobalamin. The most notable mean losses were found for unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., linoleic (by -38.7%, from 4.11 ± 0.45 to 2.52 ± 0.75 g/100 g DM) and linolenic acid (by -60.8%, from 0.76 ± 0.05 to 0.30 ± 0.04 g/100 g DM). Despite recording significant retinol losses in two out of three batches, the overall low reduction of -14% recommend spray-dried eggs as a valuable source of vitamin A. A daily intake of spray-dried egg powder corresponding to one medium sized egg meets dietary reference values for children, e.g., by 100% for vitamin E, by 24% for retinol, by 61% for selenium and by 22% for zinc. In conclusion, even though a dry weight comparison favors supplementation with pasteurized whole eggs, our results demonstrate a high potential for spray-dried eggs as nutritional supplement. However, the spray-drying process should be optimized toward higher retentions of unsaturated fatty acids and retinol.
PubMed: 36118778
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.984715 -
Free Radical Biology & Medicine Sep 2022The relationship of dietary vitamin E intake with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) was not clear as yet. We aimed to examine the associations of dietary total...
BACKGROUND
The relationship of dietary vitamin E intake with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) was not clear as yet. We aimed to examine the associations of dietary total vitamin E and tocopherol isoforms intakes with incident CKD in a 30-year follow-up study from young adulthood to midlife.
METHODS
A total of 4038 American adults aged 18-30 years and without reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were enrolled from Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Diet was evaluated by a validated dietary-history questionnaire at baseline, and after 7 and 20 years later. The study outcome was incident CKD, defined as an eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m or a urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g.
RESULTS
During a 30-year follow-up, 642 (15.9%) participants developed incident CKD. Overall, there was a L-shaped relationship between dietary total vitamin E intake and incident CKD (P for non-linearity<0.001). When total vitamin E intake was assessed as quartiles, compared with those in the first quartile (<4.35 mg α-TE/1000 kcal), the adjusted HRs (95%CI) of incident CKD for participants in the fourth quartile (≥9.61 mg α-TE/1000 kcal) was 0.55 (0.40, 0.75). Moreover, higher intakes of beta-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol were significantly associated with a lower incident CKD. Higher intake of delta-tocopherol was significantly related to a higher incident CKD. And there was no obvious association of alpha-tocopherol intake with incident CKD.
CONCLUSIONS
There were inverse associations of total vitamin E, beta-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol intakes, a positive association of delta-tocopherol intake, and no obvious association of alpha-tocopherol intake, with incident CKD among American adults.
Topics: Adult; Diet; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Incidence; Protein Isoforms; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Tocopherols; Vitamin E; Young Adult; alpha-Tocopherol; beta-Tocopherol; gamma-Tocopherol
PubMed: 35998793
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.023 -
British Poultry Science Dec 20221. This study determined the influence of (IO) vitamin E and ascorbic acid injections on hatching performance, chick development and antioxidant content of different...
Influence of in-ovo vitamin E and ascorbic acid injections on chick development, hatching performance and antioxidant content in different tissues of newly-hatched quail chicks.
1. This study determined the influence of (IO) vitamin E and ascorbic acid injections on hatching performance, chick development and antioxidant content of different tissues in day-old quail chicks. The experiment compared a control group (C: non-injection group) and injection groups, which had the yolk sac injected with 3.75 mg α- tocopherol (T1), or had the amniotic sac injected with 0.9% saline solution (T2), 2.5 mg ascorbic acid containing 0.9% saline solution (T3) and 2.5 mg ascorbic acid solution (T4), respectively.2. Mean relative asymmetry (RA) of bilateral lengths increased in the T2, T3 and T4 groups, whereas it decreased in the T1 group compared to C. The highest total carotene content in the residual yolk sac (RYS) was seen for the T1 group, which was significantly higher compared to T2, T3 and T4 groups. The highest total carotene concentration in the liver was in the T1 group.3. The concentrations of delta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and total vitamin E in RYS tissue were significantly higher in the T1 group than T2, T3 and T4 groups. Alpha-tocopherol and total vitamin E levels in the liver were significantly higher in the T2 and T4 groups than C.4. injections of vitamin E and ascorbic acid to different embryonic sacs caused antioxidant-specific effects on developmental stability of bilateral traits, RYS absorption, concentrations of total carotene and derivatives of vitamin E in newly hatched quail chicks.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Chickens; Vitamin E; Saline Solution; Ascorbic Acid; Carotenoids; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 35786116
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2094221 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022This study was the first time the effects of pretreatment technology (microwave roasting, MR; oven roasting, OR; steaming roasting, SR) and processing technology (screw...
This study was the first time the effects of pretreatment technology (microwave roasting, MR; oven roasting, OR; steaming roasting, SR) and processing technology (screw pressing, SP; aqueous enzymatic extraction, AEE; subcritical butane extraction, SBE) on the quality (physicochemical properties, phytochemical content, and antioxidant ability) of walnut oil were systematically compared. The results showed that the roasting pretreatment would reduce the lipid yield of walnut oil and SBE (59.53−61.19%) was the processing method with the highest yield. SR-AEE oil provided higher acid value (2.49 mg/g) and peroxide value (4.16 mmol/kg), while MR-SP oil had the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (73.69%), total tocopherol (419.85 mg/kg) and total phenolic compounds (TPC, 13.12 mg/kg). The DPPH-polar and ABTS free radicals’ scavenging abilities were accorded with SBE > AEE > SP. SBE is the recommended process for improving the extraction yield and antioxidant ability of walnut oil. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that processing technology had a greater impact on walnut oil than pretreatment technology. In addition, multiple linear regression revealed C18:0, δ-tocopherol and TPC had positive effects on the antioxidant ability of walnut oil, while C18:1n-9, C18:3n-3 and γ-tocopherol were negatively correlated with antioxidant activity. Thus, this a promising implication for walnut oil production.
PubMed: 35741896
DOI: 10.3390/foods11121698 -
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2022The amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing pathway was altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributed to abnormal amyloid-beta (Aβ) production, which forms...
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing pathway was altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributed to abnormal amyloid-beta (Aβ) production, which forms insoluble interneuron protein aggregates known as amyloid plaques in the brain. Targeting the APP processing pathway is still fundamental for AD modifying therapy. Extensive research has evaluated the protective effects of vitamin E as an antioxidant and as a signaling molecule. The present study aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of different tocopherol isomers on the expression of genes involved in regulating the APP processing pathway . The screening for the effective tocopherol isomers in reducing APP expression and Aβ-42 was carried out in SH-SY5Y stably overexpressed APP Swedish. Subsequently, quantitative one-step real-time PCR was performed to determine the modulatory effects of selected tocopherol isomers on the expression of genes in SH-SY5Y stably overexpressed three different types of APP (wild-type, APP Swedish, and APP Swedish/Indiana). Our results showed that all tocopherol isomers, especially at higher concentrations (80-100 μM), significantly increased ( < 0.05) the cell viability in all cells group, but only α-tocopherol (ATF) and γ-tocopherol (GTF) significantly decreased ( < 0.05) the APP mRNA level without statistically significant APP protein level, accompanied with a reduced significance ( < 0.05) on the level of Aβ-42 in SH-SY5Y APP Swedish. On the other hand, β- and δ-tocopherol (BTF and DTF) showed no effects on the level of APP expression and Aβ-42. Subsequent results demonstrated that ATF and GTF significantly decreased ( < 0.05) the expression of gene beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (), , and Nicastrin (), but significantly increased ( < 0.05) the expression of Sirtuin 1 () in SH-SY5Y stably expressed the mutant APP form. These findings suggested that ATF and GTF could modulate altered pathways and may help ameliorate the burden of amyloid load in AD.
PubMed: 35614968
DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.846459 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Soybean seeds are rich in secondary metabolites which are beneficial for human health, including tocopherols. Tocopherols play an important role in human and animal...
Soybean seeds are rich in secondary metabolites which are beneficial for human health, including tocopherols. Tocopherols play an important role in human and animal nutrition thanks to their antioxidant activity. In this study, the 'Forrest' by 'Williams 82' (F×W82) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population ( = 306) was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, δ -tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and total tocopherol contents in Carbondale, IL over two years. Also, the identification of the candidate genes involved in soybean tocopherols biosynthetic pathway was performed. A total of 32 QTL controlling various seed tocopherol contents have been identified and mapped on Chrs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 20. One major and novel QTL was identified on Chr. 6 with an R of 27.8, 9.9, and 6.9 for δ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, and total tocopherol content, respectively. Reverse BLAST analysis of the genes that were identified in allowed the identification of 37 genes involved in soybean tocopherol pathway, among which 11 were located close to the identified QTLs. The tocopherol cyclase gene () is located close to the QTLs controlling δ-tocopherol (R = 27.8), α-tocopherol (R = 9.96), and total-tocopherol (R = 6.95). The geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase () gene is located close to a QTL controlling total tocopherol content in soybean (R = 4.42). The two methylphytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase () candidate genes and are located close to a QTL controlling δ-tocopherol content (R = 3.57). The two γ-tocopherol methyltransferase () genes, and , are located close to QTLs controlling (γ+ß) tocopherol content (R = 8.86) and total tocopherol (R = 5.94). The identified tocopherol seed QTLs and candidate genes will be beneficial in breeding programs to develop soybean cultivars with high tocopherol contents.
PubMed: 35567259
DOI: 10.3390/plants11091258 -
Nutrients Apr 2022(1) Background: Mitochondria are the cells' main source of energy. Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a key hallmark of aging and is linked to the development of...
(1) Background: Mitochondria are the cells' main source of energy. Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a key hallmark of aging and is linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Maintaining mitochondrial function might contribute to healthy aging and the prevention of AD. The Mediterranean diet, including walnuts, seems to prevent age-related neurodegeneration. Walnuts are a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential n3-fatty acid and the precursor for n3-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA), which might potentially improve mitochondrial function. (2) Methods: We tested whether a lipophilic walnut extract (WE) affects mitochondrial function and other parameters in human SH-SY5Y cells transfected with the neuronal amyloid precursor protein (APP695). Walnut lipids were extracted using a Soxhlet Extraction System and analyzed using GC/MS and HPLC/FD. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were quantified under basal conditions in cell culture, as well as after rotenone-induced stress. Neurite outgrowth was investigated, as well as membrane integrity, cellular reactive oxygen species, cellular peroxidase activity, and citrate synthase activity. Beta-amyloid (Aβ) was quantified using homogenous time-resolved fluorescence. (3) Results: The main constituents of WE are linoleic acid, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and γ- and δ-tocopherol. Basal ATP levels following rotenone treatment, as well as citrate synthase activity, were increased after WE treatment. WE significantly increased cellular reactive oxygen species but lowered peroxidase activity. Membrane integrity was not affected. Furthermore, WE treatment reduced Aβ and stimulated neurite growth. (4) Conclusions: WE might increase ATP production after induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. Decreased Aβ formation and enhanced ATP levels might enhance neurite growth, making WE a potential agent to enhance neuronal function and to prevent the development of AD. In this sense, WE could be a promising agent for the prevention of AD.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Humans; Juglans; Neurites; Peroxidases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Rotenone; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 35565661
DOI: 10.3390/nu14091694