-
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2024Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry...
Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The non-carcinogenic health risk in adult and child consumers was calculated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The rank order of pesticides detected by UHPLC-MS/MS based on median concentration in onion was tebuconazole (0.004551 mg/kg) > imidacloprid (0.00233 mg/kg) > boscalid (0.00211 mg/kg) > diazinon (0.00079 mg/kg) > thiabendazole (0.00075 mg/kg) > acetamiprid (0.00052 mg/kg) > thiophanate-methyl (0.00052 mg/kg) > dichlorvos (0.000349 mg/kg) > fenitrothion (0.000132 mg/kg) > penconazole (0.00005 mg/kg). The median of TTHQ in adults and children's consumers were 4.00E-3 and 2.00E-2, respectively. TTHQ in adults and children's consumers was lower than 1 value. Hence, consumers were in the acceptable range (TTHQ <1). Consequently, onion consumption cannot endanger consumers' health status due to the pesticide residues.
PubMed: 38487940
DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2327522 -
Human & Experimental Toxicology 2024Organophosphate pesticides (Ops) like diazinon (DZN) have well-known neurotoxic effects and low-level chronic exposure has been linked to detrimental neurobehavioral...
Persistent diazinon induced neurotoxicity: The effect on inhibitory avoidance memory performance, amyloid precursor proteins, and TNF-α levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats.
INTRODUCTION
Organophosphate pesticides (Ops) like diazinon (DZN) have well-known neurotoxic effects and low-level chronic exposure has been linked to detrimental neurobehavioral impairments and memory deficits. However, it's not entirely clear how DZN-induced biological changes, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contribute to these effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of DZN exposure on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory function, amyloid precursor expression (APP), and proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the rat cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rats were divided into 4 groups and recived 2 mg/kg DZN for 5-days or 12-weeks and two control groups recived the same volume of vehicle. IA memory was assesed using the shuttle box apparatus. Rats were sacrificed and the prefrontal cortex PFC were removed. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to messure TNF-α, and amyloid protein precursors gene expression and protein levels.
RESULTS
Our findings indicated that DZN caused body weight loss and a notable decline in performance on the IA memory. Additionally, 5-days exposure increased APP and APLP2 protein levels in the PFC, while 12-weeks exposure decreased these levels. Furthermore, expression of APP and APLP2 gens were decreased in PFC. TNF-α levels increased as a result of 5-days exposure to DZN, but these levels dropped to normal after 12-weeks administration, and this observation was significant.
CONCLUSION
Taken together, exposure to low doses of DZN leads to disturbances in IA memory performance and also alternations in amyloid beta precursors that can be related to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Diazinon; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Oxidative Stress; Insecticides; Prefrontal Cortex
PubMed: 38472141
DOI: 10.1177/09603271241235408 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Apr 2024A quantitative method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique (QuEChERS) sample extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem...
A quantitative method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique (QuEChERS) sample extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was evolved for the determination of 47 pesticide residues in fresh Mazafati date fruits from Bam City of Kerman Province, Iran. The recoveries for selected pesticides ranged from 88 to 110% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 20% at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg. The proposed method had a linear range from the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 1.00 mg kg, and the LOQ of the 47 pesticides was ≤ 0.005 mg kg. The coefficients of determination (R) were more than 0.99. This technique was used on 12 fresh date fruits samples, three water samples, and three soil samples with three replications per sample. Forty-seven pesticide were detected collectively, but only diazinon was detected in the date fruit samples. The mean value of diazinon residues was 0.037 mg kg, and the concentration of diazinon in most samples was below the national maximum residue limit (MRL) for date fruit (0.05 mg kg). Among the pesticides measured, diazinon residues were also detected in the water samples, but not in the soil samples. The dietary intake assessment showed no health risk to humans from the consumption of fresh date fruit concerning the pesticides investigated.
Topics: Humans; Pesticide Residues; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Phoeniceae; Water; Diazinon; Soil; Food Contamination; Vegetables; Fruit; Pesticides
PubMed: 38468010
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32760-w -
Journal of Separation Science Mar 2024Herein, a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based miniaturized pressurized liquid extraction in combination with DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was...
Deep eutectic solvent-based pressurized liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of organophosphorus pesticide residues in egg powder prior to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.
Herein, a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based miniaturized pressurized liquid extraction in combination with DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (parathion-methyl, triazophos, parathion, diazinon, and phoxim) from egg powder samples prior to their analysis by a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. In this work, first, the analytes' extraction was done by a pressurized liquid phase extraction for effective extraction of the analytes from the solid matrix, and then they were concentrated on a DLLME for more concentration of the analytes to reach low limits of detections. The use of DESs was done in both steps to omit the use of toxic organic solvents. Satisfactory results including high extraction recoveries (74-90%), great repeatability (relative standard deviations equal or less than 4.3% and 5.3% for intra- and inter-day precisions), and low limits of detection (0.11-0.29 ng/g) and quantification (0.38-0.98 ng/g) were attained under the optimum conditions. Lastly, the suggested approach was utilized for the determination of the studied pesticides in various egg powder samples marketed in Tabriz, Iran.
Topics: Pesticide Residues; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Pesticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Deep Eutectic Solvents; Powders; Parathion
PubMed: 38466171
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300070 -
Chemosphere Apr 2024Microbial biodegradation is a primary pesticide remediation pathway. Despite diazinon is one of the most frequently used organophosphate insecticides worldwide, its...
Microbial biodegradation is a primary pesticide remediation pathway. Despite diazinon is one of the most frequently used organophosphate insecticides worldwide, its effect on soil microbial community remains obscure. We hypothesize that diazinon exposure reshapes microbial community, among them increased microbes may play a crucial role in diazinon degradation. To investigate this, we collected soil from an organic farming environment, introduced diazinon, cultivated it in a greenhouse, and then assessed its effects on soil microbiomes at three distinct time points: 20, 40, and 270 days after treatment (DAT). Results from HPLC showed that the level of diazinon was gradually degraded by 98.8% at 270 DAT when compared with day zero, whereas 16S rRNA gene analysis exhibited a significant reduction in the bacterial diversity, especially at the early two time points, indicating that diazinon may exert selection pressure to the bacteria community. Here, the relative abundance of phylum Actinomycetota increased at 20 and 40 DATs. In addition, the bacterial functional gene profile employing PICRUSt2 prediction also revealed that diazinon exposure induced the genomic function related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism in soil, such as CYB5B, hpaC, acrR, and ppkA. To validate if bacterial function is caused by increased relative abundance in diazinon enriched soil, further bacteria isolation resulted in obtaining 25 diazinon degradation strains out of 103 isolates. Notably, more than 70% (18 out of 25) isolates are identified as phylum Actinomycetota, which empirically confirms and correlates microbiome and PICRUSt2 results. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive information from microbiome analysis to obtaining several bacteria isolates responsible for diazinon degradation, revealing that the phylum Actinomycetota is as a key taxon that facilitates microbial biodegradation in diazinon spoiled soil. This finding may assist in developing a strategy for microbial detoxification of diazinon, such as using an Actinomycetota rich synthetic community (SynCom).
Topics: Insecticides; Diazinon; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Organophosphorus Compounds; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Bacteria
PubMed: 38460853
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141583 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2024This study presents a dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) approach for extracting and determining of two organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), including...
Facile extraction and determination of organophosphorus pesticides using poly (8-hydroxyquinoline) functionalized magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite in water, fruits, and vegetables samples.
This study presents a dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) approach for extracting and determining of two organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), including diazinon and chlorpyrifos as model analytes in various samples. For this purpose, we synthesized, characterized, and utilized magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated with poly 8-hydroxyquinoline (MWCNTs/FeO@PHQ) as a novel sorbent. The impact of various parameters, including sorbent type, sample pH, sample volume, sorbent amount, desorption solvent (type and volume), extraction time, and ionic strength on the extraction efficiency was investigated and optimized. Following the extraction, the desorbed pesticides in acetone were analyzed using gas chromatography with an FID detector. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the proposed method showed excellent linearity in the range of 3-1000 µg/L, low detection limit (0.9-1.5 µg/L), good relative recoveries (86-101.5 %), and high precision (RSD < 6.5 %). Finally, the applicability of this method was evaluated by analyzing the target OPPs in a variety of real samples, and obtained satisfactory results.
Topics: Pesticides; Water; Nanotubes, Carbon; Organophosphorus Compounds; Vegetables; Oxyquinoline; Fruit; Solid Phase Extraction; Magnetic Phenomena; Nanocomposites; Limit of Detection
PubMed: 38458129
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138848 -
Journal of Pesticide Science Feb 2024The objective of this study was to assess the long-term stability of pesticide residues in brown rice and soybean. The long-term stability of pesticide residues in brown...
The objective of this study was to assess the long-term stability of pesticide residues in brown rice and soybean. The long-term stability of pesticide residues in brown rice and soybean was assessed for 5415 days (over 14 years) and 1801 days (about 5 years), respectively. The samples-certified reference materials (CRMs) 7504-a (brown rice) and 7509-a (soybean) -were prepared by freeze-pulverization. Two target pesticides (etofenprox and fenitrothion) were selected for brown rice and four (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fenitrothion, and permethrin) for soybean. Our analytical results for long-term stability based on highly reliable isotope dilution mass spectrometry were in the range of expanded uncertainty (=2) for the certified values of each CRM. The concentration showed a decreasing trend in none of the target pesticides when the samples were stored at temperatures between -20 °C and -30 °C, which indicated that the target pesticides were stable for the tested long terms.
PubMed: 38450090
DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.D23-047 -
Heliyon Feb 2024The realm of diazinon reduction from polluted water has witnessed a surge in the significance of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in recent times. However, there is a...
The realm of diazinon reduction from polluted water has witnessed a surge in the significance of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in recent times. However, there is a dearth of research focusing on the mitigation of its toxicity through AOPs. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Electro-Fenton process (EFP) in the eradication and detoxification of diazinon in aqueous solutions. Synthetic wastewater samples with concentrations of 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/L were prepared. A total of 27 samples were determined using Box Behnken Design. Reaction time, pH and iron to hydrogen peroxide ratio (Fe/HO) were examined as operational parameters under a constant current of 5.4 amps. The quantification of diazinon concentration was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). To evaluate the detoxification of diazinon, the Daphnia magna bioassay was employed as a methodology in this study. According to the results, the EFP could reduce the diazinon to zero and the LC values are increased by applying the process. The LC values for diazinon were determined using the Daphnia magna bioassay, considering initial concentrations of 2, 2.5, and 3 mg/L at a pH of 5, a reaction time of 15 min, and an iron to hydrogen peroxide molar ratio of 2. The recorded LC50 values were 3.039, 3.076, and 3.106, respectively, indicating the lowest frequency of cumulative death in Daphnia magna. In this case, after 96 h, only 3 cases (30%) of Daphnia magna death were observed. However, for all the mentioned concentrations of diazinon, after 96 h of exposure to samples without applying the Daphnia Magna death process, it was observed between 60 and 100%. Reducing the diazinon concentration and increasing the 96-h LC showed that the EFP can reduce the toxicity of diazinon on Daphnia Magna at the same time. Therefore, EFP can be considered a superior method with low ecotoxicity.
PubMed: 38380001
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25928 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2024Pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) are one of the main contributors affecting water quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Area (GBRCA). While an extensive list of...
Derivation of species sensitivity distributions and ecotoxicity threshold values for 66 pesticide active ingredients and the hazard and risk they pose to freshwater waterways that discharge to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) are one of the main contributors affecting water quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Area (GBRCA). While an extensive list of pesticides is monitored in the GBRCA, only a limited number have water quality guideline values (WQGs), meaning it is not possible to know whether these PAIs are present at concentrations that may pose a hazard to the aquatic environment. In the current study, we derived 66 ecotoxicity threshold values (ETVs) for PAIs, the equivalent of WQGs, with a focus on PAIs applied to sugar cane. The hazard posed by PAIs monitored as part of the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Loads Monitoring Program (GBRCLMP) was assessed by comparing the derived ETVs with monitoring data from 2016/2017 to 2021/2022. The derived ETVs included herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, with the values that should protect 99 or 95 % of aquatic species (PC99 or PC95) spanning nine orders of magnitude. The concentrations of 10 PAIs exceeded their respective ETVs, giving a hazard quotient (HQ) >1. Of particular concern were insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon and methomyl, which have maximum HQ values >10. However, joint probability plots indicated that the PAIs generally pose a low risk to the aquatic environment, with most samples below the limit of reporting. As PAIs are predominantly found in mixtures in the GBRCA, the hazard posed by PAI mixtures was assessed by summing all individual HQ values in a sample for all PAIs with an ETV or WQG. On average, the insecticide active ingredient imidacloprid and herbicide active ingredients metolachlor, metsulfuron methyl, diuron and imazepic were the drivers of combined mixture hazard. Methomyl was an important contributor at some sites, suggesting that this pesticide should be considered for inclusion in any future PAI mixture hazard and/or risk assessment of the GBRCA.
Topics: Pesticides; Insecticides; Methomyl; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Monitoring; Herbicides; Fresh Water; Australia
PubMed: 38365043
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170988 -
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Feb 2024These days, the presence of pesticide residues in drinking water sources is a serious concern. In drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), various methods have been...
These days, the presence of pesticide residues in drinking water sources is a serious concern. In drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), various methods have been proposed to remove pesticide residues. This study was designed with the objectives of monitoring the occurrence and seasonal variations of pesticides in the output of drinking water treatment plants in two Northern provinces of Iran, Gilan and Golestan, and identifying their human health risks. Seventeen pesticide residues from different chemical structures were determined by using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that only Alachlor, Diazinon, Fenitrothion, Malathion, and Chlorpyrifos were detected. The pesticide concentrations ranged from ND to 405.3 ng/L and were higher in the first half-year period. The total non-carcinogenic human health risks was in safe range for infants, children, and adults (HI < 1). The carcinogenic human health risks of Alachlor for infants, children, and adults were in the range of 4.3 × 10 to 1.3 × 10, 2.0 × 10 to 9.6 × 10, and 1.1 × 10 to 5.5 × 10, respectively. These values do not pose health risks for adults and children, but may present a possible cancer risk for infants in two DWTPs of Golestan. In conclusion, considering the possibility of exposure to these pesticides through other routes, simultaneously, it is suggested to carry out a study that examines the level of risk by considering all exposure routes. We also propose stricter regulations for the sale and use of pesticides in Iran.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Drinking Water; Iran; Pesticides; Risk Assessment; Acetamides
PubMed: 38342781
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01878-8