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The Journal of Nutrition May 2024The brain is concentrated with omega (ω)-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs), and these FAs must come from the plasma pool. The 2 main ω-3 FAs, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The brain is concentrated with omega (ω)-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs), and these FAs must come from the plasma pool. The 2 main ω-3 FAs, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), must be in the form of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) or esterified within phospholipids (PLs) to reach the brain. We hypothesized that the plasma concentrations of these ω-3 FAs can be modulated by sex, body mass index (BMI, kg/m), age, and the presence of the apolipoprotein (APO) E-ε4 allele in response to the supplementation.
OBJECTIVES
This secondary analysis aimed to determine the concentration of EPA and DHA within plasma PL and in the NEFA form after an ω-3 FA or a placebo supplementation and to investigate whether the factors change the response to the supplement.
METHODS
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to either an ω-3 FA supplement (DHA 0.8 g and EPA 1.7 g daily) or to a placebo for 6 mo. FAs from fasting plasma samples were extracted and subsequently separated into PLs with esterified FAs and NEFAs using solid-phase extraction. DHA and EPA concentrations in plasma PLs and as NEFAs were quantified using gas chromatography.
RESULTS
EPA and DHA concentrations in the NEFA pool significantly increased by 31%-71% and 42%-82%, respectively, after 1 and 6 mo of ω-3 FA supplementation. No factors influenced plasma DHA and EPA responses in the NEFA pool. In the plasma PL pool, DHA increased by 83%-109% and EPA by 387%-463% after 1 and 6 mo of ω-3 FA supplementation. APOE4 carriers, females, and individuals with a BMI of ≤25 had higher EPA concentrations than noncarriers, males, and those with a BMI of >25, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The concentration of EPA in plasma PLs are modulated by APOE4, sex, and BMI. These factors should be considered when designing clinical trials involving ω-3 FA supplementation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01625195.
Topics: Humans; Female; Dietary Supplements; Male; Phospholipids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Body Mass Index; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Apolipoprotein E4; Middle Aged; Adult; Sex Factors; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Aged
PubMed: 38513888
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.013 -
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and... May 2024Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is present in various foods and contains a choline moiety such as in glycerophosphocholine (GPC). However, the potential of LPC as a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is present in various foods and contains a choline moiety such as in glycerophosphocholine (GPC). However, the potential of LPC as a choline source remains unclear. This study investigated the single-dose pharmacokinetics of 480 mg soy-derived LPC in 12 healthy men compared with that of either soy oil with the same lipid amount (placebo) or GPC with the same choline amount. Both LPC and GPC supplementation increased plasma choline, serum phospholipid, and serum triglyceride concentrations, but neither of them significantly elevated plasma trimethylamine N-oxide concentration. In addition, although the intake of LPC slightly increased plasma LPC16:0, LPC18:2, and total LPC concentrations, their concentrations remained within physiological ranges. No adverse events were attributed to the LPC supplementation. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to compare LPC and GPC pharmacokinetics in humans and shows that LPC can be a source of choline.
Topics: Humans; Male; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Glycerylphosphorylcholine; Choline; Adult; Glycine max; Dietary Supplements; Young Adult; Triglycerides; Methylamines
PubMed: 38490741
DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae031 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2024Gestational hyperandrogenism is a risk factor for adverse maternal and offspring outcomes with effects likely mediated in part via disruptions in maternal lipid...
Gestational testosterone excess early to mid-pregnancy disrupts maternal lipid homeostasis and activates biosynthesis of phosphoinositides and phosphatidylethanolamines in sheep.
Gestational hyperandrogenism is a risk factor for adverse maternal and offspring outcomes with effects likely mediated in part via disruptions in maternal lipid homeostasis. Using a translationally relevant sheep model of gestational testosterone (T) excess that manifests maternal hyperinsulinemia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and adverse offspring cardiometabolic outcomes, we tested if gestational T excess disrupts maternal lipidome. Dimensionality reduction models following shotgun lipidomics of gestational day 127.1 ± 5.3 (term 147 days) plasma revealed clear differences between control and T-treated sheep. Lipid signatures of gestational T-treated sheep included higher phosphoinositides (PI 36:2, 39:4) and lower acylcarnitines (CAR 16:0, 18:0, 18:1), phosphatidylcholines (PC 38:4, 40:5) and fatty acids (linoleic, arachidonic, Oleic). Gestational T excess activated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and PI biosynthesis. The reduction in key fatty acids may underlie IUGR and activated PI for the maternal hyperinsulinemia evidenced in this model. Maternal circulatory lipids contributing to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes are modifiable by dietary interventions.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Sheep; Animals; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Hyperandrogenism; Phosphatidylinositols; Testosterone; Fatty Acids; Homeostasis; Hyperinsulinism; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 38486090
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56886-6 -
Journal of Proteome Research Apr 2024Organisms respond to dietary and environmental challenges by altering the molecular composition of their glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids (GPLs), which may...
Organisms respond to dietary and environmental challenges by altering the molecular composition of their glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids (GPLs), which may favorably adjust the physicochemical properties of lipid membranes. However, how lipidome changes affect the membrane proteome and, eventually, the physiology of specific organs is an open question. We addressed this issue in , which is not able to synthesize sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids but can acquire them from food. We developed a series of semisynthetic foods to manipulate the length and unsaturation of fatty acid moieties in GPLs and singled out proteins whose abundance is specifically affected by membrane lipid unsaturation in the eye. Unexpectedly, we identified a group of proteins that have muscle-related functions and increased their abundances under unsaturated eye lipidome conditions. In contrast, the abundance of two stress response proteins, Turandot A and Smg5, is decreased by lipid unsaturation. Our findings could guide the genetic dissection of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain visual function when the eye is exposed to environmental and dietary challenges.
Topics: Animals; Proteome; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Lipidomics; Fatty Acids; Glycerophospholipids
PubMed: 38484338
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00570 -
PloS One 2024The Taihe Black-Bone silky fowl chicken (BB-sfc) is a renowned dietary and medicinal chicken globally recognized for its high nutritional and medicinal value. Compared...
Integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis reveals the unique molecular features and nutritional components on the muscles in Chinese Taihe black-bone silky fowl chicken.
The Taihe Black-Bone silky fowl chicken (BB-sfc) is a renowned dietary and medicinal chicken globally recognized for its high nutritional and medicinal value. Compared to the local Black-Bone black-feathered chicken (BB-bfc), the Taihe silky fowl chicken has higher levels of amino acids, trace elements, and unsaturated fatty acids in their muscles, which offer anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immune enhancing benefits. Despite this, the unique nutritional components, genes, and proteins in Taihe silky fowl chicken muscles are largely unknown. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analysis of muscle development between BB-sfc and BB-bfc chickens using RNA-Seq and TMT-based quantitative proteomics methods. RNA-Seq analysis identified 286 up-regulated genes and 190 down-regulated genes in BB-sfc chickens, with oxidoreductase activity and electron transfer activity enriched in up-regulated genes, and phospholipid homeostasis and cholesterol transporter activity enriched in down-regulated genes. Proteome analysis revealed 186 significantly increased and 287 significantly decreased proteins in Taihe BB-sfc chicken muscles, primarily affecting mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation, crucial for enhancing muscle antioxidant capacity. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis identified 6 overlapped up-regulated genes and 8 overlapped down-regulated genes in Taihe silky fowl chicken, related to improved muscle antioxidant status. Taken together, this research provides a comprehensive database of gene expression and protein information in Taihe Black-Bone silky fowl chicken muscles, aiding in fully exploring their unique economic value in the future.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Proteome; Transcriptome; Silk; Antioxidants; Muscles; China
PubMed: 38478538
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299385 -
Nutrients Feb 2024Bovine milk contains bioactive proteins, carbohydrates, and phospholipids with immunomodulatory properties impacting human immunity, potentially contributing to...
Dietary Intervention with Whey Protein Concentrate Does Not Affect Toll-like Receptor Responses and Gene Expression Patterns in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Healthy Volunteers.
Bovine milk contains bioactive proteins, carbohydrates, and phospholipids with immunomodulatory properties impacting human immunity, potentially contributing to resistance to infections and allergies through diverse mechanisms. One such mechanism is the enhancing of the innate immune response to secondary pathogen-related stimuli, termed innate immune training. Although studies demonstrate that milk immunoglobulin G (IgG) can train human monocytes, evidence for immune training is limited. To explore the potential of bovine IgG for inducing innate immune training , this human study utilized an IgG-rich whey protein concentrate (WPC). Healthy male volunteers were assigned to a high dose WPC, low dose WPC, or placebo group. Blood was collected pre- and post-two weeks of WPC consumption. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with TLR ligands, evaluating IL-6 and TNF-α production by monocytes, myeloid DCs, and plasmacytoid DCs. Additionally, RNA was isolated for differential gene expression (DGE) analysis. Results indicated that the two-week WPC intervention did not influence the response of studied cells to TLR agonists. Furthermore, PBMC gene expression patterns showed no significant differences between the placebo and high dose WPC groups. The data suggests that oral WPC ingestion did not enhance immune responses in young, healthy male participants.
Topics: Humans; Male; Whey Proteins; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Healthy Volunteers; Toll-Like Receptors; Immunoglobulin G; Gene Expression
PubMed: 38474721
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050592 -
Nutrients Feb 2024The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin film that exists within the milk emulsion, suspended on the surface of milk fat globules, and comprises a diverse array of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin film that exists within the milk emulsion, suspended on the surface of milk fat globules, and comprises a diverse array of bioactive components. Recent advancements in MFGM research have sparked a growing interest in its biological characteristics and health-related functions. Thorough exploration and utilization of MFGM as a significant bioactive constituent in milk emulsion can profoundly impact human health in a positive manner. Scope and approach: This review comprehensively examines the current progress in understanding the structure, composition, physicochemical properties, methods of separation and purification, and biological activity of MFGM. Additionally, it underscores the vast potential of MFGM in the development of additives and drug delivery systems, with a particular focus on harnessing the surface activity and stability of proteins and phospholipids present on the MFGM for the production of natural emulsifiers and drug encapsulation materials.
KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
MFGM harbors numerous active substances that possess diverse physiological functions, including the promotion of digestion, maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and facilitation of nerve development. Typically employed as a dietary supplement in infant formula, MFGM's exceptional surface activity has propelled its advancement toward becoming a natural emulsifier or encapsulation material. This surface activity is primarily derived from the amphiphilicity of polar lipids and the stability exhibited by highly glycosylated proteins.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Emulsions; Glycolipids; Glycoproteins; Milk Proteins; Lipid Droplets; Emulsifying Agents
PubMed: 38474716
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050587 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Plasma lipid levels are commonly measured using traditional methods such as triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and...
Plasma lipid levels are commonly measured using traditional methods such as triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and cholesterol (CH). However, the use of newer technologies, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with post-analysis platforms, has made it easier to assess lipoprotein profiles in research. In this study involving ApoE-deficient mice that were fed high-fat diets, significant changes were observed in TG, CH, free cholesterol (FC), and phospholipid (PL) levels within the LDL fraction. The varied proportions of TG in wild-type mice and CH, FC, and PL in ApoE mice were strikingly different in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), LDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and HDL. This comprehensive analysis expands our understanding of lipoprotein subfractions and the impacts of the APOE protein and high-fat diet in mouse models. The new testing method allows for a complete assessment of plasma lipids and their correlation with genetic background and diet in mice.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Lipoproteins, LDL; Lipoproteins, HDL; Cholesterol; Triglycerides; Apolipoproteins E; Diet; Phospholipids; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
PubMed: 38474500
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050988 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024As an important functional protein molecule in the human body, human annexin A5 (hAnxA5) is widely found in human cells and body fluids. hAnxA5, the smallest type of... (Review)
Review
As an important functional protein molecule in the human body, human annexin A5 (hAnxA5) is widely found in human cells and body fluids. hAnxA5, the smallest type of annexin, performs a variety of biological functions by reversibly and specifically binding phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium-dependent manner and plays an important role in many human physiological and pathological processes. The free state hAnxA5 exists in the form of monomers and usually forms a polymer in a specific self-assembly manner when exerting biological activity. This review systematically discusses the current knowledge and understanding of hAnxA5 from three perspectives: physiopathological relevance, diagnostic value, and therapeutic utility. AnxA5 affects the occurrence and development of many physiopathological processes. Moreover, hAnxA5 can be used independently or in combination as a biomarker of physiopathological phenomena for the diagnosis of certain diseases. Importantly, based on the properties of hAnxA5, many novel drug candidates have been designed and prepared for application in actual medical practice. However, there are also some gaps and shortcomings in AnxA5 research. This in-depth study will not only expand the understanding of structural and functional relationships but also promote the application of hAnxA5 in the field of biomedicine.
Topics: Humans; Annexin A5; Apoptosis; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Phosphatidylserines
PubMed: 38474114
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052865 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2024Studies have shown that sphingomyelin (SM) and its metabolites play signaling roles in the regulation of human health. Endogenous SM is involved in metabolic syndrome...
BACKGROUND
Studies have shown that sphingomyelin (SM) and its metabolites play signaling roles in the regulation of human health. Endogenous SM is involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS), while dietary SM supplementation may maintain lipid metabolism and prevent or alleviate MetS. Therefore, we hypothesized that dietary SM supplementation is beneficial for human health.
AIMS
In order to examine the impacts of dietary SM on metabolic indexes in adults without MetS, we performed a meta-analysis to test our hypothesis.
METHODS
A comprehensive search was performed to retrieve randomized controlled trials that were conducted between 2003 and 2023 to examine the effects of dietary SM supplementation on metabolic parameters in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14.0 software were used for meta-analysis, a sensitivity analysis, the risk of bias, and the overall quality of the resulted evidence.
RESULTS
Eventually, 10 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Dietary SM supplementation did not affect the endline blood SM level. When compared to the control, SM supplementation reduced the blood total cholesterol level [MD: -12.97, 95% CI: (-14.57, -11.38), < 0.00001], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level [MD: -6.62, 95% CI: (-10.74, -2.49), = 0.002], and diastolic blood pressure [MD: -3.31; 95% CI (-4.03, -2.58), < 0.00001] in adults without MetS. The supplementation also increased high-density lipoprotein level [MD:1.41, 95% CI: (0.94, 1.88), < 0.00001] and muscle fiber conduction velocity [MD: 95% 1.21 CI (0.53, 1.88), = 0.0005]. The intake of SM had no effect on the blood phospholipids and lyso-phosphatidylcholine, but slightly decreased phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol concentrations. Dietary SM supplementation reduced insulin level [MD: -0.63; 95% CI (-0.96, -0.31), = 0.0001] and HOMA-IR [MD: -0.23; 95% CI (-0.31, -0.16), < 0.00001] without affecting blood levels of glucose and inflammatory cytokines.
CONCLUSION
Overall, dietary SM supplementation had a protective effect on blood lipid profiles and insulin level, but had limited impacts on other metabolic parameters in adults without MetS. More clinical trials and basic research are required.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023438460.
PubMed: 38463938
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1363077