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Tropical Animal Health and Production Jun 2024This study evaluated the growth and physiological response of proactive and reactive Colossoma macropomum juveniles in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). In Phase...
This study evaluated the growth and physiological response of proactive and reactive Colossoma macropomum juveniles in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). In Phase 1 of the experiment (50 days of cultivation), juveniles, weighing 2.16 ± 0.52 g, were stocked in 12 28-L tanks to test the following treatments: proactive (PT), reactive (RT) and mixed (MT) composed of reactive (MRT) and proactive (MPT) animals. In Phase 2 of the experiment (40 days of cultivation), the animals were transferred to 175-L tanks with the same treatments as Phase 1. The animals were fed twice a day with commercial diet during both phases. After Phase 1, MPT animals showed higher growth than MRT animals (P < 0.05), and higher weight gain and daily weight than PT animals (P < 0.05). After Phase 2, PT animals showed higher weight gain and daily weight gain than RT and MT animals (P < 0.05), as did MPT animals compared to PT animals. Performance for RT animals was superior (P < 0.05) to that of MRT animals. Glucose (P < 0.04) and cholesterol (P < 0.01) were higher for RT animals compared to PT animals. Cholesterol was higher for MPT animals compared to MRT animals (P < 0.01), while plasma protein was lower (P < 0.001). Glucose (P < 0.001) and cholesterol (P < 0.01) were higher for MPT animals compared to PT animals and for MRT animals compared to RT animals (glucose P < 0.02, cholesterol P < 0.01). After 90 days of cultivation, proactive animals cultivated separately presented better performance. When cultivated together, reactive animals experienced a decrease in performance and both stress coping styles showed more signs of stress.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Characiformes; Weight Gain; Cholesterol; Animal Feed; Diet
PubMed: 38837066
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04047-2 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jul 2024The incidence of breast cancer is increasing annually, making it a major health threat for women. Chemoprevention using natural, dietary, or synthetic products has...
The incidence of breast cancer is increasing annually, making it a major health threat for women. Chemoprevention using natural, dietary, or synthetic products has emerged as a promising approach to address this growing burden. Atractylenolide-III (AT-III), a sesquiterpenoid present in various medicinal herbs, has demonstrated potential therapeutic effects against several diseases, including tumors, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cerebral ischemic injury. However, its impact on breast cancer chemoprevention remains unexplored. In this study, we used an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced rat breast cancer model and 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated MCF-10A cells to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of AT-III on mammary tumorigenesis. AT-III inhibited mammary tumor progression, evidenced by reduced tumor volume and multiplicity, prolonged tumor latency, and the reversal of NMU-induced weight loss. Furthermore, AT-III suppressed NMU-induced inflammation and oxidative stress through the Nrf2/ARE pathway in breast cancer tissues. In vitro, AT-III effectively suppressed E2-induced anchorage-independent growth and cell migration in MCF-10A cells. Nrf2 knockdown attenuated the protective effects of AT-III, highlighting the pivotal role of Nrf2 in AT-III-mediated suppression of tumorigenesis. The mechanism involves the induction of Nrf2 expression by AT-III through the autophagic degradation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Overall, the results of this study indicate that AT-III is a promising candidate for breast cancer chemoprevention and provide valuable insights into its molecular interactions and signaling pathways.
Topics: Animals; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Sesquiterpenes; Female; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Lactones; Autophagy; Signal Transduction; Rats; Humans; Cell Line, Tumor; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Oxidative Stress; Methylnitrosourea; Carcinogenesis; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Estradiol
PubMed: 38834007
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116852 -
Cell Death & Disease Jun 2024Apolipoprotein O (APOO) plays a critical intracellular role in regulating lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the roles of APOO in metabolism and atherogenesis in...
Apolipoprotein O (APOO) plays a critical intracellular role in regulating lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the roles of APOO in metabolism and atherogenesis in mice. Hepatic APOO expression was increased in response to hyperlipidemia but was inhibited after simvastatin treatment. Using a novel APOO global knockout (Apoo) model, it was found that APOO depletion aggravated diet-induced obesity and elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Upon crossing with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) knockout hyperlipidemic mouse models, Apoo Apoe and Apoo Ldlr mice exhibited elevated plasma cholesterol levels, with more severe atherosclerotic lesions than littermate controls. This indicated the effects of APOO on cholesterol metabolism independent of LDLR and APOE. Moreover, APOO deficiency reduced cholesterol excretion through bile and feces while decreasing phospholipid unsaturation by inhibiting NRF2 and CYB5R3. Restoration of CYB5R3 expression in vivo by adeno-associated virus (AAV) injection reversed the reduced degree of phospholipid unsaturation while decreasing blood cholesterol levels. This represents the first in vivo experimental validation of the role of APOO in plasma cholesterol metabolism independent of LDLR and elucidates a previously unrecognized cholesterol metabolism pathway involving NRF2/CYB5R3. APOO may be a metabolic regulator of total-body cholesterol homeostasis and a target for atherosclerosis management. Apolipoprotein O (APOO) regulates plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis through a pathway involving CYB5R3 that regulates biliary and fecal cholesterol excretion, independently of the LDL receptor. In addition, down-regulation of APOO may lead to impaired mitochondrial function, which in turn aggravates diet-induced obesity and fat accumulation.
Topics: Animals; Receptors, LDL; Cholesterol; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Atherosclerosis; Apolipoproteins; Humans; Liver; Apolipoproteins E; Hyperlipidemias
PubMed: 38830896
DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06778-4 -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2024Angus-cross steers (n = 144; 362 kg ± 20.4) were used to determine the effect of Zn and steroidal implants on performance, trace mineral status, circulating...
Influence of steroidal implants and zinc sulfate supplementation on growth performance, trace mineral status, circulating metabolites, and transcriptional changes in skeletal muscle of feedlot steers.
Angus-cross steers (n = 144; 362 kg ± 20.4) were used to determine the effect of Zn and steroidal implants on performance, trace mineral status, circulating metabolites, and transcriptional changes occurring in skeletal muscle. Steers (n = 6 per pen) were stratified by body weight (BW) in a 3 × 2 factorial. GrowSafe bunks recorded individual feed intake (steer as experimental unit; n = 24 per treatment). Dietary treatments (ZINC; eight pens per treatment) included supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 at 1) 0 (analyzed 54 mg Zn/kg DM; Zn0); 2) 30 mg/kg DM (Zn30); 3) 100 mg Zn/kg DM (Zn100). After 60 d of Zn treatment, steers received a steroidal implant treatment (IMP) on day 0: 1) no implant; NO; or 2) high-potency combination implant (TE-200, Elanco, Greenfield, IN; 200 mg TBA, 20 mg E2; TE200). BWs were taken at days -60, 0, and in 28 d increments thereafter. Liver biopsies for TM analysis and blood for TM, serum glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea-N, and IGF-1 analysis were collected on days 0, 20, 40, and 84. Glucose, NEFA, and insulin were used to calculate the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI). Linear and quadratic effects of ZINC were evaluated in SAS 9.4. Means for IMP were separated using the LSMEANS statement with the PDIFF option. Day -60 BW was a covariate for performance and carcass data. Growth performance, plasma, liver, and metabolite data were analyzed as repeated measures. TE200 tended to decrease plasma Zn by 8.4% from days 0 to 20 while NO decreased by 3.6% (IMP × day; P = 0.08). A tendency for a ZINC × day effect on G:F was noted (P = 0.06) driven by Zn30 and Zn100 decreasing significantly from period 0-28 to period 28-56 while Zn0 was similar in both periods. An IMP × day effect was noted for RQUICKI where (P = 0.02) TE200 was greater on day 40 compared to NO cattle, but by day 84 RQUICKI was not different between TE200 and NO. On day 20, increasing Zn supplementation linearly increased mRNA abundance (P ≤ 0.09) of protein kinase B (AKT1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5). In this study, Zn and implants differentially affected genes related to energy metabolism, satellite cell function, and TM homeostasis on days 20 and 84 postimplant. These results suggest steroidal implants increase demand for Zn immediately following implant administration to support growth and may influence insulin sensitivity in finishing cattle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Dietary Supplements; Trace Elements; Zinc Sulfate; Drug Implants; Diet; Animal Feed; Trenbolone Acetate
PubMed: 38828800
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae154 -
3 Biotech Jun 2024Diosgenin (DG), a well-known steroidal sapogenin, is abundantly found in the plants of the Dioscoreaceae family and exhibits diverse pharmacological properties. In our...
UNLABELLED
Diosgenin (DG), a well-known steroidal sapogenin, is abundantly found in the plants of the Dioscoreaceae family and exhibits diverse pharmacological properties. In our previous study, we demonstrated that DG supplementation protected from high glucose-induced lipid deposition, oxidative damage, and lifespan reduction. Nevertheless, the precise biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DG have not yet been described. In this context, the present study aims to elucidate how DG reduces molecular and cellular declines induced by high glucose, using the powerful genetics of the model. Treatment with DG significantly (p < 0.01) prevented fat accumulation and extended lifespan under high-glucose conditions without affecting physiological functions. DG-induced lifespan extension was found to rely on longevity genes , , , , , , and . Specifically, DG regulates lipophagy, the autophagy-mediated degradation of lipid droplets, in thereby inhibiting fat accumulation. Furthermore, DG treatment did not alter the triglyceride levels in the and single mutants and ; double mutants, indicating the significant role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase genes in mediating the reduction of fat deposition by DG. Our results provide new insight into the fat-reducing mechanisms of DG, which might develop into a multitarget drug for preventing obesity and associated health complications; however, preclinical studies are required to investigate the effect of DG on higher models.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04017-3.
PubMed: 38828099
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04017-3 -
Cureus May 2024Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) affect a large percentage of people who undergo surgeries that need general anesthesia. There is an increased risk of... (Review)
Review
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) affect a large percentage of people who undergo surgeries that need general anesthesia. There is an increased risk of death and a major disruption to postoperative self-care as a result of this. This study compiles all the relevant materials that the authors have found to investigate postnatal depression and its causes, as well as the methods used to determine the probability and severity of PNDs and how to reduce their risk before surgery. Postnatal depression can have many causes, and this text explores some of them. These include a history of alcohol or opiate use, immunological dysregulation, advanced age, educational background, infections, neurocognitive impairment, and pre-existing chronic inflammatory disorders. It also delves into various methods used to gauge the likelihood and severity of postpartum depression. The following assessment tools were covered: the Clock Drawing Test, Domain-Specific Tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. In addition to biochemical markers, neuroimaging techniques play an important role in diagnosis. The Frailty Fried assessment, which measures inertia, sluggishness, lack of physical activity, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss, is a key prognostic sign that is highlighted. There is strong evidence that the index, which is derived from these five characteristics, may accurately predict the likelihood of PNDs. Risk mitigation strategies are also covered in this research. Preoperative brain plasticity-based therapies, such as physical exercise and intensive cognitive training, can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of postoperative neurocognitive disorders. A peripheral nerve block, monitoring cerebral oxygen saturation, dexmedetomidine, and a reduction in anesthesia depth are all ways to improve anesthetic procedures. Methods that lower blood pressure should be avoided, the body temperature should be kept down during surgery, or the time without liquids should be lengthened; all of these raise the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting and make it worse. Potential approaches include a Mediterranean diet, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, smoking cessation, alcohol reduction, avoidance of anticholinergic medications, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug stewardship, although there is no definitive evidence for successful postoperative neurocognitive rehabilitation procedures. More standardized diagnostic criteria, evaluation methods, and PND classification are urgently needed, according to this study. Different cases of PNDs are characterized by different combinations of tests, cutoff values, and methods because there is a broad variety of diagnostic tests used to make the diagnosis. Until now, PNDs and pre-existing neurocognitive disorders have been diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). With an aging population comes an increase in the occurrence and prevalence of PNDs, which calls for a specific way to classify and describe the condition.
PubMed: 38826940
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59436 -
Case Reports in Hepatology 2024Drug-induced liver injury resulting from herbal and dietary supplement use is increasingly common and underrecognized. We report a case of a 34-year-old male...
Drug-induced liver injury resulting from herbal and dietary supplement use is increasingly common and underrecognized. We report a case of a 34-year-old male recreational bodybuilder who presented with muscle cramping, fatigue, and diffuse itching in the setting of bodybuilding supplement use. Labs showed cholestatic liver injury, and liver biopsy revealed bland cholestasis and sinusoidal dilation. He was diagnosed with anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced liver injury. He was symptomatically managed with plasmapheresis for debilitating pruritus. This case highlights drug-induced liver injury as a complication of bodybuilding supplement use containing unlabeled anabolic-androgenic steroids. Sports medicine providers should inquire on herbal and dietary supplement use and be aware of potential contaminants.
PubMed: 38826497
DOI: 10.1155/2024/5112461 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2024Analysis of endogenous metabolites in various diseases is useful for searching diagnostic biomarkers and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of pathophysiology. The... (Review)
Review
Analysis of endogenous metabolites in various diseases is useful for searching diagnostic biomarkers and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of pathophysiology. The author and collaborators have developed some LC/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods for metabolites and applied them to disease-related samples. First, we identified urinary conjugated cholesterol metabolites and serum N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholine serine as useful biomarkers for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). For the purpose of intraoperative diagnosis of glioma patients, we developed the LC/MS/MS analysis methods for 2-hydroxyglutaric acid or cystine and found that they could be good differential biomarkers. For renal cell carcinoma, we searched for various biomarkers for early diagnosis, malignancy evaluation and recurrence prediction by global metabolome analysis and targeted LC/MS/MS analysis. In pathological analysis, we developed a simultaneous LC/MS/MS analysis method for 13 steroid hormones and applied it to NPC cells, we found 6 types of reductions in NPC model cells. For non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), model mice were prepared with special diet and plasma bile acids were measured, and as a result, hydrophilic bile acids were significantly increased. In addition, we developed an LC/MS/MS method for 17 sterols and analyzed liver cholesterol metabolites and found a decrease in phytosterols and cholesterol synthetic markers and an increase in non-enzymatic oxidative sterols in the pre-onset stage of NASH. We will continue to challenge themselves to add value to clinical practice based on cutting-edge analytical chemistry methodology.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Animals; Humans; Biomarkers; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C; Glioma; Mice
PubMed: 38825462
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00073 -
Journal of Animal Science and... Jun 2024The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the health and productivity of dairy cows, yet studies on its functionality and its impact on peripheral circulation in these...
BACKGROUND
The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the health and productivity of dairy cows, yet studies on its functionality and its impact on peripheral circulation in these animals are relatively scarce, particularly regarding dietary interventions. Therefore, our study undertook a comprehensive analysis, incorporating both metabolomics and transcriptomics, to explore the effects of a grain-based diet on the functionality of the hypothalamus, as well as on blood and milk in dairy cows.
RESULTS
The hypothalamic metabolome analysis revealed a significant reduction in prostaglandin E (PGE) level as a prominent response to the grain-based diet introduction. Furthermore, the hypothalamic transcriptome profiling showed a notable upregulation in amino acid metabolism due to the grain-based diet. Conversely, the grain-based diet led to the downregulation of genes involved in the metabolic pathway from lecithin to PGE, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4E, PLA2G2A, and PLA2G12B), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES). Additionally, the plasma metabolome analysis indicated a substantial decrease in the level of PGE, along with a decline in adrenal steroid hormones (tetrahydrocortisol and pregnenolone) following the grain-based diet introduction. Analysis of the milk metabolome showed that the grain-based diet significantly increased uric acid level while notably decreasing PGE level. Importantly, PGE was identified as a critical metabolic marker in the hypothalamus, blood, and milk in response to grain intervention. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation among metabolic alterations in the hypothalamus, blood, and milk following the grain-based diet.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest a potential link between hypothalamic changes and alterations in peripheral circulation resulting from the introduction of a grain-based diet.
PubMed: 38822422
DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01034-3 -
Advances in Microbial Physiology 2024The gut microbiota is increasingly recognised as a key player in influencing human health and changes in the gut microbiota have been strongly linked with many... (Review)
Review
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognised as a key player in influencing human health and changes in the gut microbiota have been strongly linked with many non-communicable conditions in humans such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, characterising the molecular mechanisms that underpin these associations remains an important challenge for researchers. The gut microbiota is a complex microbial community that acts as a metabolic interface to transform ingested food (and other xenobiotics) into metabolites that are detected in the host faeces, urine and blood. Many of these metabolites are only produced by microbes and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that these microbe-specific metabolites do act as effectors to influence human physiology. For example, the gut microbiota can digest dietary complex polysaccharides (such as fibre) into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate and butyrate that have a pervasive role in host physiology from nutrition to immune function. In this review we will outline our current understanding of the role of some key microbial metabolites, such as SCFA, indole and bile acids, in human health. Whilst many studies linking microbial metabolites with human health are correlative we will try to highlight examples where genetic evidence is available to support a specific role for a microbial metabolite in host health and well-being.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Bile Acids and Salts; Indoles; Host Microbial Interactions; Bacteria; Animals
PubMed: 38821635
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.12.001