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Pharmaceutical Research Jun 2024Some glucoside drugs can be transported via intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs), and the presence of carbohydrate excipients in pharmaceutical formulations may...
Effects of Three Kinds of Carbohydrate Pharmaceutical Excipients-Fructose, Lactose and Arabic Gum on Intestinal Absorption of Gastrodin through Glucose Transport Pathway in Rats.
BACKGROUND
Some glucoside drugs can be transported via intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs), and the presence of carbohydrate excipients in pharmaceutical formulations may influence the absorption of them. This study, using gastrodin as probe drug, aimed to explore the effects of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on intestinal drug absorption mediated by the glucose transport pathway.
METHODS
The influence of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on gastrodin absorption was assessed via pharmacokinetic experiments and single-pass intestinal perfusion. The expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and sodium-independent glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) was quantified via RT‒qPCR and western blotting. Alterations in rat intestinal permeability were evaluated through H&E staining, RT‒qPCR, and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
Fructose reduced the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (C) of gastrodin by 42.7% and 63.71%, respectively (P < 0.05), and decreased the effective permeability coefficient (P) in the duodenum and jejunum by 58.1% and 49.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression and intestinal permeability remained unchanged. Lactose enhanced the AUC and C of gastrodin by 31.5% and 65.8%, respectively (P < 0.05), and increased the P in the duodenum and jejunum by 33.7% and 26.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 levels did not significantly differ, intestinal permeability increased. Arabic gum had no notable effect on pharmacokinetic parameters, SGLT1 or GLUT2 expression, or intestinal permeability.
CONCLUSION
Fructose, lactose, and arabic gum differentially affect intestinal drug absorption through the glucose transport pathway. Fructose competitively inhibited drug absorption, while lactose may enhance absorption by increasing intestinal permeability. Arabic gum had no significant influence.
Topics: Animals; Intestinal Absorption; Fructose; Glucosides; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; Gum Arabic; Male; Glucose Transporter Type 2; Rats; Excipients; Glucose; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Lactose; Benzyl Alcohols; Intestinal Mucosa; Biological Transport; Permeability
PubMed: 38834905
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03720-3 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is a traditional Chinese medicine with important pharmacological effects. However, its cultivation is challenged by soil degradation...
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is a traditional Chinese medicine with important pharmacological effects. However, its cultivation is challenged by soil degradation following excessive use of chemical fertilizer. We conducted an experiment exploring the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers (OF) on the growth and yield of P. ternata, as well as on the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition using containerized plants. Six fertilization treatments were evaluated, including control (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), different proportions of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer (OM). Containerized P. ternata plants in each OF treatment had greater growth and yield than the CK and CF treatments while maintaining alkaloid content. The OM treatment had the greatest yield among all treatments, with an increase of 42.35% and 44.93% compared to the CK and CF treatments, respectively. OF treatments improved soil quality and fertility by enhancing the activities of soil urease (S-UE) and sucrase (S-SC) enzymes while increasing soil organic matter and trace mineral elements. OF treatments increased bacterial abundance and changed soil community structure. In comparison to the CK microbial groups enriched in OM were OLB13, Vicinamibacteraceae, and Blrii41. There were also changes in the abundance of gene transcripts among treatments. The abundance of genes involved in the nitrogen cycle in the OM has increased, specifically promoting the transformation of N-NO into N-NH, a type of nitrogen more easily absorbed by P. ternata. Also, genes involved in "starch and sucrose metabolism" and "plant hormone signal transduction" pathways were positively correlated to P. ternata yield and were upregulated in the OM treatment. Overall, OF in P. ternata cultivation is a feasible practice in advancing sustainable agriculture and is potentially profitable in commercial production.
Topics: Fertilizers; Soil; Pinellia; Sucrose; Starch; Nitrogen Cycle; Soil Microbiology; Nitrogen
PubMed: 38830940
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63564-0 -
PeerJ 2024Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is crucial in regulating oral pH and predicting susceptibility to dental caries. The hypothesis posits that caries activity may alter the...
BACKGROUND
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is crucial in regulating oral pH and predicting susceptibility to dental caries. The hypothesis posits that caries activity may alter the CA VI function, diminishing its capacity to regulate pH effectively and potentially exacerbating cariogenic challenges. This 1-year cohort study sought to investigate the enzymatic activity of salivary CA VI and buffering capacity following a 20% sucrose rinse in 4 to 6.5-year-old children.
METHOD
This research involved 46 volunteers categorized into three groups based on their caries status after follow-up: caries-free (C), arrested caries (C), and caries active (C). Children underwent visible biofilm examination and saliva collection for salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and CA VI analyses before and after a 20% sucrose rinse.
RESULTS
A reduction in the buffering capacity was observed after sucrose rinse in all groups. The CA VI activity decreased significantly in C and C groups after sucrose rinse, although it did not change in the C group. An improvement in the buffering capacity and salivary flow rate was found at follow-up when compared with the baseline. After 1-year follow-up, buffering capacity and salivary flow rate increased in all groups, whilst the CA VI activity reduced only in C and C children.
CONCLUSION
Sucrose rinse universally reduces the salivary buffering capacity, while caries activity may disrupt CA VI activity response during a cariogenic challenge. After a year, increased salivary flow enhances buffering capacity but not CA VI activity in caries-active children.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Sucrose; Child; Carbonic Anhydrases; Dental Caries; Male; Female; Longitudinal Studies; Child, Preschool; Buffers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mouthwashes
PubMed: 38827285
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17429 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... May 2024Solid tumors harbor immunosuppressive microenvironments that inhibit tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) through the voracious consumption of glucose. We sought to...
Solid tumors harbor immunosuppressive microenvironments that inhibit tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) through the voracious consumption of glucose. We sought to restore TIL function by providing them with an exclusive fuel source. The glucose disaccharide cellobiose, which is a building block of cellulose, contains a β-1,4-glycosidic bond that cannot be hydrolyzed by animals (or their tumors), but fungal and bacterial organisms have evolved enzymes to catabolize cellobiose and use the resulting glucose. By equipping T cells with two proteins that enable import and hydrolysis of cellobiose, we demonstrate that supplementation of cellobiose during glucose withdrawal restores T cell cytokine production and cellular proliferation. Murine tumor growth is suppressed and survival is prolonged. Offering exclusive access to a natural disaccharide is a new tool that augments cancer immunotherapies. Beyond cancer, this approach could be used to answer questions about the regulation of glucose metabolism across many cell types, biological processes, and diseases.
PubMed: 38826342
DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595053 -
BMC Plant Biology Jun 2024Vegetable soybean is an important vegetable crop in world. Seed size and soluble sugar content are considered crucial indicators of quality in vegetable soybean, and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Vegetable soybean is an important vegetable crop in world. Seed size and soluble sugar content are considered crucial indicators of quality in vegetable soybean, and there is a lack of clarity on the molecular basis of grain quality in vegetable soybean.
RESULTS
In this context, we performed a comprehensive comparative transcriptome analysis of seeds between a high-sucrose content and large-grain variety (Zhenong 6, ZN6) and a low-sucrose content and small-grain variety (Williams 82, W82) at three developmental stages, i.e. stage R5 (Beginning Seed), stage R6 (Full Seed), and stage R7 (Beginning Maturity). The transcriptome analysis showed that 17,107 and 13,571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in ZN6 at R6 (vs. R5) and R7 (vs. R6), respectively, whereas 16,203 and 16,032 were detected in W82. Gene expression pattern and DEGs functional enrichment proposed genotype-specific biological processes during seed development. The genes participating in soluble sugar biosynthesis such as FKGP were overexpressed in ZN6, whereas those responsible for lipid and protein metabolism such as ALDH3 were more enhanced in W82, exhibiting different dry material accumulation between two genotypes. Furthermore, hormone-associated transcriptional factors involved in seed size regulation such as BEH4 were overrepresented in ZN6, exhibiting different seed size regulation processes between two genotypes.
CONCLUSIONS
Herein, we not only discovered the differential expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in seed composition, but also identified a type of hormone-associated transcriptional factors overexpressed in ZN6, which may regulate seed size and soluble content. This study provides new insights into the underlying causes of differences in the soybean metabolites and appearance, and suggests that genetic data can be used to improve its appearance and textural quality.
Topics: Glycine max; Seeds; Gene Expression Profiling; Edible Grain; Transcriptome; Genes, Plant; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genotype; Sucrose
PubMed: 38825702
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05214-1 -
Chemical Senses Jan 2024This study examined how olfaction impacts ingestive responses of mice to sugar solutions. Experiment 1 asked whether naïve C57BL/6 (B6) mice could identify 1 M glucose,...
This study examined how olfaction impacts ingestive responses of mice to sugar solutions. Experiment 1 asked whether naïve C57BL/6 (B6) mice could identify 1 M glucose, fructose, or sucrose solutions based on odor cues, during a 30-min 2-bottle acceptability test. We tested mice both before and after they were rendered anosmic with ZnSO4 treatment. We used 2 indirect measures of odor-mediated response: number of trials initiated and latency to initiate licking. Before ZnSO4 treatment, the mice learned how to identify 1 M glucose and fructose (but not sucrose) solutions based on odor cues. ZnSO4 treatment eliminated their ability to identify the glucose and fructose solutions. Experiment 2 asked whether 2 d of exposure to a 1 M glucose, fructose, or sucrose solution improved the identification of the same sugar solution. Following exposure, the B6 mice identified all 3 sugar solutions based on odor cues. Experiment 3 asked whether T1R3 knockout mice (i.e. mice lacking the T1R3 subunit of the T1R2 + R3 sweet taste receptor) could learn to discriminate 0.44 M glucose and fructose solutions based on odor cues. All mice were subjected to a 1-h preference test, both before and after exposure to the 0.44 M glucose and fructose solutions. During exposure, the experimental mice received ZnSO4 treatment, whereas the control mice received saline treatment. Before exposure, neither type of mouse preferred the glucose solution. After exposure, the control mice preferred the glucose solution, whereas the experimental mice did not. Our results reveal that mice can learn to use odor cues to identify and discriminate between sugar solutions.
Topics: Animals; Odorants; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Cues; Male; Smell; Sucrose; Fructose; Mice, Knockout; Glucose; Zinc Sulfate; Female; Sugars; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
PubMed: 38824409
DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae024 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Sep 2024Arabinoxylan is a major hemicellulose in the sugarcane plant cell wall with arabinose decorations that impose steric restrictions on the activity of xylanases against...
Arabinoxylan is a major hemicellulose in the sugarcane plant cell wall with arabinose decorations that impose steric restrictions on the activity of xylanases against this substrate. Enzymatic removal of the decorations by arabinofuranosidases can allow a more efficient arabinoxylan degradation by xylanases. Here we produced and characterized a recombinant Bifidobacterium longum arabinofuranosidase from glycoside hydrolase family 43 (BlAbf43) and applied it, together with GH10 and GH11 xylanases, to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from wheat arabinoxylan and alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The enzyme synergistically enhanced XOS production by GH10 and GH11 xylanases, being particularly efficient in combination with the latter family of enzymes, with a degree of synergism of 1.7. We also demonstrated that the enzyme is capable of not only removing arabinose decorations from the arabinoxylan and from the non-reducing end of the oligomeric substrates, but also hydrolyzing the xylan backbone yielding mostly xylobiose and xylose in particular cases. Structural studies of BlAbf43 shed light on the molecular basis of the substrate recognition and allowed hypothesizing on the structural reasons of its multifunctionality.
Topics: Oligosaccharides; Glycoside Hydrolases; Glucuronates; Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases; Xylans; Saccharum; Cellulose; Bifidobacterium longum; Hydrolysis; Substrate Specificity; Recombinant Proteins; Disaccharides
PubMed: 38823916
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122248 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Sep 2024Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) are well-established for use in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases, and as a substitute for unfractionated heparin... (Review)
Review
Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) are well-established for use in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases, and as a substitute for unfractionated heparin (UFH) due to their predictable pharmacokinetics and subcutaneous bioavailability. LMWHs are produced by various depolymerization methods from UFH, resulting in heterogeneous compounds with similar biochemical and pharmacological properties. However, the delicate supply chain of UFH and potential contamination from animal sources require new manufacturing approaches for LMWHs. Various LMWH preparation methods are emerging, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic or chemical depolymerization and chemoenzymatic synthesis. To establish the sameness of active ingredients in both innovator and generic LMWH products, the Food and Drug Administration has implemented a stringent scientific method of equivalence based on physicochemical properties, heparin source material and depolymerization techniques, disaccharide composition and oligosaccharide mapping, biological and biochemical properties, and in vivo pharmacodynamic profiles. In this review, we discuss currently available LMWHs, potential manufacturing methods, and recent progress for manufacturing quality control of these LMWHs.
Topics: Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; Humans; Quality Control; Animals; Anticoagulants
PubMed: 38823901
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122216 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2024Excessive intake of sugar has become a public concern. However, it is challenging for food industries to decrease sugar level without sacrificing safety and sensory...
Excessive intake of sugar has become a public concern. However, it is challenging for food industries to decrease sugar level without sacrificing safety and sensory profile. Odor-induced sweetness enhancement (OISE) is believed to be a novel and promising strategy for sugar reduction. In order to investigate the OISE effect of mango aroma and evaluate its degree of sugar reduction in low-sugar beverages, a mathematical model was constructed through sensory evaluation in this study. The results showed that the maximum liking of low-sugar model beverages was 4.28 % sucrose and 0.57 % mango flavor. The most synergistic of OISE was at the concentration level of 2.24 % sucrose + 0.25 % mango flavor, which was equivalent to 2.96 % pure sucrose solution. With 32.14 % sugar reduction, the mango aroma was suggested to generate the OISE effect. However, the same level of garlic aroma was not able to enhance sweetness perception, suggesting that the congruency of aroma and taste is a prerequisite for the OISE effect to occur. This study demonstrated that the cross-modal interaction of mango aroma on sweetness enhancement in low-sugar model beverages could provide practical guidance for developing sugar-reduced beverages without applying sweeteners.
Topics: Humans; Odorants; Mangifera; Female; Adult; Male; Young Adult; Taste; Sweetening Agents; Smell; Sucrose; Consumer Behavior; Beverages; Taste Perception; Flavoring Agents
PubMed: 38823860
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114451 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024The thickening and gelling mechanism of high-methoxyl pectins (HMPs) with different degree of esterification (DE) values (60.6 %, 66.1 %, and 72.4 %) synergistically...
The thickening and gelling mechanism of high-methoxyl pectins (HMPs) with different degree of esterification (DE) values (60.6 %, 66.1 %, and 72.4 %) synergistically affected by calcium ion (Ca) and sucrose was investigated using several technical methods. Rheological measurements, including steady-shear flow, thixotropy and dynamic viscoelasticity tests, texture analysis, water-holding capacity (WHC), thermal analyses (TG), and microstructure observation (TEM), were all systemically conducted. The results showed that the main thickening and gelling mechanism of Ca on different HMPs was complex and the presence of sucrose had a synergistic effect on structure formation in HMP systems. Ca was not always conducive to structure formation, and excessive Ca addition may hinder structure formation. HMP systems with lower DE values had higher gel strengths due to the presence of more binding domains. The results of the texture properties, WHC, and thermal characteristics coincided with those obtained from the rheological measurements, which reflect the variations in HMPs affected by Ca and DE. All of these results showed that Ca addition at an appropriate concentration in the presence of sucrose favors HMP gelation even in the absence of acid. The results obtained here are expected to broaden the application of HMPs in acid-free gel food products.
Topics: Pectins; Malus; Rheology; Sucrose; Calcium; Viscosity; Gels; Esterification; Water
PubMed: 38821787
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132397