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Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo... Apr 2024This study aims to reveal the dynamics of the HPLC fingerprint, chromaticity values, and main chemical components of Mori Cortex during the stir-frying process. The...
This study aims to reveal the dynamics of the HPLC fingerprint, chromaticity values, and main chemical components of Mori Cortex during the stir-frying process. The fingerprints of raw and processed products of Mori Cortex were established. The content of mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, kuwanon G, and kuwanon H in the samples and the chromaticity values of the samples were determined. Furthermore, the similarity evaluation of fingerprints and the correlation analysis between fingerprints and chromaticity values were carried out. The results showed that the fingerprints of raw and processed products of Mori Cortex had high similarity, and the overall changes in the content of the main chemical components in the stir-frying process were similar. According to the experience, when the stir-frying is moderate, the total chromaticity value difference |ΔE~*_(ab)| is above 1.5. With the extension of stir-frying time, the L~* and E~*_(ab) values keep decreasing, and the a~* value keeps increasing. The results of the correlation analysis between fingerprints and chromaticity values showed that peaks 1(5-hydroxy maltol), 2(mulberroside A), 3, 4, 6, 7, 11(oxyresveratrol), 14, 17(kuwanon G), and 18(kuwanon H) had significant correlations with the chromaticity values. Quantitative analysis of the four components with higher content showed that the content of the four components decreased to varying degrees when the stir-frying was excessive. In addition, 5-hydroxy maltol was produced after stir-frying of Mori Cortex, and the fingerprint and chromaticity values showed regular changes during the stir-frying process. The chromaticity can be included in the evaluation of the stir-frying process of Mori Cortex, which provides a reference for standardizing the quality of stir-fried Mori Cortex.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Morus; Disaccharides; Stilbenes
PubMed: 38812198
DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20240110.302 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2024Salinity stress, an ever-present challenge in agriculture and environmental sciences, poses a formidable hurdle for plant growth and productivity in saline-prone regions...
Salinity stress, an ever-present challenge in agriculture and environmental sciences, poses a formidable hurdle for plant growth and productivity in saline-prone regions worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of trehalose and mannitol induce salt resistance in wheat seedlings. Wheat grains of the commercial variety Sakha 94 were divided into three groups : a group that was pre-soaked in 10 mM trehalose, another group was soaked in 10 mM mannitol, and the last was soaked in distilled water for 1 hour, then the pre soaked grains cultivated in sandy soil, each treatment was divided into two groups, one of which was irrigated with 150 mM NaCl and the other was irrigated with tap water. The results showed that phenols content in wheat seedlings increased and flavonoids reduced due to salt stress. Trehalose and mannitol cause slight increase in total phenols content while total flavonoids were elevated highy in salt-stressed seedlings. Furthermore, Trehalose or mannitol reduced salt-induced lipid peroxidation. Salt stress increases antioxidant enzyme activities of guaiacol peroxidase (G-POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) in wheat seedlings, while polyphenol oxidase (PPO) unchanged. Trehalose and mannitol treatments caused an increase in APX, and CAT activities, whereas G-POX not altered but PPO activity were decreased under salt stress conditions. Molecular docking confirmed the interaction of Trehalose or mannitol with peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase enzymes. Phenyl alanine ammonia layase (PAL) activity was increased in salt-stressed seedlings. We can conclude that pre-soaking of wheat grains in 10 mM trehalose or mannitol improves salinity stress tolerance by enhancing antioxidant defense enzyme and/or phenol biosynthesis, with docking identifying interactions with G-POX, CAT, APX, and PPO.
Topics: Triticum; Trehalose; Seedlings; Mannitol; Salt Tolerance; Molecular Docking Simulation; Antioxidants; Salt Stress; Flavonoids; Phenols
PubMed: 38811894
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04964-2 -
Nature Communications May 2024The intestinal anaerobic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila is specialized in the degradation of mucins, which are heavily O-glycosylated proteins that constitute the...
The intestinal anaerobic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila is specialized in the degradation of mucins, which are heavily O-glycosylated proteins that constitute the major components of the mucus lining the intestine. Despite that adhesion to mucins is considered critical for the persistence of A. muciniphila in the human intestinal tract, our knowledge of how this intestinal symbiont recognizes and binds to mucins is still limited. Here, we first show that the mucin-binding properties of A. muciniphila are independent of environmental oxygen concentrations and not abolished by pasteurization. We then dissected the mucin-binding properties of pasteurized A. muciniphila by use of a recently developed cell-based mucin array that enables display of the tandem repeats of human mucins with distinct O-glycan patterns and structures. We found that A. muciniphila recognizes the unsialylated LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-R) disaccharide selectively on core2 and core3 O-glycans. This disaccharide epitope is abundantly found on human colonic mucins capped by sialic acids, and we demonstrated that endogenous A. muciniphila neuraminidase activity can uncover the epitope and promote binding. In summary, our study provides insights into the mucin-binding properties important for colonization of a key mucin-foraging bacterium.
Topics: Akkermansia; Humans; Mucins; Polysaccharides; Neuraminidase; Protein Binding; Glycosylation; Disaccharides; Verrucomicrobia; Epitopes; Bacterial Adhesion
PubMed: 38811534
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48770-8 -
The Journal of International Medical... May 2024To investigate the hepatic effects of high-dose intravenous (IV) iron, including those on liver function and the degree of fibrosis, in a rat model of cirrhosis.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the hepatic effects of high-dose intravenous (IV) iron, including those on liver function and the degree of fibrosis, in a rat model of cirrhosis.
METHODS
We evenly allocated 25 Sprague-Dawley rats into five groups: normal rats (control group), cirrhotic rats receiving IV normal saline (liver cirrhosis [LC] group), and cirrhotic rats receiving 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg IV ferric carboxymaltose (LC-iron20, LC-iron40, and LC-iron80 group, respectively). Biochemical parameters were compared at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The degrees of hepatic fibrosis and iron deposition were evaluated. Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were also compared.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in the 28-day serum alanine aminotransferase levels among the LC-iron20, LC-iron40, and LC-iron80 groups (69 ± 7, 1003 ± 127, 1064 ± 309, 919 ± 346, and 820 ± 195 IU/L in the control, LC, LC-iron20, LC-iron40, and LC-iron80 groups, respectively). Hepatic iron accumulation increased in a dose-dependent manner, but the degree of hepatic fibrosis was comparable among the groups. The inflammatory and oxidative stress marker levels did not differ significantly according to the IV iron dose.
CONCLUSIONS
Administration of IV iron at various high doses appears safe in our rat model of cirrhosis.
Topics: Animals; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Liver; Oxidative Stress; Male; Liver Cirrhosis; Disease Models, Animal; Rats; Ferric Compounds; Iron; Injections, Intravenous; Alanine Transaminase; Maltose; Biomarkers; Liver Function Tests; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
PubMed: 38811356
DOI: 10.1177/03000605241253733 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2024Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparan sulfate (HS), play essential roles in living organisms. Understanding the functionality of HS and its involvement in disease...
Development of an Analytical Method for Unsaturated Disaccharides from Heparan Sulfate Using Dansylhydrazine Derivatization and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparan sulfate (HS), play essential roles in living organisms. Understanding the functionality of HS and its involvement in disease progression necessitates the sensitive and quantitative detection of HS-derived unsaturated disaccharides. Conventionally, fluorescence derivatization precedes the HPLC analysis of these disaccharides. However, the presence of excess unreacted derivatization reagents can inhibit rapid and sensitive analysis in chromatographic determinations. In this study, we describe analytical methods that use dansylhydrazine as a derivatization agent for the detection and determination of HS-derived unsaturated disaccharides using HPLC. In addition, we have developed a straightforward method for removing excess unreacted reagent using a MonoSpin NH column. This method may be employed to remove excess pre-labeling reagents, thereby facilitating the analysis of HS-derived unsaturated disaccharides with satisfactory reproducibility.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Heparitin Sulfate; Disaccharides; Dansyl Compounds; Hydrazines; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Fluorescence
PubMed: 38811191
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00194 -
Neuropharmacology Sep 2024The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in alcohol consumption and preference in both humans and animals. The mu opioid receptor (MOR) is expressed on multiple...
The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in alcohol consumption and preference in both humans and animals. The mu opioid receptor (MOR) is expressed on multiple cells in the striatum, however little is known about the contributions of specific MOR populations to alcohol drinking behaviors. The current study used mice with a genetic deletion of MOR in cholinergic cells (ChAT-Cre/Oprm1) to examine the role of MORs expressed in cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in home cage self-administration paradigms. Male and female ChAT-Cre/Oprm1 mice were generated and heterozygous Cre+ (knockout) and Cre- (control) mice were tested for alcohol consumption in two drinking paradigms: limited access "Drinking in the Dark" and intermittent access. Quinine was added to the drinking bottles in the DID experiment to test aversion-resistant, "compulsive" drinking. Nicotine and sucrose drinking were also assessed so comparisons could be made with other rewarding substances. Cholinergic MOR deletion did not influence consumption or preference for ethanol (EtOH) in either drinking task. Differences were observed in aversion-resistance in males with Cre + mice tolerating lower concentrations of quinine than Cre-. In contrast to EtOH, preference for nicotine was reduced following cholinergic MOR deletion while sucrose consumption and preference was increased in Cre+ (vs. Cre-) females. Locomotor activity was also greater in females following the deletion. These results suggest that cholinergic MORs participate in preference for rewarding substances. Further, while they are not required for consumption of alcohol alone, cholinergic MORs may influence the tendency to drink despite negative consequences.
Topics: Animals; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Reward; Male; Female; Mice; Quinine; Alcohol Drinking; Mice, Knockout; Nicotine; Ethanol; Cholinergic Neurons; Self Administration; Sucrose; Avoidance Learning; Interneurons
PubMed: 38810926
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110019 -
Neuropharmacology Sep 2024Diets high in sucrose and fat are becoming more prevalent the world over, accompanied by a raised prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, obesity, and...
Diets high in sucrose and fat are becoming more prevalent the world over, accompanied by a raised prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Clinical studies link unhealthy diets with the development of mental health disorders, particularly depression. Here, we investigate the effects of 12 days of sucrose consumption administered as 2 L of 25% sucrose solution daily for 12 days in Göttingen minipigs on the function of brain receptors involved in reward and motivation, regulating feeding, and pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms. Through quantitative autoradiography of cryostat sections containing limbic brain regions, we investigated the effects of sucrose restricted to a 1-h period each morning, on the specific binding of [H]raclopride on dopamine D2/3 receptors, [H]UCB-J at synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), [H]MPEPγ at metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) and [H]SR141716A at the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). Compared to control diet animals, the sucrose group showed significantly lower [H]UCB-J and [H]MPEPγ binding in the prefrontal cortex. The sucrose-consuming minipigs showed higher hippocampal CB1 binding, but unaltered dopamine D2/3 binding compared to the control group. We found that the sucrose diet reduced the synaptic density marker while increasing CB1 binding in limbic brain structures, which may subserve maladaptive changes in appetite regulation and feeding. Further studies of the effects of diets and lifestyle habits on brain neuroreceptor and synaptic density markers are warranted.
Topics: Animals; Swine, Miniature; Swine; Sucrose; Male; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; Receptors, Cannabinoid; Synapses; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Brain; Female; Receptors, Dopamine D3
PubMed: 38810925
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110018 -
Voprosy Pitaniia 2024The study of the genetic determinants of the disaccharidase activity opens up new prospects for improving diagnostics and choosing medical tactics in gastroenterology.... (Review)
Review
The study of the genetic determinants of the disaccharidase activity opens up new prospects for improving diagnostics and choosing medical tactics in gastroenterology. of the study was to systematize the data on the role of the sucrase-isomaltase gene (SI) in regulating sucrose metabolism and the contribution of SI mutations to the prevalence of sucrose malabsorption disorders (sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, SID) and certain forms of enterological pathology in different population groups. . A review of the peer-reviewed scientific literature, mainly in the PubMed database (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and eLibrary (https://elibrary.ru), was conducted using key words: carbohydrate malabsorption, sucrase, sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, sucrase-isomaltase SI gene. The search depth was not specified, but particular attention was paid to recent publications. The gnomAD database (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/snp/rs781470490) was also used. . According to the review results, 37 out of 150 known SI gene mutations have been confirmed to contribute to reduced sucrase activity or restricted sucrase production. The prevalence of point mutations in the SI gene is estimated at 0.0006%, but carrier rates of the SI delAG deletion (rs781470490), manifested as homozygosity in SID, are very high (5-21%) in indigenous populations of Arctic regions in East Asia and America. Medicalgenetic research methods improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis of primary and secondary SID and other forms of disaccharide and polysaccharide malabsorption. The formation of databases on the prevalence of genetic determinants of sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency is a promising way to refine the epidemiology of SID. There is an increased (0.2-2.3%) risk of clinical manifestations of SID in homozygous carriers of the SI delAG mutation in the Chukotka, Kamchatka, and Northern Priochotye populations. Verification of reports on a less pronounced tendency to lipid metabolism disorders in SI delAG carriers compared with the control group is recommended. . Manifestations of mutant SI variants in the phenotype are associated with the presence of accompanying carbohydrate malabsorption variants and specific gut microbiota. The SI 15Phe variant (rs9290264) may contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome.
Topics: Humans; Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex; Mutation; Sucrose; Malabsorption Syndromes
PubMed: 38809799
DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-2-52-62 -
Cryo Letters 2024Today, synthetic chemicals are used in vitrification solutions for cryopreservation studies to mimic natural cryoprotectants that supply tolerance to organisms in nature...
BACKGROUND
Today, synthetic chemicals are used in vitrification solutions for cryopreservation studies to mimic natural cryoprotectants that supply tolerance to organisms in nature against freezing stress. In the case of plants, PVS2, containing glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), ethylene glycol and sucrose, is considered as the golden standard for successful cryopreservation. However, Me2SO can generally cause toxicity to certain plant cells, adversely affecting viability after freezing and/or thawing. Hence, the replacement (or substantial reduction) of Me2SO by cheap, non-toxic and natural cryoprotectants became a matter of high priority to vitrification solutions or reducing their content gained escalating importance for the cryopreservation of plants. Fructans, sucrose derivatives mainly consisting of fructose residues, are candidate cryoprotectants.
OBJECTIVE
Inspired by their protective role in nature, we here explored, for the first time, the potential of an array of 8 structurally different fructans as cryoprotectants in plant cryopreservation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Arabidopsis thaliana L. seedlings were used as a model system with a one-step vitrification method. PVS2 solutions with different Me2SO and fructan contents were evaluated.
RESULTS
It was found that branched low DP graminan, extracted from milky stage wheat kernels, led to the highest recovery (85%) among tested fructans with 12.5% Me2SO after cryopreservation, which was remarkably close to the viability (90%) observed with the original PVS2 containing 15% Me2SO. Moreover, its protective efficacy could be further optimized by addition of vitamin C acting as an antioxidant.
CONCLUSION
Such novel formulations offer great perspectives for cryopreservation of various crop species. Doi.org/10.54680/fr24410110512.
Topics: Cryoprotective Agents; Cryopreservation; Fructans; Arabidopsis; Vitrification; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycerol; Seedlings; Freezing; Sucrose; Ethylene Glycol; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38809786
DOI: No ID Found -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology May 2024Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic compounds that are mainly used in infant formula to mimic bifidogenic effects of mother's milk. They are synthesized by...
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic compounds that are mainly used in infant formula to mimic bifidogenic effects of mother's milk. They are synthesized by β-galactosidase enzymes in a trans-glycosylation reaction with lactose. Many β-galactosidase enzymes from different sources have been studied, resulting in varying GOS product compositions and yields. The in vivo role of these enzymes is in lactose hydrolysis. Therefore, the best GOS yields were achieved at high lactose concentrations up to 60%wt, which require a relatively high temperature to dissolve. Some thermostable β-glucosidase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria are also capable of using lactose or para nitrophenyl-galactose as a substrate. Here, we describe the use of the β-glucosidase BglA from Thermotoga maritima for synthesis of oligosaccharides derived from lactose and cellobiose and their detailed structural characterization. Also, the BglA enzyme kinetics and yields were determined, showing highest productivity at higher lactose and cellobiose concentrations. The BglA trans-glycosylation/hydrolysis ratio was higher with 57%wt lactose than with a nearly saturated cellobiose (20%wt) solution. The yield of GOS was very high, reaching 72.1%wt GOS from lactose. Structural elucidation of the products showed mainly β(1 → 3) and β(1 → 6) elongating activity, but also some β(1 → 4) elongation was observed. The β-glucosidase BglA from T. maritima was shown to be a very versatile enzyme, producing high yields of oligosaccharides, particularly GOS from lactose. KEY POINTS: • β-Glucosidase of Thermotoga maritima synthesizes GOS from lactose at very high yield. • Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase has high activity and high thermostability. • Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase GOS contains mainly (β1-3) and (β1-6) linkages.
Topics: Thermotoga maritima; Lactose; Cellobiose; beta-Glucosidase; Kinetics; Oligosaccharides; Glycosylation; Hydrolysis; Temperature; Enzyme Stability
PubMed: 38809317
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13183-6