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Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2024The activated sludge process plays a crucial role in modern wastewater treatment plants. During the treatment of daily sewage, a large amount of residual sludge is...
The activated sludge process plays a crucial role in modern wastewater treatment plants. During the treatment of daily sewage, a large amount of residual sludge is generated, which, if improperly managed, can pose burdens on the environment and human health. Additionally, the highly hydrated colloidal structure of biopolymers limits the rate and degree of dewatering, making mechanical dewatering challenging. This study investigates the impact and mechanism of microwave irradiation (MW) in conjunction with peracetic acid (PAA) on the dewatering efficiency of sludge. Sludge dewatering effectiveness was assessed through capillary suction time (CST) and specific resistance to filtration (SRF). Examination of the impact of MW-PAA treatment on sludge dewatering performance involved assessing the levels of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), employing three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy. Findings reveal that optimal dewatering performance, with respective reductions of 91.22% for SRF and 84.22% for CST, was attained under the following conditions: microwave power of 600 W, reaction time of 120 s, and PAA dosage of 0.25 g/g MLSS. Additionally, alterations in both sludge EPS composition and floc morphology pre- and post-MW-PAA treatment underwent examination. The findings demonstrate that microwaves additionally boost the breakdown of PAA into •OH radicals, suggesting a synergistic effect upon combining MW-PAA treatment. These pertinent research findings offer insights into employing MW-PAA technology for residual sludge treatment.
PubMed: 38954344
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33931-5 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2024Chemical oxidation coupled with microbial remediation has attracted widespread attention for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among them, the...
Chemical oxidation coupled with microbial remediation has attracted widespread attention for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among them, the precise evaluation of the feasible oxidant concentration of PAH-contaminated soil is the key to achieving the goal of soil functional ecological remediation. In this study, phenanthrene (PHE) was used as the target pollutant, and Fe-activated persulphate (PS) was used to remediate four types of soils. Linear regression analysis identified the following important factors influencing remediation: PS dosage and soil PHE content for PHE degradation, Fe dosage, hydrolysable nitrogen (HN), and available phosphorus for PS decomposition. A comprehensive model of "soil characteristics-oxidation conditions-remediation effect" with a high predictive accuracy was constructed. Based on model identification, Pseudomonas aeruginosa GZ7, which had high PAHs degrading ability after domestication, was further applied to coupling repair remediation. The results showed that the optimal PS dose was 0.75% (w/w). The response relationship between soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators at the intermediate interface and oxidation conditions was analysed. Coupled remediation effects were clarified using microbial diversity sequencing. The introduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa GZ7 stimulated the relative abundance of Cohnella, Enterobacter, Paenibacillus, and Bacillus, which can promote material metabolism and energy transformation during remediation.
PubMed: 38954338
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34122-y -
AAPS PharmSciTech Jul 2024Silibinin (SIL) Encapsulated Nanoliquid Crystalline (SIL-NLCs) particles were prepared to study neuroprotective effect against amyloid beta (Aβ) neurotoxicity in Balb/c...
Silibinin (SIL) Encapsulated Nanoliquid Crystalline (SIL-NLCs) particles were prepared to study neuroprotective effect against amyloid beta (Aβ) neurotoxicity in Balb/c mice model. Theses NLCs were prepared through hot emulsification and probe sonication technique. The pharmacodynamics was investigatigated on Aβ intracerebroventricular (ICV) injected Balb/c mice. The particle size, zeta potential and drug loading were optimized to be 153 ± 2.5 nm, -21 mV, and 8.2%, respectively. Small angle X-ray (SAXS) and electron microscopy revealed to crystalline shape of SIL-NLCs. Thioflavin T (ThT) fluroscence and circular dichroism (CD) technique were employed to understand monomer inhibition effect of SIL-NLCs on Aβ. In neurobehavioral studies, SIL-NLCs exhibited enhanced mitigation of memory impairment induced on by Aβ in T-maze and new object recognition test (NORT). Whereas biochemical and histopathological estimation of brain samples showed reduction in level of Aβ aggregate acetylcholine esterase (ACHE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). SIL-NLCs treated animal group showed higher protection against Aβ toxicity compared to free SIL and Donopezil (DPZ). Therefore SIL-NLCs promises great prospect in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
Topics: Animals; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Mice; Silybin; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Peptide Fragments; Neuroprotective Agents; Male; Brain; Particle Size; Nanoparticles; Reactive Oxygen Species; Disease Models, Animal; Alzheimer Disease; Acetylcholinesterase
PubMed: 38954224
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02859-x -
AAPS PharmSciTech Jul 2024Bedaquiline (BQ) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which have previously been formulated for parenteral administration, have a risk of patient non-compliance in treating...
Bedaquiline (BQ) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which have previously been formulated for parenteral administration, have a risk of patient non-compliance in treating tuberculosis. This research presents a strategy to develop BQ SLNs for oral delivery to improve patient adherence, The upper and lower levels for the formulation excipients were generated from screening experiments. Using 4 input factors (BQ, lecithin, Tween 80, and PEG), a full factorial design from 3 × 2x2 × 2 experiments was randomly arranged to investigate 3 response variables: Particle size distribution (PSD), polydispersity index (PdI), and zeta potential (ZP). High shear homogenization was used to mix the solvent and aqueous phases, with 15% sucrose as a cryoprotectant. The response variables were assessed using a zeta sizer while TEM micrographs confirmed the PSD data. Solid-state assessments were conducted using powdered X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. A comparative invitro assessment was used to determine drug release from an equivalent dose of BQ free base powder and BQ-SLN, both packed in hard gelatin capsules. The sonicated formulations obtained significant effects for PSD, PdI, and ZP. The p-values (0.0001 for PdI, 0.0091 for PSD) for BQ as an independent variable in the sonicated formulation were notably higher than those in the unsonicated formulation (0.1336 for PdI, 0.0117 for PSD). The SEM images were between 100 - 400 nm and delineated nanocrystals of BQ embedded in the lipid matrix. The SLN formulation provides higher drug levels over the drug's free base; a similarity factor (f2 = 18.3) was estimated from the dissolution profiles.
Topics: Diarylquinolines; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Lipids; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Excipients; Drug Liberation; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Compounding; X-Ray Diffraction; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Drug Carriers; Administration, Oral; Liposomes
PubMed: 38954218
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02873-z -
AAPS PharmSciTech Jul 2024The intranasal route has demonstrated superior systemic bioavailability due to its extensive surface area, the porous nature of the endothelial membrane, substantial...
The intranasal route has demonstrated superior systemic bioavailability due to its extensive surface area, the porous nature of the endothelial membrane, substantial blood flow, and circumvention of first-pass metabolism. In traditional medicinal practices, Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi, is known for its benefits in enhancing cognitive functions and potential effects in epilepsy. This study aimed to develop and optimize a thermosensitive in-situ nasal gel for delivering Bacoside A, the principal active compound extracted from Bacopa monnieri. The formulation incorporated Poloxamer 407 as a thermogelling agent and HPMC K4M as the Mucoadhesive polymer. A 3-factorial design approach was employed for Optimization. Among the formulations. F7 exhibited the most efficient Ex-vivo permeation through the nasal mucosa, achieving 94.69 ± 2.54% permeation, and underwent a sol-gel transition at approximately 30.48 °C. The study's factorial design revealed that gelling temperature and mucoadhesive strength were critical factors influencing performance. The potential of in-situ nasal Gel (Optimized Batch-F7) for the treatment of epilepsy was demonstrated in an in-vivo investigation using a PTZ-induced convulsion model. This formulation decreased both the occurrence and intensity of seizures. The optimized formulation F7 showcases significant promise as an effective nasal delivery system for Bacoside A, offering enhanced bioavailability and potentially increased efficacy in epilepsy treatment.
Topics: Animals; Administration, Intranasal; Epilepsy; Gels; Nasal Mucosa; Male; Triterpenes; Temperature; Saponins; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Biological Availability; Rats; Poloxamer; Anticonvulsants
PubMed: 38954171
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02870-2 -
AAPS PharmSciTech Jul 2024Nintedanib, a primary treatment for lung fibrosis, has gathered substantial attention due to its multifaceted potential. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib,... (Review)
Review
Nintedanib, a primary treatment for lung fibrosis, has gathered substantial attention due to its multifaceted potential. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib, inhibits multiple signalling receptors, including endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and ultimately inhibits fibroblast proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, nintedanib has been studied widely for other ailments like cancers and hepatic fibrosis, apart from lung disorders. Commercially, nintedanib is available as soft gelatin capsules for treatment against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Since it has very low oral bioavailability (4.7%), high doses of a drug, such as 100-150 mg, are administered, which can cause problems of gastrointestinal irritation and hepatotoxicity. The article begins with exploring the mechanism of action of nintedanib, elucidating its complex interactions within cellular pathways that govern fibrotic processes. It also emphasizes the pharmacokinetics of nintedanib, clinical trial insights, and the limitations of conventional formulations. The article mainly focuses on the emerging landscape of nanoparticle-based carriers such as hybrid liposome-exosome, nano liquid crystals, discoidal polymeric, and magnetic systems, offering promising avenues to optimize drug targeting, address its efficacy issues and minimise adverse effects. However, none of these delivery systems are commercialised, and further research is required to ensure safety and effectiveness in clinical settings. Yet, as research progresses, these advanced delivery systems promise to revolutionise the treatment landscape for various fibrotic disorders and cancers, potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Topics: Humans; Indoles; Drug Delivery Systems; Animals; Lung Diseases; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
PubMed: 38954161
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02869-9 -
Archives of Osteoporosis Jul 2024Trends toward more favorable improvement of the cortical bone parameters by once-weekly (56.5 μg once a week) and twice-weekly teriparatide (28.2 μg twice a week), and...
Effects of differences in dose and frequency of teriparatide on bone structure in Proximal Femur. - Analysis by DXA-based 3D-modeling (3D-SHAPER Software) -TRIPLE-BONE study (The effects of TeRIParatide preparation on bone mineraL density increase and BONE structure).
UNLABELLED
Trends toward more favorable improvement of the cortical bone parameters by once-weekly (56.5 μg once a week) and twice-weekly teriparatide (28.2 μg twice a week), and that of the trabecular bone parameters by once-daily (1/D) teriparatide (20 μg/day once a day) were shown.
PURPOSE
To examine the effects of differences in the amount of teriparatide (TPTD) per administration and its dosing frequency on the bone structure in the proximal femur by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based 3D-modeling (3D-SHAPER software).
METHODS
This was a multicenter retrospective study. Patients aged 50 years or older with primary osteoporosis who continuously received once-/twice-weekly (1・2/W, n = 60) or 1/D TPTD (n = 14) administration for at least one year were included in the study. Measurement regions included the femoral neck (FN), trochanter (TR), femoral shaft (FS), and total proximal hip (TH). Concurrently, the bone mineral density (BMD) and Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) were measured.
RESULTS
The cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia, and section modulus in the FS were significantly improved in the 1・2/W TPTD group, as compared to the 1/D TPTD group. However, significant improvement of the cortical thickness and buckling ratio in the FN was observed in the 1/D TPTD group, as compared to the 1・2/W TPTD group. Trabecular BMD values in the FS and TH were significantly increased in the 1/D TPTD group, as compared to the 1・2/W TPTD group, while the cortical BMD values in the TR, FS, and TH were significantly increased in the 1・2/W TPTD group, as compared to the 1/D TPTD group.
CONCLUSION
Trends toward more favorable improvement of the cortical bone by 1・2/W TPTD and that of the trabecular bones by 1/D TPTD were observed.
Topics: Humans; Teriparatide; Female; Bone Density; Retrospective Studies; Aged; Absorptiometry, Photon; Middle Aged; Male; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Femur; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Osteoporosis; Drug Administration Schedule; Aged, 80 and over; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
PubMed: 38954145
DOI: 10.1007/s11657-024-01415-1 -
Lasers in Medical Science Jul 2024Several treatment options for acne vulgaris are limited by their associated adverse effects. An innovative approach involves introducing light-absorbing nanoparticles...
Microchanneling and ultrasonic delivery of gold and platinum nanoparticles for selective photothermolysis of sebaceous follicles in the treatment of acne: a pilot study using porcine skin.
PURPOSE
Several treatment options for acne vulgaris are limited by their associated adverse effects. An innovative approach involves introducing light-absorbing nanoparticles into sebaceous follicles before destroying the follicles using selective photothermolysis. We aimed to investigate efficient methods for introducing gold and platinum nanoparticles into sebaceous follicles and to identify suitable laser equipment and parameters for the effective destruction of these follicles.
METHODS
We used porcine skin as the experimental model. We compared the efficacies of a thulium laser, ultrasound, and manual massage and evaluated the optimal method for delivering nanoparticles in close proximity to sebaceous follicles. Subsequently, a 1064-nm-wavelength neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser was employed to induce selective photothermolysis. We compared different parameters to identify the optimal pulse duration and fluence of the Nd: YAG laser. The extent of penetration and destruction of sebaceous follicles was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and a numerical evaluation was conducted.
RESULTS
H&E staining showed that irradiation with a long-pulsed Nd: YAG laser following a combination of thulium laser and sonophoresis effectively destroyed sebaceous follicles, with destruction rates exceeding 50%. These results were valid with a long pulse duration and a high fluence of the Nd: YAG laser.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that sebaceous follicles can be effectively destroyed through a mixture of gold and platinum nanoparticle delivery by a combination of microchanneling and sonophoresis, followed by selective thermal damage induced by a 1064-nm long-pulsed high-fluence Nd: YAG laser.
Topics: Animals; Gold; Swine; Platinum; Pilot Projects; Metal Nanoparticles; Acne Vulgaris; Lasers, Solid-State; Skin; Sebaceous Glands
PubMed: 38954141
DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04124-w -
International Ophthalmology Jul 2024To compare the results of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) monotherapy and combined intravitreal bevacizumab and laser photocoagulation (LPC) therapies applied in the same... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparison of intravitreal bevacizumab monotherapy and combined laser photocoagulation and intravitreal bevacizumab therapy in the same session in the treatment of aggressive retinopathy of prematurity.
PURPOSE
To compare the results of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) monotherapy and combined intravitreal bevacizumab and laser photocoagulation (LPC) therapies applied in the same session to patients with aggressive retinopathy of prematurity (A-ROP) in our clinic.
METHODS
The study included 67 eyes of 37 patients diagnosed with A-ROP and treated. Forty-nine eyes treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent injection monotherapy for A-ROP treatment were included in the first group. The second group consisted of 18 eyes that received injection therapy and LPC treatment. The clinical findings of the two groups were investigated, and their treatment results were compared.
RESULTS
Recurrence was observed in 19 of the 49 (38%) eyes in the first group, but there was no recurrence in any of the cases in the second group. While only IVB was applied to eight cases with recurrence, the combination of LPC and IVB treatment was applied to 11 cases. A second recurrence was detected in two of the eight cases that had received IVB monotherapy as a treatment for recurrence and in three of the 11 cases that had received LPC and IVB. The treatment outcomes of the two groups did not statistically significantly differ (P = 0.181).
CONCLUSION
We consider that the combined simultaneous LPC and IVB treatment we applied in A-ROP cases is an effective approach, particularly for cases where there are concerns about the patient's ability to attend follow-up appointments.
Topics: Humans; Bevacizumab; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Intravitreal Injections; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Laser Coagulation; Female; Male; Infant, Newborn; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Combined Modality Therapy; Gestational Age; Follow-Up Studies; Infant
PubMed: 38954120
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03171-0 -
Pediatric Surgery International Jul 2024To present the functional results after a transanal proximal rectosigmoidectomy in patients with severe idiopathic constipation in which medical treatment has failed.
PURPOSE
To present the functional results after a transanal proximal rectosigmoidectomy in patients with severe idiopathic constipation in which medical treatment has failed.
METHODS
Patients with severe idiopathic constipation who underwent transanal proximal rectosigmoidectomy (TPRS) at Children's Hospital Colorado between June 2019 and March 2024 were included in the study. We compared multiple pre- and post-operative outcome measures and the patient's bowel regimen before and after resection.
RESULTS
Fourteen patients underwent TPRS, 10 of whom were male. The average age at the time of surgery was 10.1 years (range 5-19). Seven patients have moderate to severe autism. Constipation-related clinic visits, family calls, procedural intervention, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations notably decreased frequency after TPRS. Laxative dosages and enema volume requirements were also reduced after surgery. Before surgery, all the patients suffered from daily fecal accidents, while post-operatively, all were completely free of stool accidents.
CONCLUSION
In our experience, for patients who suffer from severe medically refractory idiopathic constipation, TPRS has provided improvement in their symptoms and decreased the complications inherent to this chronic disease. Parents and patients attest to a profound positive transformation in their quality of life after surgery.
Topics: Humans; Constipation; Male; Female; Child; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Rectum; Colon, Sigmoid; Young Adult; Treatment Outcome; Retrospective Studies; Quality of Life
PubMed: 38954056
DOI: 10.1007/s00383-024-05764-3