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Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Aug 2024The respiratory effects of particulate matter (PM) in subway station platforms or tunnels have attracted considerable research attention. However, no studies have...
The respiratory effects of particulate matter (PM) in subway station platforms or tunnels have attracted considerable research attention. However, no studies have characterized the effects of subway PM on allergic immune responses. In this study, iron oxide (α-FeO and FeO) particles-the main components of subway PM-were intratracheally administered to BALB/c mice where ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic pulmonary inflammation. Iron oxide particles enhanced OVA-induced eosinophil recruitment around the bronchi and mucus production from airway epithelium. The concentrations of type 2 cytokines, namely, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, in bronchial alveolar lavage fluids were increased by iron oxide particles. Iron oxide particles also increased the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD86 cells in the lung. Moreover, phagocytosis of particles in lung cells was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. In a subsequent in vitro study, bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) isolated from NC/Nga mice were exposed to iron oxide particles and OVA. They were also exposed to outdoor ambient PM: Vehicle Exhaust Particulates (VEP) and Urban Aerosols (UA) as references. Iron oxide particles promoted the release of lactate dehydrogenase, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 and IL-1α from APCs, which tended to be stronger than those of VEP. These results suggest that iron oxide particles enhance antigen presentation in the lungs, promoting allergic immune response in mice; iron oxide particles-induced death and inflammatory response of APCs can contribute to allergy exacerbation. Although iron oxide particles do not contain various compounds like VEP, iron oxide alone may have sufficient influence.
Topics: Animals; Particulate Matter; Mice; Ferric Compounds; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Air Pollutants; Hypersensitivity; Lung; Cytokines; Ovalbumin; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Vehicle Emissions; Female
PubMed: 38776998
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124195 -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2024This study assessed the intratubular antibacterial ability of different activated irrigations after chemical mechanical preparation. Seventy-two palatal root canals of...
This study assessed the intratubular antibacterial ability of different activated irrigations after chemical mechanical preparation. Seventy-two palatal root canals of upper molars were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks, and then initial bacterial collection from the main root canal was performed. The root canals were prepared by using a WaveOne Gold large (45/.05) and distributed into 6 groups according to the activation of the final irrigation: ultrasonic activation (UA), XP-Endo Finisher (25/.00), XP Clean (25/.02), EasyClean (25/.04) in reciprocating motion and continuous rotary motion (ECRot), and conventional irrigation. After final irrigation, another bacterial collection from the main root canal was performed, and the root was sectioned transversely in three-thirds and stained for analysis by confocal laser microscopy. Intratubular bacteria were collected through dentin powder and plated for bacterial viability analysis. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed by using analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis of variance, respectively, both at 5% significance. ECRot had higher antibacterial ability than UA (p<0.05), and both were superior to the other groups (p<0.05) in both methodologies. It can be concluded that activation of final irrigation enhances the disinfection of the root canal system, and activators have different efficacies.
Topics: Humans; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Preparation; Enterococcus faecalis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Pulp Cavity; Microscopy, Confocal; Therapeutic Irrigation; Molar
PubMed: 38775594
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202405883 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Traditional microbiological detection methods used to detect pulmonary infections in people living with HIV (PLHIV) are usually time-consuming and have low sensitivity,...
BACKGROUND
Traditional microbiological detection methods used to detect pulmonary infections in people living with HIV (PLHIV) are usually time-consuming and have low sensitivity, leading to delayed treatment. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for microbial diagnosis of suspected pulmonary infections in PLHIV.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed PLHIV who were hospitalized due to suspected pulmonary infections at the sixth people hospital of Zhengzhou from November 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples of PLHIV were collected and subjected to routine microbiological examination and mNGS detection. The diagnostic performance of the two methods was compared to evaluate the diagnostic value of mNGS for unknown pathogens.
RESULTS
This study included a total of 36 PLHIV with suspected pulmonary infections, of which 31 were male. The reporting period of mNGS is significantly shorter than that of CMTs. The mNGS positive rate of BALF samples in PLHIV was 83.33%, which was significantly higher than that of smear and culture (44.4%, P<0.001). In addition, 11 patients showed consistent results between the two methods. Futhermore, mNGS showed excellent performance in identifying multi-infections in PLHIV, and 27 pathogens were detected in the BALF of 30 PLHIV by mNGS, among which 15 PLHIV were found to have multiple microbial infections (at least 3 pathogens). Pneumocystis jirovecii, human herpesvirus type 5, and human herpesvirus type 4 were the most common pathogen types.
CONCLUSIONS
For PLHIV with suspected pulmonary infections, mNGS is capable of rapidly and accurately identifying the pathogen causing the pulmonary infection, which contributes to implement timely and accurate anti-infective treatment.
Topics: Humans; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Metagenomics; Male; Female; HIV Infections; Retrospective Studies; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Adult; Middle Aged; China; Coinfection; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 38774626
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1395239 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2024Penicilazaphilone C (PAC) is hypothesized to potentially serve as a therapeutic treatment for allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and...
AIMS
Penicilazaphilone C (PAC) is hypothesized to potentially serve as a therapeutic treatment for allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing oxidative stress.
METHODS
An allergic asthma model was induced in female BALB/c mice of the OVA, OVA+PAC, OVA+PAC+LPS, and OVA+Dex groups by sensitizing and subsequently challenging them with OVA. The OVA+PAC and Normal+PAC groups were treated with PAC, while the OVA+PAC+LPS group also received LPS. The OVA+Dex group was given dexamethasone (Dex). Samples of serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue were collected for histological and cytological analysis.
RESULTS
Allergic mice treated with PAC or Dex showed inhibited inflammation and mucus production in the lungs. There was a decrease in the number of inflammatory cells in the BALF, lower levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and BALF, and a reduction in the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, activated gasdermin D, MPO, Ly6G, and ICAM-1. Additionally, oxidative stress was reduced, as shown by a decrease in MDA and DCF, but an increase in SOD and GSH. Treatment with PAC also resulted in a decrease in pulmonary memory CD4+ T cells and an increase in regulatory T cells. However, the positive effects seen in the PAC-treated mice were reversed when the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated by LPS, almost returning to the levels of the Sham-treated mice.
SIGNIFICANCE
PAC acts in a similar way to anti-allergic inflammation as Dex, suggesting it may be a viable therapeutic option for managing allergic asthma inflammation.
Topics: Animals; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Female; Inflammasomes; Asthma; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Mice; Lung; Oxidative Stress; Ovalbumin; Cytokines; Inflammation; Disease Models, Animal; Dexamethasone; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38772153
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116788 -
Infection and Immunity Jun 2024Polymyxin resistance in carbapenem-resistant bacteria is associated with high morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations throughout the world. Ineffective...
Polymyxin resistance in carbapenem-resistant bacteria is associated with high morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations throughout the world. Ineffective antimicrobial activity by these last resort therapeutics can occur by transfer of , a plasmid-mediated resistance gene, causing modification of the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and disruption of the interactions between polymyxins and lipid A. Whether this modification alters the innate host immune response or carries a high fitness cost in the bacteria is not well established. To investigate this, we studied infection with (KP) ATCC 13883 harboring either the plasmid (p) or the vector control (pBCSK) ATCC 13883. Bacterial fitness characteristics of acquisition were evaluated. Differentiated human monocytes (THP-1s) were stimulated with KP bacterial strains or purified LPS from both parent isolates and isolates harboring . Cell culture supernatants were analyzed for cytokine production. A bacterial pneumonia model in WT C57/BL6J mice was used to monitor immune cell recruitment, cytokine induction, and bacterial clearance in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Isolates harboring had increased colistin MIC compared to the parent isolates but did not alter bacterial fitness. Few differences in cytokines were observed with purified LPS from expressing bacteria . However, in a mouse pneumonia model, no bacterial clearance defect was observed between p-harboring KP and parent isolates. Consistently, no differences in cytokine production or immune cell recruitment in the BALF were observed, suggesting that other mechanisms outweigh the effect of these lipid A mutations in LPS.
Topics: Animals; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Colistin; Lipid A; Immunity, Innate; Mice; Klebsiella Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Cytokines; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Female
PubMed: 38771050
DOI: 10.1128/iai.00016-24 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... May 2024Currently, different guidelines recommend using different methods to determine whether deduplication is necessary when determining the detection rates of...
Implications of deduplication on the detection rates of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) in various specimens: insights from the hospital infection surveillance program.
BACKGROUND
Currently, different guidelines recommend using different methods to determine whether deduplication is necessary when determining the detection rates of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). However, few studies have investigated the effect of deduplication on MDRO monitoring data. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of deduplication on the detection rates of MDROs in different specimens to assess its impact on infection surveillance outcomes.
METHODS
Samples were collected from hospitalized patients admitted between January 2022 and December 2022; four types of specimens were collected from key monitored MDROs, including sputum samples, urine samples, blood samples, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. In this study, we compared and analysed the detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CRECO), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under two conditions: with and without deduplication.
RESULTS
When all specimens were included, the detection rates of CRKP, CRAB, CRPA, and MRSA without deduplication (33.52%, 77.24%, 44.56%, and 56.58%, respectively) were significantly greater than those with deduplication (24.78%, 66.25%, 36.24%, and 50.83%, respectively) (all P < 0.05). The detection rates in sputum samples were significantly different between samples without duplication (28.39%, 76.19%, 46.95%, and 70.43%) and those with deduplication (19.99%, 63.00%, 38.05%, and 64.50%) (all P < 0.05). When deduplication was not performed, the rate of detection of CRKP in urine samples reached 30.05%, surpassing the rate observed with deduplication (21.56%) (P < 0.05). In BALF specimens, the detection rates of CRKP and CRPA without deduplication (39.78% and 53.23%, respectively) were greater than those with deduplication (31.62% and 42.20%, respectively) (P < 0.05). In blood samples, deduplication did not have a significant impact on the detection rates of MDROs.
CONCLUSION
Deduplication had a significant effect on the detection rates of MDROs in sputum, urine, and BALF samples. Based on these data, we call for the Infection Prevention and Control Organization to align its analysis rules with those of the Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Organization when monitoring MDRO detection rates.
Topics: Humans; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Cross Infection; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Sputum; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Acinetobacter baumannii; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Carbapenems; Escherichia coli; Epidemiological Monitoring; Hospitals
PubMed: 38769515
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01408-2 -
American Journal of Respiratory Cell... Jul 2024Mechanical ventilation contributes to the morbidity and mortality of patients in intensive care, likely through the exacerbation and dissemination of inflammation....
Mechanical ventilation contributes to the morbidity and mortality of patients in intensive care, likely through the exacerbation and dissemination of inflammation. Despite the proximity of the pleural cavity to the lungs and exposure to physical forces, little attention has been paid to its potential as an inflammatory source during ventilation. Here, we investigate the pleural cavity as a novel site of inflammation during ventilator-induced lung injury. Mice were subjected to low or high tidal volume ventilation strategies for up to 3 hours. Ventilation with a high tidal volume significantly increased cytokine and total protein levels in BAL and pleural lavage fluid. In contrast, acid aspiration, explored as an alternative model of injury, only promoted intraalveolar inflammation, with no effect on the pleural space. Resident pleural macrophages demonstrated enhanced activation after injurious ventilation, including upregulated ICAM-1 and IL-1β expression, and the release of extracellular vesicles. ventilation and stretch of pleural mesothelial cells promoted ATP secretion, whereas purinergic receptor inhibition substantially attenuated extracellular vesicles and cytokine levels in the pleural space. Finally, labeled protein rapidly translocated from the pleural cavity into the circulation during high tidal volume ventilation, to a significantly greater extent than that of protein translocation from the alveolar space. Overall, we conclude that injurious ventilation induces pleural cavity inflammation mediated through purinergic pathway signaling and likely enhances the dissemination of mediators into the vasculature. This previously unidentified consequence of mechanical ventilation potentially implicates the pleural space as a focus of research and novel avenue for intervention in critical care.
Topics: Animals; Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury; Pleural Cavity; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Inflammation; Mice; Respiration, Artificial; Tidal Volume; Macrophages; Adenosine Triphosphate; Extracellular Vesicles; Male; Cytokines; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Disease Models, Animal; Interleukin-1beta
PubMed: 38767348
DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0332OC -
Plant Direct May 2024Inbred-hybrid breeding of diploid potatoes necessitates breeding lines that are self-compatible. One way of incorporating self-compatibility into incompatible cultivated...
Inbred-hybrid breeding of diploid potatoes necessitates breeding lines that are self-compatible. One way of incorporating self-compatibility into incompatible cultivated potato () germplasm is to introduce the inhibitor gene (), which functions as a dominant inhibitor of gametophytic self-incompatibility. To learn more about diversity and function in wild species relatives of cultivated potato, we obtained gene sequences that extended from the 5'UTR to the 3'UTR from 133 individuals from 22 wild species relatives of potato and eight diverse cultivated potato clones. DNA sequence alignment and phylogenetic trees based on genomic and protein sequences show that there are two highly conserved groups of sequences. DNA sequences in one group contain the 533 bp insertion upstream of the start codon identified previously in self-compatible potato. The second group lacks the insertion. Three diploid and four polyploid individuals of wild species collected from geographically disjointed localities contained with the 533 bp insertion. For most of the wild species clones examined, however, did not have the insertion. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that sequences with the insertion, in wild species and in cultivated clones, trace back to a single origin. Some diploid wild potatoes that have with the insertion were self-incompatible and some wild potatoes that lack the insertion were self-compatible. Although there is evidence of positive selection for some codon positions in , there is no evidence of diversifying selection at the gene level. In silico analysis of Sli protein structure did not support the hypothesis that amino acid changes from wild-type (no insertion) to insertion-type account for changes in protein function. Our study demonstrated that genetic factors besides the gene must be important for conditioning a switch in the mating system from self-incompatible to self-compatible in wild potatoes.
PubMed: 38766508
DOI: 10.1002/pld3.589 -
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care... May 2024Retained hemothorax (rHTX) requiring intervention occurs in up to 20% of patients who undergo chest tube (TT) placement for a hemothorax (HTX). Thoracic irrigation at...
BACKGROUND
Retained hemothorax (rHTX) requiring intervention occurs in up to 20% of patients who undergo chest tube (TT) placement for a hemothorax (HTX). Thoracic irrigation at the time of TT placement decreases the need for secondary intervention in this patient group but those findings are limited because of the single center design. A multi-center study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thoracic irrigation.
METHODS
A multi-center, prospective, observational study was conducted between June 2018 and July 2023. Eleven sites contributed patients. Patients were included if they had a TT placed for a HTX and were excluded if: age < 18 years, TT for pneumothorax, thoracotomy or VATS performed within 6 hours of TT, TT >24 hours after injury, TT removed <24 hours, or death within 48 hours. Thoracic irrigation was performed at the discretion of the attending. Each hemithorax was considered separately if bilateral HTX. The primary outcome was secondary intervention for HTX-related complications (rHTX, effusion, or empyema). Secondary intervention was defined as: TT placement, instillation of thrombolytics, VATS, or thoracotomy. Irrigated and non-irrigated hemithoraces were compared using a propensity weighted analysis with age, sex, mechanism of injury, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) chest and TT size as predictors.
RESULTS
493 patients with 462 treated hemothoraces were included, 123 (25%) had thoracic irrigation at TT placement. There were no significant demographic differences between the cohorts. Fifty-seven secondary interventions were performed, 10 (8%) and 47 (13%) in the irrigated and non-irrigated groups, respectively (p = 0.015). Propensity weighted analysis demonstrated a reduction in secondary interventions in the irrigated cohort (Odds Ratio 0.56 (0.34-0.85); p = 0.005).
CONCLUSION
This Western Trauma Association multi-center study demonstrates a benefit of thoracic irrigation at the time of TT placement for a HTX. Thoracic irrigation reduces the odds of a secondary intervention for rHTX-related complications by 44%.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic Study, Level II.
PubMed: 38764139
DOI: 10.1097/TA.0000000000004364 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and dwell time (NPWTi-d) is increasingly used for a diverse range of wounds. Meanwhile, the topical wound irrigation...
Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and dwell time (NPWTi-d) is increasingly used for a diverse range of wounds. Meanwhile, the topical wound irrigation solution consisting of polyhexamethylene biguanide and betaine (PHMB-B) has shown efficacy in managing wound infections. However, the effectiveness of this solution as a topical instillation solution for NPWTi-d in patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) has not been thoroughly studied. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of using PHMB-B as the instillation solution during NPWTi-d on reducing bioburden and improving clinical outcomes in patients with DFIs. Between January 2017 and December 2022, a series of patients with DFIs received treatment with NPWTi-d, using either PHMB-B or normal saline as the instillation solution. Data collected retrospectively included demographic information, baseline wound characteristics, and treatment outcomes. The study included 61 patients in the PHMB-B group and 73 patients in the normal saline group, all diagnosed with DFIs. In comparison to patients treated with normal saline, patients with PHMB-B exhibited no significant differences in terms of wound bed preparation time (P = 0.5034), length of hospital stay (P = 0.6783), NPWTi-d application times (P = 0.1458), duration of systematic antimicrobial administration (P = 0.3567), or overall cost of hospitalization (P = 0.6713). The findings of the study suggest that the use of either PHMB-B or normal saline as an instillation solution in NPWTi-d for DFIs shows promise and effectiveness, yet no clinical distinction was observed between the two solutions.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Foot; Male; Female; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy; Middle Aged; Saline Solution; Retrospective Studies; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Aged; Biguanides; Wound Healing; Wound Infection; Therapeutic Irrigation; Betaine; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38763922
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58900-3