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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine :... Nov 2020The housing of wild animals in managed care facilities requires attention to all aspects of husbandry. Diets of wild animals often differ in composition, consistency,...
The housing of wild animals in managed care facilities requires attention to all aspects of husbandry. Diets of wild animals often differ in composition, consistency, and quantity when compared with those in managed care settings including zoos, rehabilitation facilities, and aquaria. It was hypothesized that dietary differences from wild versus managed care would be reflected in data of circulating fatty acids based on previous studies. The current study examined the effect of species and environment on fatty acid concentrations in two omnivorous species of chelonians: Eastern box turtles, and common snapping turtles, located in the wild and managed care. Whole blood was collected and placed on spot cards for analysis of 26 fatty acids in a total lipid fatty acid profile. The present research indicated that Eastern box turtles have significantly ( < 0.05) higher percentages of linoleic acid (18:2n6), eicosadienoic acid (20:2n6), and mead acid (20:3n9). Common snapping turtles have significantly ( < 0.05) higher percentages of myristic acid (14:0), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n6), erucic acid (22:1n9), and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n6). Environmental effects also were noted; wild turtles had higher percentages of α-linolenic acid (18:3n3), arachidic acid (20:0), eicosadienoic acid (20:2n6), and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n3) ( < 0.05), whereas n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n6) was higher for the managed care group. Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n6), behenic acid; 22:0), adrenic acid (22:4n6), n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n6), and nervonic acid (24:1) were significantly different ( < 0.05) in species-environment interactions without any noted species or environment patterns. Fatty acids are useful for many important biological functions including proper immune system regulation, and therefore, the present research provides medically relevant data for reptile diagnostics. This research may help further improve diets of all chelonians kept in managed care, regardless of species.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Animals, Zoo; Fatty Acids; Turtles; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 33480522
DOI: 10.1638/2019-0146 -
Nutrients Dec 2020: Mixed lipid emulsions (LE) containing fish oil present several advantages compared to the sole soybean oil LE, but little is known about the safety of essential fatty...
: Mixed lipid emulsions (LE) containing fish oil present several advantages compared to the sole soybean oil LE, but little is known about the safety of essential fatty acids (EFA) profile in paediatric patients on long-term Parenteral Nutrition (PN). : to assess glycerophosfolipid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels on plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane of children on long term PN with composite LE containing fish oil (SMOF), and to compare it with a group receiving olive oil LE (Clinoleic) and to the reference range for age, previously determined on a group of healthy children. : A total of 38 patients were enrolled, median age 5.56 (0.9-21.86) years, 15 receiving Clinoleic, 23 receiving SMOF. Patients on SMOF showed significantly higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) and Mead acid (MEAD)/ARA ratio in plasma and RBC compared with patients on Clinoleic and with healthy children. Triene:tetraene (T:T) ratio of both groups of patients did not differ from that of healthy children-median plasma (MEAD/ARA: 0.01, interquartile rage (IQR) 0.01, = 0.61 and 0.02, IQR 0.02, = 0.6 in SMOF and Clinoleic patients, respectively), and was considerably lower than Holman index (>0.21). SMOF patients showed no statistically significant differences in growth parameters compared with Clinoleic patients. Patients of both groups showed stiffness class F0-F1 of liver stiffness measure (LSM) 5.6 (IQR 0.85) in SMOF patients and 5.3 (IQR 0.90) in Clinoleic patients, = 0.58), indicating absence of liver fibrosis. : Fatty acids, measured as concentrations (mg/L), revealed specific PUFA profile of PN patients and could be an accurate method to evaluate nutritional status and eventually to detect essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). SMOF patients showed significantly higher EPA, DHA and lower ARA concentrations compared to Clinoleic patients. Both LEs showed similar hepatic evolution and growth.
Topics: Adolescent; Arachidonic Acid; Child; Child, Preschool; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Fish Oils; Humans; Infant; Male; Olive Oil; Parenteral Nutrition, Home; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Plant Oils; Plasma; Soybean Oil; Young Adult
PubMed: 33291478
DOI: 10.3390/nu12123748 -
Nutrients Jul 2020(1) Background: Little is known on impacts of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) treatment on lipid metabolism in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). (2)...
(1) Background: Little is known on impacts of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) treatment on lipid metabolism in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). (2) Methods: We analyzed glycerophospholipid fatty acids (FA) and polar lipids in plasma of 41 Pakistani children with SAM before and after 3 months of RUTF treatment using gas chromatography and flow-injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate, multivariate tests and evaluated for the impact of age, sex, breastfeeding status, hemoglobin, and anthropometry. (3) Results: Essential fatty acid (EFA) depletion at baseline was corrected by RUTF treatment which increased EFA. In addition, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and the ratio of arachidonic acid (AA)/linoleic acid increased reflecting greater EFA conversion to LC-PUFA, whereas Mead acid/AA decreased. Among phospholipids, lysophosphatidylcholines (lyso.PC) were most impacted by treatment; in particular, saturated lyso.PC decreased. Higher child age and breastfeeding were associated with great decrease in total saturated FA (ΣSFA) and lesser decrease in monounsaturated FA and total phosphatidylcholines (ΣPC). Conclusions: RUTF treatment improves EFA deficiency in SAM, appears to enhance EFA conversion to biologically active LC-PUFA, and reduces lipolysis reflected in decreased ΣSFA and saturated lyso.PC. Child age and breastfeeding modify treatment-induced changes in ΣSFA and ΣPC.
Topics: Age Factors; Breast Feeding; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Fast Foods; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Foods, Specialized; Glycerophospholipids; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Male; Pakistan; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 32708260
DOI: 10.3390/nu12072163 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Mar 2021SMOFlipid is a mixed-lipid emulsion approved for adults in the United States as an alternative to soybean oil-based lipid (SO). There are limited data on the use of...
BACKGROUND
SMOFlipid is a mixed-lipid emulsion approved for adults in the United States as an alternative to soybean oil-based lipid (SO). There are limited data on the use of SMOFlipid in pediatrics and its effect on the fatty acid (FA) profile. Our objective was to characterize changes in FA profile, liver function, and growth in pediatric patients with intestinal failure (IF), following transition from SO or a fish-oil (FO) and SO combination to SMOFlipid.
METHODS
A retrospective case series was conducted on pediatric parenteral nutrition-dependent IF patients transitioned to SMOFlipid. Demographics, anthropometrics, labs, and achievement of nutrition goals were assessed. Linear mixed-effect models assessed effects on FA levels and clinical outcomes.
RESULTS
One hundred thirty-nine FA panels were collected from 20 patients. Median SMOFlipid dose at study completion was 2 g/kg/d (interquartile range, 1.6-2). During the 1.5 years after SMOFlipid initiation, ω-6 FA increased to physiologic levels, arachidonic acid increased from 298 to 461 nmol/mL (P < .001), and linoleic acid increased from 1172 to 1922 nmol/mL (P < .001). ω-3 FA remained within normal limits. Body mass index z-score and length z-score increased, though no significant changes were found. In addition, no significant changes were found in mead acid, hepatic function, triene-to-tetraene ratio, or triglycerides.
CONCLUSION
In 20 pediatric IF patients, SMOFlipid allowed greater ω-6 FA provision while maintaining ω-3 FA, hepatic function, and patient growth. This longitudinal study identified improved FA profile associated with SMOFlipid use in comparison with SO with or without FO.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fish Oils; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Longitudinal Studies; Olive Oil; Retrospective Studies; Soybean Oil; Triglycerides
PubMed: 32415692
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1850 -
Nutrients May 2020Our study aim was to assess how the macronutrient intake during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates plasma total free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and individual... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
Our study aim was to assess how the macronutrient intake during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates plasma total free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and individual fatty acids in critically ill patients.
METHOD
Adult patients aged 18-80, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), who were indicated for TPN, with an expected duration of more than three days, were included in the study. Isoenergetic and isonitrogenous TPN solutions were given with a major non-protein energy source, which was glucose (group G) or glucose and lipid emulsions (Smof lipid; group L). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 28.
RESULTS
A significant decrease ( < 0.001) in total FFAs occurred in both groups with a bigger decrease in group G ( < 0.001) from day 0 (0.41 ± 0.19 mmol∙L) to day 28 (0.10 ± 0.07 mmol∙L). Increased palmitooleic acid and decreased linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids, with a trend of increased mead acid to arachidonic acid ratio, on day 28 were observed in group G in comparison with group L. Group G had an insignificant increase in leptin with no differences in the concentrations of vitamin E, triacylglycerides, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
CONCLUSION
Decreased plasma FFA in critically ill patients who receive TPN may result from increased insulin sensitivity with a better effect in group G, owing to higher insulin and glucose dosing and no lipid emulsions. It is advisable to include a lipid emulsion at the latest from three weeks of TPN to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.
Topics: Aged; Critical Illness; Emulsions; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Intensive Care Units; Leptin; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Prospective Studies; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 32403367
DOI: 10.3390/nu12051373 -
Public Health Nutrition Apr 2020To measure fatty acid composition, particularly whole-blood PUFA content, in acutely malnourished children and identify associations with markers of nutritional and...
OBJECTIVE
To measure fatty acid composition, particularly whole-blood PUFA content, in acutely malnourished children and identify associations with markers of nutritional and health status.
DESIGN
PUFA were assessed in dried blood spots obtained from a cross-sectional study. Nutritional and health status were assessed by anthropometry, haemoglobinopathies, inflammation and blood counts.
SETTING
Cambodia.
PARTICIPANTS
The study was conducted with 174 children aged 0·5-18 years with acute malnutrition.
RESULTS
Among total fatty acids (FA), the relative percentage of total PUFA was 20 % FA, with 14 % of the children having very low PUFA (mead acid (MA):arachidonic acid (AA) >0·02, n-6 docosapentaenoic acid:DHA >0·2 and total n-6:n-3 PUFA >10·5). Wasting was not associated with any PUFA. Stunting and low height were consistently positively associated with total PUFA and positively with n-6 PUFA. Height was positively associated with n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA). The presence of haemoglobinopathies or inflammation was positively associated with MA:AA, but not total PUFA. Elevated blood platelet counts were positively correlated with linoleic acid and appeared to be influenced by anaemia (P = 0·010) and inflammation (P = 0·002). Monocyte counts were high during inflammation (P = 0·052) and correlated positively with n-6 LCPUFA and n-3 LCPUFA.
CONCLUSIONS
Children with acute malnutrition or stunting had low PUFA, while elevated platelets and monocytes were associated with high PUFA. In acutely malnourished children, inflammation could lead to elevated blood cell counts resulting in increased whole-blood PUFA which does not reflect dietary intake or nutritional status.
Topics: Adolescent; Anthropometry; Body Mass Index; Cambodia; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Female; Growth Disorders; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Male; Nutritional Status; Wasting Syndrome
PubMed: 31973779
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980019003744 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Aug 2019Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) must be supplied to the human body and are therefore considered essential fatty acids. This narrative review discusses the... (Review)
Review
Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) must be supplied to the human body and are therefore considered essential fatty acids. This narrative review discusses the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). EFAD may occur in patients with conditions that severely limit the intake, digestion, absorption, and/or metabolism of fat. EFAD may be prevented in patients requiring parenteral nutrition by inclusion of an intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) as a source of LA and ALA. Early ILEs consisted solely of soybean oil (SO), a good source of LA and ALA, but being rich in LA may promote the production of proinflammatory fatty acids. Subsequent ILE formulations replaced part of the SO with other fat sources to decrease the amount of proinflammatory fatty acids. Although rare, EFAD is diagnosed by an elevated triene:tetraene (T:T) ratio, which reflects increased metabolism of oleic acid to Mead acid in the absence of adequate LA and ALA. Assays for measuring fatty acids have improved over the years, and therefore it is necessary to take into account the particular assay used and its reference range when determining if the T:T ratio indicates EFAD. In patients with a high degree of suspicion for EFAD, obtaining a fatty acid profile may provide additional useful information for making a diagnosis of EFAD. In patients receiving an ILE, the T:T ratio and fatty acid profile should be interpreted in light of the fatty acid composition of the ILE to ensure accurate diagnosis of EFAD.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fish Oils; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Nutritional Requirements; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Parenteral Nutrition; Soybean Oil; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 30908685
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1537 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Aug 2019Intravenous fish oil (FO) treats pediatric intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). There are concerns that a lipid emulsion composed of ω-3 fatty acids...
BACKGROUND
Intravenous fish oil (FO) treats pediatric intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). There are concerns that a lipid emulsion composed of ω-3 fatty acids will cause an essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). This study's objective was to quantify the risk for abnormal fatty acid concentrations in children treated with FO.
METHODS
Inclusion criteria for this prospective study were children with intestinal failure. Intravenous soybean oil (SO) was replaced with FO for no longer than 6 months. Serum fatty acids were analyzed using linear and logistic models, and compared with age-based norms to determine the percentage of subjects with low and high concentrations.
RESULTS
Subjects (n = 17) started receiving FO at a median of 3.6 months (interquartile range 2.4-9.6 months). Over time, α-linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic, and Mead acid decreased, whereas docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid increased (P < 0.001 for all). Triene-tetraene ratios remained unchanged (P = 1). Although subjects were 1.8 times more likely to develop a low linoleic acid while receiving FO vs SO (95% CI: 1.4-2.3, P < 0.01), there was not a significant risk for low arachidonic acid. Subjects were 1.6 times more likely to develop high docosahexaenoic acid while receiving FO vs SO; however, this was not significant (95% CI: 0.9-2.6, P = 0.08).
CONCLUSION
In this cohort of parenteral nutrition-dependent children, switching from SO to FO led to a decrease in essential fatty acid concentrations, but an EFAD was not evident. Low and high levels of fatty acids developed. Further investigation is needed to clarify if this is clinically significant.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Fish Oils; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases; Linoleic Acid; Liver Diseases; Male; Parenteral Nutrition; Prospective Studies; Soybean Oil
PubMed: 30900274
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1532 -
Allergy Aug 2019Coconut oil is used as a dietary oil worldwide, and its healthy effects are recognized by the fact that coconut oil is easy to digest, helps in weight management,...
Coconut oil is used as a dietary oil worldwide, and its healthy effects are recognized by the fact that coconut oil is easy to digest, helps in weight management, increases healthy cholesterol, and provides instant energy. Although topical application of coconut oil is known to reduce skin infection and inflammation, whether dietary coconut oil has any role in decreasing skin inflammation is unknown. In this study, we showed the impact of dietary coconut oil in allergic skin inflammation by using a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Mice maintained on coconut oil showed amelioration of skin inflammation and increased levels of cis-5, 8, 11-eicosatrienoic acid (mead acid) in serum. Intraperitoneal injection of mead acid inhibited CHS and reduced the number of neutrophils infiltrating to the skin. Detailed mechanistic studies unveiled that mead acid inhibited the directional migration of neutrophils by inhibiting the filamentous actin polymerization and leukotriene B production required for secondary recruitment of neutrophils. Our findings provide valuable insights into the preventive roles of coconut oil and mead acid against skin inflammation, thereby offering attractive therapeutic possibilities.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Actins; Animals; Biomarkers; Capillary Permeability; Chemotaxis; Coconut Oil; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatitis, Contact; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Immunophenotyping; Leukotriene B4; Lipid Metabolism; Mice; Neutrophils; Skin
PubMed: 30843234
DOI: 10.1111/all.13762