-
BMC Public Health Jun 2024To control resurging infectious diseases like mumps, it is necessary to resort to effective control and preventive measures. These measures include increasing vaccine...
BACKGROUND
To control resurging infectious diseases like mumps, it is necessary to resort to effective control and preventive measures. These measures include increasing vaccine coverage, providing the community with advice on how to reduce exposure, and closing schools. To justify such intervention, it is important to understand how well each of these measures helps to limit transmission.
METHODS
In this paper, we propose a simple SEILR (susceptible-exposed-symptomatically infectious-asymptomatically infectious-recovered) model by using a novel transmission rate function to incorporate temperature, humidity, and closing school factors. This new transmission rate function allows us to verify the impact of each factor either separately or combined. Using reported mumps cases from 2004 to 2018 in the mainland of China, we perform data fitting and parameter estimation to evaluate the basic reproduction number . As a wide range of one-dose measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine programs in China started only in 2008, we use different vaccination proportions for the first Stage I period (from 2004 to 2008) and the second Stage II period (from 2009 to 2018). This allows us to verify the importance of higher vaccine coverage with a possible second dose of MMR vaccine.
RESULTS
We find that the basic reproduction number is generally between 1 and 3. We then use the Akaike Information Criteria to assess the extent to which each of the three factors contributed to the spread of mumps. The findings suggest that the impact of all three factors is substantial, with temperature having the most significant impact, followed by school opening and closing, and finally humidity.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the strategy of increasing vaccine coverage, changing micro-climate (temperature and humidity), and closing schools can greatly reduce mumps transmission.
Topics: China; Humans; Mumps; Humidity; Schools; Temperature; Epidemics; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Child; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Basic Reproduction Number
PubMed: 38898424
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18819-w -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2024[This retracts the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S386560.].
Formulation for the Targeted Delivery of a Vaccine Strain of Oncolytic Measles Virus (OMV) in Hyaluronic Acid Coated Thiolated Chitosan as a Green Nanoformulation for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Viro-Immunotherapeutic Approach [Retraction].
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S386560.].
PubMed: 38895151
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S482137 -
Vaccine Jun 2024The COVID-19 pandemic has led to decreased measles vaccination rates globally, exacerbating vaccine hesitancy. This study examines the relationship between COVID-19...
BACKGROUND
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to decreased measles vaccination rates globally, exacerbating vaccine hesitancy. This study examines the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and childhood measles vaccination among parents in Hong Kong.
METHODS
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Hong Kong from March to September 2022. Parents were recruited via the Qualtrics panel, and a total of 588 parents were invited via email or social media account to participate in the survey. We used the adjusted Measles-containing Vaccine Hesitancy Scale for the assessment of parental vaccine hesitancy for children. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between parental acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine and their attitudes towards childhood measles vaccination.
RESULTS
Of the 588 participants, parents who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 exhibited significantly less measles-containing vaccine hesitancy comparing to those unvaccinated (β = -2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.10 to -0.83, p = 0.007). Mothers exhibited more hesitancy compared to fathers (β = 1.64, 95% CI: 0.60 to 2.68, p = 0.002). Parents with a higher self-rated health (β = -2.20, 95% CI: -3.21 to -1.20, p < 0.001), or who have received advice from health professionals to offer measles, influenza, or COVID-19 vaccines for kids (β = -2.41, 95% CI: -3.49 to -1.32, p < 0.001) had lower levels of hesitancy.
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 vaccine status of parents was associated with reduced hesitancy towards measles vaccines for their children. Addressing vaccine hesitancy effectively requires targeted communication strategies, particularly focusing on those unvaccinated and leveraging the influence of healthcare professionals.
PubMed: 38880690
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.035 -
European Journal of Haematology Jun 2024The scarcity of studies on vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) limits the comprehensive understanding of vaccine safety on a global scale....
Global and regional burden of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, 1969-2023: Comprehensive findings with critical analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database.
OBJECTIVE
The scarcity of studies on vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) limits the comprehensive understanding of vaccine safety on a global scale. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the global burden of vaccine-induced TTS, identify the vaccines most associated with it, and suggest clinical implications regarding vaccination.
METHODS
This study employed the World Health Organization international pharmacovigilance database, extracting records of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia from 1969 to 2023 (total reports, n > 130 million). Global reporting counts, reported odds ratios (ROR), and information components (IC) were calculated to identify the association between 19 vaccines and the occurrence of vaccine-induced TTS across 156 countries.
RESULTS
We identified 24 233 cases (male, n = 11 559 [47.7%]) of vaccine-induced TTS among 404 388 reports of all-cause TTS. There has been a significant increase in reports of vaccine-induced TTS events over time, with a noteworthy surge observed after 2020, attributed to cases of TTS associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines were associated with most TTS reports (ROR [95% confidence interval], 2.87 [2.75-3.00]; IC [IC], 1.51 [1.43]), followed by hepatitis B (HBV, 2.23 [2.07-2.39]; 1.15 [1.03]), rotavirus diarrhea (1.95 [1.78-2.13]; 0.81 [0.53]), encephalitis (1.80 [1.50-2.16]; 0.84 [0.53]), hepatitis A (1.67 [1.50-1.86]; 0.73 [0.55]), adenovirus Type 5 vector-based (Ad5-vectored) COVID-19 (1.64 [1.59-1.68]; 0.69 [0.64]), pneumococcal (1.57 [1.49-1.66]; 0.65 [0.56]), and typhoid vaccines (1.41 [1.12-1.78]; 0.49 [0.11]). Concerning age and sex-specific risks, reports of vaccine-induced TTS were more associated with females and younger age groups. The age group between 12 and 17 years exhibited significant sex disproportion. Most of these adverse events had a short time to onset (days; mean [SD], 4.99 [40.30]) and the fatality rate was 2.20%, the highest rate observed in the age group over 65 years (3.79%) and lowest in the age group between 0 and 11 years (0.31%).
CONCLUSION
A rise in vaccine-induced TTS reports, notably MMR, HBV, and rotavirus diarrhea vaccines, was particularly related to young females. Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccines showed comparable or lower association with TTS compared to other vaccines. Despite the rarity of these adverse events, vigilance is essential as rare complications can be fatal, especially in older groups. Further studies with validated reporting are imperative to improve the accuracy of assessing the vaccine-induced TTS for preventive interventions and early diagnosis.
PubMed: 38863260
DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14250 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024
Topics: Humans; Philippines; Measles; Female; Disease Outbreaks; Immunization Programs; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Adult
PubMed: 38860705
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2359808 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Philippines; Female; Immunization Programs; Disease Outbreaks; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 38860701
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2359817 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Jun 2024Measles, a highly contagious and vaccine-preventable disease, continues to present global public health challenges. This retrospective study focused on measles outbreaks...
BACKGROUND
Measles, a highly contagious and vaccine-preventable disease, continues to present global public health challenges. This retrospective study focused on measles outbreaks in Hormozgan province, southern Iran, spanning from 2014 to 2019.
METHODS
Between 2014 and 2019, patients suspected of having measles, as reported by medical centers in Hormozgan, were subject to a comprehensive evaluation. The diagnosis of measles was conclusively established through the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. A detailed collection of pertinent data was undertaken. SPSS software, version 21, was employed for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
In the current study, out of 1291 clinically suspected measles cases, 151 were PCR-confirmed, with an average age of 16.77 years (±10.46), comprising 50.9% males and 49.1% females. The annual distribution showed varied incidence: 8.4% in 2014, peaking at 18.8% in 2015, then fluctuating to 11.4% in 2016, 0.8% in 2017, and 17.9% in 2018, with no cases in 2019. Among confirmed cases, 16.5% were vaccinated, while 68.2% were not, and 15.23% had unknown vaccination status.
CONCLUSION
This retrospective study highlights the ongoing challenge of measles in Hormozgan province, Iran, from 2014 to 2019. Despite measles being preventable by vaccination, a significant number of cases were confirmed among both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, indicating gaps in immunization coverage and effectiveness. The fluctuating annual incidence, with a peak in 2015 and no cases in 2019, suggests variable success in disease control efforts. This underscores the need for enhanced surveillance, improved vaccination strategies, and public health interventions to effectively combat measles outbreaks in this region.
PubMed: 38846899
DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000002004 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Some individuals may not retain adequate immunity against measles and rubella years after two doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination due to vaccine...
BACKGROUND
Some individuals may not retain adequate immunity against measles and rubella years after two doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination due to vaccine failure. This study aimed to investigate the rates of vaccine failure and seroconversion by administering an MMR booster to young adults.
METHODS
We first assessed measles and rubella antibody levels using the Luminex multiplex assay, VIDAS IgG assay, and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) among individuals aged 18-30 years old who had received two doses of MMR vaccine. Participants with low measles and/or rubella antibody levels as confirmed by VIDAS received an MMR booster. Antibody levels were measured at 1-month post-booster.
RESULTS
Among 791 participants, the measles and rubella seroprevalence rates were 94.7% (95% CI: 92.9%-96.0%) and 97.3% (95% CI: 96.0%-98.3%), respectively. Lower seroprevalence rates were observed among older participants. 113 participants who received an MMR booster acquired higher measles and rubella antibody levels at 1-month post-booster compared to baseline.
CONCLUSIONS
Although measles and rubella vaccine failures were observed among 5.3% and 2.7% of young adults, respectively, an MMR booster triggered a significant antibody response.
PubMed: 38839048
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae297 -
Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.... Jun 2024The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) experience periodic outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Our objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of routine...
OBJECTIVE
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) experience periodic outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Our objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of routine outreach and catch-up campaign strategies for increasing vaccination coverage for the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine among children aged 12 months through 6 years in Chuuk, FSM.
METHODS
We used a cost-effectiveness model to assess 4 MMR vaccination strategies from a public health perspective: routine outreach conducted 4 times per year (quarterly routine outreach), routine outreach conducted 2 times per year (biannual routine outreach), catch-up campaigns conducted once per year (annual catch-up campaign), and catch-up campaigns conducted every 2 years with quarterly routine outreach in non-catch-up campaign years (status quo). We calculated costs and outcomes during a 5-year model horizon and summarized results as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. We analyzed the following public health outcomes: additional protected person-month (PPM), doses administered and protected people (ie, a child who completed a 2-dose MMR series). We conducted 1-way sensitivity analyses to evaluate the stability of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and to identify influential model inputs.
RESULTS
Among the 4 MMR vaccination strategies, quarterly routine outreach was the most effective and most expensive strategy, and biannual routine outreach was the least expensive and least effective strategy. Quarterly routine outreach (vs status quo) yielded approximately an additional 7001 PPMs and 132 vaccine doses administered, with incremental costs of about $4 per PPM, $193 per dose administered, and $123 per protected person.
CONCLUSION
Routine outreach and catch-up campaign vaccination strategies can be important interventions to improve health in Chuuk, FSM. More frequent routine outreach events could improve MMR coverage and reduce the likelihood of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and mumps.
PubMed: 38832672
DOI: 10.1177/00333549241249672 -
International Health Jun 2024Participant-centred active adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance can offer real-time vaccine safety data and help in signal detection. This study...
BACKGROUND
Participant-centred active adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance can offer real-time vaccine safety data and help in signal detection. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of participant-centred active adverse events (AEs) surveillance following measles immunization in Gedeo Zone health facilities in Ethiopia.
METHODS
An open-label, multicentred, three-arm randomized uncontrolled trial was conducted from 1 June to 21 October 2023. After assessing enrolment eligibility, the study participants were randomized into three groups (short message service [SMS], telephone interview, and diary card). They were expected to report AEs in children 1 week after receiving immunization. Binary and multivariable logistic regression and χ2 tests were used to analyse the data.
RESULTS
Among the 396 participants randomized into the three groups, 80.8% (320 participants) reported back about their children's AE status. Participants in the telephone interview group exhibited a substantially superior response rate (93.2% of 132 participants; p<0.00001) compared with the SMS (71.2%) and diary card (78%) groups. The likelihood of reporting the status of AEs experienced by children was lower by 77% (adjusted odds ratio 0.23 [95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.52], p-value <0.00001) in the diary card group compared with the telephone interview group.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, a telephone interview was found to be the best method for AEFI reporting. Participant-centred active AE surveillance could potentially permit more rapid identification of emerging safety signals. Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05803538.
PubMed: 38828522
DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihae040