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Water Science and Technology : a... Apr 2017This study examined the individual and combined effects of potassium ferrate(VI) additions and freeze-thaw conditioning for the treatment and dewatering of wastewater...
This study examined the individual and combined effects of potassium ferrate(VI) additions and freeze-thaw conditioning for the treatment and dewatering of wastewater sludge in cold climates, with particular focus on the inactivation of fecal coliforms and oxidation of estrogens, androgens, and progestogens. The first phase of the study evaluated the effects of potassium ferrate(VI) pre-treatment followed by freeze-thaw at -20 °C using a low (0.5 g/L) and high (5.0 g/L) dose of potassium ferrate(VI). The results showed that pre-treatment of anaerobically digested sludge with 5 g/L of potassium ferrate(VI) reduced the concentration of fecal coliforms in the sludge cake to below 100 MPN/g DS. The second phase evaluated the ability of ferrate(VI) to oxidise selected hormones in sludge. Anaerobically digested sludge samples were spiked with 10 different hormones: estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), equilin, mestranol, testosterone, norethindrone and norgestrel in two groups of low (3-75 ng/mL) and high (12-300 ng/L) concentration ranges of hormones. The samples were treated with either 0.5 or 1.0 g/L of potassium ferrate(VI), and hormone concentrations were measured again after treatment. Potassium ferrate(VI) additions as low as 1.0 g/L reduced the concentration of estrogens in sludge. Potassium ferrate(VI) additions of 0.5 and 1.0 g/L were less effective at reducing the concentrations of androgens and progestogens. Increasing ferrate(VI) dose would likely result in more substantial decreases in the concentrations of fecal coliforms and hormones. The results of this study indicate that the combined use of freeze-thaw and ferrate(VI) has the potential to provide a complete sludge treatment solution in cold regions.
Topics: Estradiol; Estrogens; Estrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Feces; Freezing; Hormones; Iron Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Potassium Compounds; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater
PubMed: 28402303
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.021 -
Chemosphere Jul 2017This paper is devoted to investigate the suitability of cellulose for estrogens micropollutants removal from water effluent. For this purpose, the sorption of eight...
This paper is devoted to investigate the suitability of cellulose for estrogens micropollutants removal from water effluent. For this purpose, the sorption of eight estrogens including Estradiol, Estrone, Testosterone, Progesterone, Estriol, Mestranol, Ethinylestradiol and Diethylstilbestrol were investigated. The charge density profiles and sorption curves were obtained and discussed using quantum chemical calculations where the Accelrys Materials Studio software and COSMO-SAC model were employed. The geometry optimization of compound molecule and energy minimizations was performed using the Dmol3 Module and density functional theory of generalized gradient approximate and Volsko-Wilk-Nusair functional. We found that cellulose cannot be a reliable choice of sorbent for removal of Estrone and Estradiol, but it is a poor choice of sorbent for removal of Estriol, Ethinylestradiol. Cellulose can be used for Diethylstilbestrol, Mestranol, Testosterone and Progesterone removal from estrogens containing effluents.
Topics: Cellulose; Estrogens; Models, Chemical; Quantum Theory; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 28342373
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.152 -
Cancer Causes & Control : CCC May 2017Oral contraceptives (OCs) have been consistently associated with a reduced ovarian cancer risk; however, most previous studies included women in older birth cohorts...
PURPOSE
Oral contraceptives (OCs) have been consistently associated with a reduced ovarian cancer risk; however, most previous studies included women in older birth cohorts using high-dose OC formulations. We assessed OC use, including type and dose, and ovarian cancer risk among women born between 1947 and 1964 using more recent formulations.
METHODS
We included 110,929 Nurses' Health Study II participants. Women reported duration of OC use and brands used from age 13 to baseline (1989) and every 2 years thereafter through 2009. We categorized brands by estrogen and progestin type, dose, and potency, and used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, calendar time, reproductive factors, and body mass index, to assess associations with ovarian cancer.
RESULTS
Over 2,178,679 person-years of follow-up, we confirmed 281 cases. At baseline, 83% of participants reported ever using OCs. Compared to never use, we observed an increased risk of ovarian cancer with ≤6 months of OC use (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.13-2.93) but a non-significant 57% (95% CI 0.18-1.03) decreased risk with ≥15 years of OC use. The increased risk among short-term users (≤1 year) was restricted to OCs containing mestranol (HR 1.83; 95% CI 1.16-2.88) and first-generation progestin (HR 1.72; 95% CI 1.11-2.65).
CONCLUSION
The associations between OCs and ovarian cancer observed for this younger birth cohort differ substantially from the results of previous cohort studies, possibly reflecting changes in OC formulations and use patterns over time, although these results could be due to chance. Additional studies should evaluate newer OC formulations and ovarian cancer risk.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Incidence; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; United States; Women's Health; Young Adult
PubMed: 28290016
DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0876-0 -
ChemMedChem Jan 2017Anticancer structure-activity relationship studies on aminosteroid (5α-androstane) derivatives have emerged with a promising lead candidate: RM-133...
Anticancer structure-activity relationship studies on aminosteroid (5α-androstane) derivatives have emerged with a promising lead candidate: RM-133 (2β-[1-(quinoline-2-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-N-piperazine-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol), which possesses high in vitro and in vivo activities against several cancer cells, and selectivity over normal cells. However, the relatively weak metabolic stability of RM-133 has been a drawback to its progression toward clinical trials. We investigated the replacement of the androstane backbone by a more stable mestranol moiety. The resulting compound, called RM-581 ({4-[17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}[(2S)-1-(quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]methanone), was synthesized efficiently in only five steps from commercially available estrone. In comparison with RM-133, RM-581 was found to be twice as metabolically stable, retains potent cytotoxic activity in breast cancer MCF-7 cell culture, and fully blocks tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of breast cancer. Advantageously, the selectivity over normal cells has been increased with this estrane version of RM-133. In fact, RM-581 showed a better selectivity index (15.3 vs. 3.0) for breast cancer MCF-7 cells over normal breast MCF-10A cells, and was found to be nontoxic toward primary human kidney proximal tubule cells at doses reaching 50 μm.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Drug Design; Female; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Mestranol; Mice; Mice, Nude; Transplantation, Heterologous
PubMed: 28060448
DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600482 -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Nov 2016The present study investigated the occurrence of 13 parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River. With the exception of the...
The present study investigated the occurrence of 13 parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River. With the exception of the synthetic hormones 17α-ethynylestradiol and mestranol, other compounds were detected at least twice at 10 representative sites, with the ubiquitous estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate as the dominant compounds quantified (0.24-6.37 ng/L and 0.49-9.25 ng/L, respectively). Sites near dairy farms exhibited high levels of conjugates, whereas those close to a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent outlet displayed relatively high concentrations of E1. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression revealed dairy farms and the STP as the 2 significant contamination sources, accounting for 69.9% and 31.1% of the total hormone burden, respectively. Risk assessment results suggested E1 and 17β-estradiol (E2) as the 2 hormones with the largest risks to aquatic organisms, and which combined, contributed >90% of the total estrogenicity. Most of the sites investigated showed that E1 and E2 posed a medium risk (0.1 < risk quotient < 1), whereas each induced a high risk (risk quotient >1) at sites severely impacted by the STP and dairy farms. These results suggest that river health would benefit from effective treatment of waste at the STP and dairy farms prior to discharge. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2657-2664. © 2016 SETAC.
Topics: Estrogens; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); Linear Models; Principal Component Analysis; Progestins; Risk Assessment; Rivers; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 27061433
DOI: 10.1002/etc.3447 -
Chemosphere Feb 2017To analyze polymeric nanosorbents and nanofiltration/ultrafiltration membranes for hormone micropollutants removal from water effluents, here an in-through investigation...
An enquiry on appropriate selection of polymers for preparation of polymeric nanosorbents and nanofiltration/ultrafiltration membranes for hormone micropollutants removal from water effluents.
To analyze polymeric nanosorbents and nanofiltration/ultrafiltration membranes for hormone micropollutants removal from water effluents, here an in-through investigation on the suitability and compatibility of various polymers has been carried out. For this work, estradiol, estrone, testosterone, progesterone, estriol, mestranol, and ethinylestradiol were considered. A total number of 452 polymers were analyzed and initially screened using Hansen solubility parameters. The identified good pairs of hormones and polymers then were examined to obtain the equilibrium capacity of hormones removal from water effluents using a modified Flory-Huggins model. A distribution coefficient was defined as the ratio of hormones in water effluent phase and polymer phase. For removal of mestranol, estradiol and ethinylestradiol, no compatible polymer was identified based on initial screening of collected database. Three compatible polymers were identified for estriol. For progesterone, a wide variety of polymers was identified as good matching of polar, dispersion and hydrogen forces contributions can be observed for these pairs. For estrone, only two polymers can be proposed due to the mismatch observed between polar, dispersion and hydrogen forces contributions of other polymers and this hormone. The phase calculations showed that not all the identified good pairs could be used for practical separation applications. The domain of applicability of each good pair was investigated and potential polymers for practical micropollutants removal together with their removal capacity were represented in terms of phase envelops. The theoretical approach follows fundamental chemical thermodynamic equations and then can be simply applied for any system of interest.
Topics: Adsorption; Hormones; Membranes, Artificial; Models, Theoretical; Nanostructures; Polymers; Solubility; Thermodynamics; Ultrafiltration; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 27776242
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.049 -
Organic Letters Sep 2016An efficient and transition-metal-free method is presented to access tertiary alkyl aryl ethers by arylation of tertiary alcohols with ortho-substituted diaryliodonium...
An efficient and transition-metal-free method is presented to access tertiary alkyl aryl ethers by arylation of tertiary alcohols with ortho-substituted diaryliodonium salts. The scope covers cyclic and acyclic aliphatic, benzylic, allylic, and propargylic tertiary alcohols as well as primary and secondary fluorinated alcohols. The methodology gives access to alkyl aryl ethers of previously unprecedented steric congestion. Furthermore, the versatility of the developed procedure was demonstrated by arylation of the pro-drug mestranol.
PubMed: 27586361
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01975 -
Organic Letters Aug 2016An efficient and transition-metal-free method is presented to access tertiary alkyl aryl ethers by arylation of tertiary alcohols with ortho-substituted diaryliodonium...
An efficient and transition-metal-free method is presented to access tertiary alkyl aryl ethers by arylation of tertiary alcohols with ortho-substituted diaryliodonium salts. The scope covers cyclic and acyclic aliphatic, benzylic, allylic, and propargylic tertiary alcohols as well as primary and secondary fluorinated alcohols. The methodology gives access to alkyl aryl ethers of previously unprecedented steric congestion. Furthermore, the versatility of the developed procedure was demonstrated by arylation of the pro-drug mestranol.
PubMed: 27529124
DOI: No ID Found -
Aquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam,... Jun 2016Effectively treating domestic wastewater so that it can be safely discharged or reused is critical for maintaining the integrity of freshwater resources, and for...
Effectively treating domestic wastewater so that it can be safely discharged or reused is critical for maintaining the integrity of freshwater resources, and for protecting the health of animals that rely on these systems. Amphibians are currently facing widespread population declines, so there is a particularly urgent need to investigate exposure scenarios that might result in weakened amphibian populations. Domestic sewage has received little attention as a possible factor that could influence the survival, growth and development, or general health of amphibians. However, wastewater reuse for crop irrigation and other purposes is increasing and holding ponds and constructed wetlands exist at many wastewater treatment facilities, introducing conceivable pathways that could result in the exposure of amphibians to treated wastewater. We exposed developing striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) tadpoles, to control water and 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% UV treated domestic sewage, and quantified effects on growth and development, hepatic energy reserves, and enzymatic pathways associated with detoxification and oxidative stress. Growth and development were accelerated and relative liver size was increased in exposed animals. The exposure resulted in an apparently hormetic increase in hepatic triglycerides and dose-dependent reduction in glycogen stores, as well as increased lipase and NADPH activity, indicating a general disruption to energy metabolism and/or mobilization. Contrary to expectations based on published studies with fish, we found no evidence of lipid peroxidation or induction of the detoxification enzyme Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), however, this may reflect the use of UV treatment as opposed to chlorination for disinfection. Chemical analysis and risk-based prioritization consistently identified fluoxetine, triclosan and diazinon as high-risk contaminants in the wastewater, with nonylphenol and mestranol flagged as risks during one early collection. Research is needed to explore the potential for these specific contaminants to elicit the responses identified in the present study, and to perform similar assessments using wastewater from other locations with different treatment options.
Topics: Animals; Anura; Energy Metabolism; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycogen; Larva; Lipase; Liver; NADP; Oxidative Stress; Ranidae; Sewage; Triglycerides; Ultraviolet Rays; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; Wetlands
PubMed: 26991752
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.010 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jun 2016In this work, source pollution tracing of the sediments of the Danube River and its tributaries in Serbia was performed using sterol ratios. Improved liquid...
In this work, source pollution tracing of the sediments of the Danube River and its tributaries in Serbia was performed using sterol ratios. Improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which enabled complete chromatographic separation of four analytes with identical fragmentation reactions (epicoprostanol, coprostanol, epicholestanol and cholestanol), was applied for the determination of steroid compounds (hormones, human/animal and plant sterols). A widespread occurrence of sterols was identified in all analyzed samples, whereas the only detected hormones were mestranol and 17α-estradiol. A human-sourced sewage marker coprostanol was detected at the highest concentration (up to 1939 ng g(-1)). The ratios between the key sterol biomarkers, as well as the percentage of coprostanol relative to the total sterol amount, were applied with the aim of selecting the most reliable for distinction between human-sourced pollution and the sterols originated from the natural sources in river sediments. The coprostanol/(cholesterol + cholestanol) and coprostanol/epicoprostanol ratios do not distinguish between human and natural sources of sterols in the river sediments in Serbia. The most reliable sterol ratios for the sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in the studied area were found to be coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol), coprostanol/cholesterol and epicoprostanol/coprostanol. For the majority of sediments, human-derived pollution was determined. Two sediment samples were identified as influenced by a combination of human and natural biogenic sources.
Topics: Animals; Cholestanol; Cholestanols; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Liquid; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Estradiol; Geologic Sediments; Humans; Mestranol; Rivers; Serbia; Sewage; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 26874877
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.036