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Environmental Analysis, Health and... Dec 2022The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of organophosphate compounds residue in soil, surface water, sediment, and banana crops in Araromi...
The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of organophosphate compounds residue in soil, surface water, sediment, and banana crops in Araromi farm settlement, Osun State, Nigeria. Organophosphate pesticide residues were determined using a gas chromatography equipped with Flame-Ionization Detection (GC-FID) in 16 soil samples from cocoa and banana farms, 6 water and sediment samples each, and 8 banana samples from 4 farms in the study site. Fourteen organophosphate compounds were detected (acephate, omethoate, dementon-s-methyl, dimethoate, tolcofos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, malathion, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, prothiofos, profenofos, ethion, azinphos-methyl and pyrazophos). Tolclofos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl and prothiofos were detected in all the soil and sediment samples with concentration ranges of 1.9-12.9, 2.25-6.98 and 3.38-9.89 mg/kg respectively in soil and 8.13-9.83, 2.82-25.1 and 3.70-19.5 mg/kg respectively in sediment. Dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl and prothiofos with concentration ranges, 0.06-0.28, 0.09-0.18 and 0.16-6.11 mg/L respectively were mostly detected in water samples while dimethoate, tolcofos-methyl, malathion, methidathion, prothiofos, ethion and azinphos-methyl compounds were detected in all the banana samples with concentration ranges, 3.40-12.0, 1.82-6.26, 5.73-9.48, 29.7-145, 8.24-20.1, 3.87-9.35 and 3.66-12.2 mg/kg respectively. The organophosphate mean residue concentrations were mostly significantly higher than the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) at p<0.05. Across the three samples, only pirimiphos-methyl was significantly higher in water samples, omethoate in sediment; acephate, dementon-s-methyl and chlorpyrifos in banana were also not significantly higher at p<0.05. A strong positive significant correlation was observed between the organophosphate compounds in the banana and water samples (R=0.77, p=0.002) at p<0.05. The occurrence of organophosphate compounds in concentrations above MRLs may pose serious environmental and health risks.
PubMed: 36916048
DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022035 -
Chemosphere Mar 2023Pesticide registration in developing countries like Ethiopia is often not supported by substantiated risk assessment procedures. In this study, we evaluated the PRIMET...
Pesticide registration in developing countries like Ethiopia is often not supported by substantiated risk assessment procedures. In this study, we evaluated the PRIMET (Pesticide Risks in the Tropics for Man, Environment and Trade) Registration_Ethiopia_1.1 model which is a tool developed to assess the risks to non-target protection goals. All the 103 registered active ingredients (a.i.) in Ethiopia, except those used for flower and storage pest control purposes, were evaluated on their environmental risks. Data on physico-chemical characteristics, toxicity and pesticide use patterns were mined from either the information given in the dossier or public databases. Together with scenarios specifically developed for Ethiopia, these data were used to perform a risk assessment for the aquatic and terrestrial environment as well as for vertebrates including humans via contaminated drinking water exposure. Results indicated that 11 and 16% of the a.i.s are indicated to pose high acute risk and 7.3 and 11% high chronic risks for fish and aquatic invertebrates, respectively. Similarly, 5.5 and 8.7% high acute risks and 6.8 and 3.9% high chronic risks were observed for the soil ecosystem and birds, respectively. 23% of the evaluated active ingredients were indicated to be highly risky to bees when beehives are present inside the sprayed crop while 7.8% of them are highly risky when beehives are present outside the field of the sprayed crop. The fungicide metalaxyl, the herbicides acetochlor, alachlor, mecoprop and tembotrion, and the insecticides carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and methidathion were predicted to pose high acute or chronic risks to humans or other vertebrates if surface water is used as a source of drinking water. Future studies should give emphasis on how the risk assessment results of this study can be implemented to aid the registration process.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Bees; Pesticides; Ecosystem; Drinking Water; Ethiopia; Risk Assessment; Environmental Monitoring; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36638923
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137794 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2022Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) sensors for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have received considerable attention, whereas complicated electrode's immobilization,...
Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) sensors for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have received considerable attention, whereas complicated electrode's immobilization, response to single hydrolysate and anodic emission correlated with ECL assays restrict their potential utilization. Herein, we developed a homogeneous dual-response cathodic ECL system for highly sensitive and reliable analysis of OP using CdTe QDs as emitters. CdTe QDs, emitting red light, were fabricated through a hydrothermal reaction and generated anodic and cathodic ECL emission upon stimulation of tripropyl amine and KSO, respectively. Notably, CdTe QDs-KSO showed a simultaneous response to thiol and acidic pH, and were regarded as a ECL sensor for methidathion with limit of detection of 0.016 ng/mL based on hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine into thiocholine and CHCOOH by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and OPs' inhibition on AChE activity. This sensor also exhibited good practicability to detect methidathion in Chinese cabbage. Overall, the sensor will supply more useful information for ensuring OPs-related food safety.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Biosensing Techniques; Brassica; Cadmium Compounds; China; Electrodes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Quantum Dots; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Tellurium
PubMed: 35691064
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133349 -
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 2022Methidathion [3-(dimethoxyphosphinothioylsulfanylmethyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-one; hereinafter DMTP], one of the most widely used organophosphorus pesticides,...
Methidathion [3-(dimethoxyphosphinothioylsulfanylmethyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-one; hereinafter DMTP], one of the most widely used organophosphorus pesticides, has been detected in some clinical cases of accidental exposure and suicide in Japan. It has been reported that DMTP concentration is decreased in blood. In this study, it is difficult to recover DMTP in the free form because DMTP is bound to human serum albumin (HSA). We detected DMTP adducts in HSA by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS). The mass spectra showed that DMTP was preferably bound to the lysine (K), tyrosine (Y), and cysteinylproline (CP) residues of HSA. The concentrations of K-adduct, DMTP-Y-adduct and DMTP-CP-adduct were increased in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion when DMTP concentration was lower than the lethal dose. Furthermore, the DMTP-Y-adduct and DMTP-CP-adduct were also detected in post-mortem blood of an autopsied subject who died by intentional DMTP ingestion. The results suggested that the DMTP-Y-adduct and DMTP-CP-adduct could be used as a biomarker of DMTP poisoning, and the decrease concentration of DMTP in blood after death could be determined on the basis of the concentration of the DMTP-CP-adduct in blood.
Topics: Humans; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Serum Albumin, Human
PubMed: 35370241
DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.139 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021In the present study, 168 pesticides in 1,017 samples of 10 Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid (HPLC-MS/MS) and...
In the present study, 168 pesticides in 1,017 samples of 10 Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas (GC-MS/MS) chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 89.2% of the samples encompassed one or multiple pesticide residues, and the residue concentrations in 60.5% of samples were less than 0.02 mg kg, revealing the relatively low residue levels. The hazard quotient and hazard index methods were used to estimate the health risk for consumers. For a more accurate risk assessment, the exposure frequency and exposure duration of CHMs were involved into the exposure assessment, which was obtained from a questionnaire data of 20,917 volunteers. The results of chronic, acute, and cumulative risk assessment indicated that consumption of CHMs is unlikely to pose a health risk to consumers. Ranking the risk of detected pesticides revealed that phorate, BHC, triazophos, methidathion, terbufos, and omethoate posed the highest risk. Our results also showed that pollution of the aboveground medicinal part was more serious. Although exposure to pesticides in tested CHMs was below dangerous levels, more strict controlled management should be carried out for banned pesticides due to the high detection rate and illegal use in the actual planting practice.
PubMed: 35177984
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.818268 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2022This mixed methods study used laboratory measurements of pesticide residues in produce, semi-structured questionnaires, and in-depth interview data to describe trends in...
This mixed methods study used laboratory measurements of pesticide residues in produce, semi-structured questionnaires, and in-depth interview data to describe trends in pesticide residue in produce and handling and processing practices for fruits (watermelon and passion fruit) and vegetables (tomato, cabbage, and eggplant) along the farm to fork chain. Of the 50 farmers visited, 34 (68.0%) sold their fruits and vegetables to transporters, 11 (22.0%) to market vendors, and 4 (8.0%) directly to homes and restaurants. The majority 42 (93.3%) of the consumers (home/restaurant) purchased their fruits and vegetables from market vendors and transporters. Washing with water or vinegar, wiping with a cloth, peeling the outer layer, and blending and cooking were the most common post-harvesting processing methods used by stakeholders along the supply chain. Some farmers and market vendors reported spraying fruits and vegetables with pesticides either prior- or post-harvest to increase shelf life. Statistically significant decreasing pesticide residue trends along the farm to fork chain were observed for dioxacarb, likely due to degradation or washing, peeling, cooking, blending, or wiping by consumers. Increasing trends were observed for methidathion and quinalphos possibly due to pesticide applications. There is a need in Uganda to promote practices that minimize pesticide use and exposure through diet, while maintaining food integrity.
Topics: Farms; Food Contamination; Fruit; Pesticide Residues; Uganda; Vegetables
PubMed: 35162373
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031350 -
Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Mar 2022The residue changes of five pesticides in samples from different steps of rice flour production and accelerated storage were systematically investigated. Rice flour was...
The residue changes of five pesticides in samples from different steps of rice flour production and accelerated storage were systematically investigated. Rice flour was produced both by the extrusion process and the drying on roller process. The change of pesticide residues varied in different processing steps and storage time. The water adjusting step had little influence on the pesticide residues. The pesticide residues were decreased significantly in the extruding, soaking, and grinding steps with reduction from 21% to 76%. The drying step increased or decreased the pesticide residues in varying degrees through concentration due to water evaporation and thermal evaporation or thermal degradation. All the pesticide residues decreased during the accelerated storage, especially for methidathion and chlorpyrifos, neither was detected after accelerated stored for 14 days. The processing factors (PFs) for imidacloprid and isocarbophos in the drying step were greater than 1, and the others were all less than 1. The whole drying on roller process had lower PFs than the whole extrusion process, indicated that the drying on roller process had a greater effect on pesticide residues. The PFs of accelerated storage for five pesticides were all below 1. Overall, this study provides important references for monitoring pesticide residues in the processing and storage of rice flour. Moreover, the PFs obtained in this study could be useful in the dietary exposure and risk assessment of pesticides in rice flour.
Topics: Flour; Oryza; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Water
PubMed: 35061580
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2020910 -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Feb 2022A sensitive assay was developed to evaluate inhibitory effects of aqueous solution on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity via measuring hydrolysis rates of...
A sensitive assay was developed to evaluate inhibitory effects of aqueous solution on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity via measuring hydrolysis rates of acetylcholine (ACh) based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Upon having identified precursor ions and product ions of the ACh and its hydrolysis products choline (Ch), the separation chromatogram for these two analytes has been established using a 50 mm reverse-phase BEH Shield RP18 column. The total chromatographic separation time is 7 min; limits of detection (LODs) for ACh and Ch are 0.14 µg L and 0.12 µg L, respectively. A simple method for inactivation of AChE and optimization of operational parameters were then sequentially performed. It was found that adjusting solution pH to 2.5 not only can terminate the enzymatic reaction but also solve band shifting and broadening caused by aqueous matrices in chromatographic separation during UPLC-MS/MS detection. Under conditions of 0.00075 U mL AChE, initial concentration of ACh at 100 µg L and 20 min observation time, IC values of the proposed assay for chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon, methidathion oxon, omethoate and paraoxon were 3.5 nM, 16.8 nM, 2.4 nM, 6.8 nM, 270 nM and 36.9 nM, respectively. They are 4.5-51.9 times smaller than those reported in a LC-MS based method, and >120 times lower than those obtained by the traditional Ellman method. The results suggested that, the proposed assay significantly increases the sensitivity of commercial AChE. In addition, inhibition efficiencies of three surface waters, a groundwater and four commercial brands of bottled drinking water samples on AChE activity were firstly measured using this UPLC-MS/MS based method. These water samples were proved to have different inhibitory effects on AChE activity, and the inhibition efficiencies dependent on concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) but are independent of UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV) values. These results indicate that the proposed method has advantages of high sensitivity over all other conventional methods. It may become a promising AChE inhibition assay for assessing toxicity of aqueous solution containing neurotoxicity contaminants such as organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) at low levels, or used to evaluate potential inhibition effects of natural waters on AChE activity.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drinking Water; Electrophorus; Fish Proteins; Groundwater; Hydrolysis; Organophosphorus Compounds; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Water Pollutants
PubMed: 35030473
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123101 -
Toxicology Jan 2022Short-term biomarkers of toxicity have an increasingly important role in the screening and prioritization of new chemicals. In this study, we examined early indicators... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Short-term biomarkers of toxicity have an increasingly important role in the screening and prioritization of new chemicals. In this study, we examined early indicators of liver toxicity for three reference organophosphate (OP) chemicals, which are among the most widely used insecticides in the world. The OP methidathion was previously shown to increase the incidence of liver toxicity, including hepatocellular tumors, in male mice. To provide insights into the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) that underlies these tumors, effects of methidathion in the male mouse liver were examined after 7 and 28 day exposures and compared to those of two other OPs that either do not increase (fenthion) or possibly suppress liver cancer (parathion) in mice. None of the chemicals caused increases in liver weight/body weight or histopathological changes in the liver. Parathion decreased liver cell proliferation after 7 and 28 days while the other chemicals had no effects. There was no evidence for hepatotoxicity in any of the treatment groups. Full-genome microarray analysis of the livers from the 7 and 28 day treatments demonstrated that methidathion and fenthion regulated a large number of overlapping genes, while parathion regulated a unique set of genes. Examination of cytochrome P450 enzyme activities and use of predictive gene expression biomarkers found no consistent evidence for activation of AhR, CAR, PXR, or PPARα. Parathion suppressed the male-specific gene expression pattern through STAT5b, similar to genetic and dietary conditions that decrease liver tumor incidence in mice. Overall, these findings indicate that methidathion causes liver cancer by a mechanism that does not involve common mechanisms of liver cancer induction.
Topics: Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Constitutive Androstane Receptor; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Fenthion; Gene Expression Profiling; Genomics; Insecticides; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; PPAR alpha; Parathion; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; STAT5 Transcription Factor; Transcriptome
PubMed: 34813904
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153046 -
Acute and Critical Care Nov 2022Extracorporeal removal of organophosphate from blood has been proposed, but the efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion has not been established. We report a case of...
Extracorporeal removal of organophosphate from blood has been proposed, but the efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion has not been established. We report a case of organophosphate poisoning in which continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was applied with conventional indications and was found to increase plasma cholinesterase levels by hemodiafiltration. A 73-year-old male was found unconscious at home and was brought to the emergency department by ambulance. An empty bottle of Supracide insecticide, of which the active ingredient is methidathion, was found beside him. CRRT was initiated because he showed signs of oliguria and acidosis with an unstable hemodynamic condition. Although his condition improved temporarily after CRRT initiation, it subsequently deteriorated, and he died despite maximal supportive effort. His prefilter plasma cholinesterase levels remained at <200 U/L for 3 days, while his postfilter levels were 358 U/L 1 hour after CRRT initiation and they were 689 U/L 18 hours later. Our case suggests that CRRT might play a role in treating organophosphate poisoning by possibly eliminating organophosphate.
PubMed: 34510883
DOI: 10.4266/acc.2021.00780