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Mycopathologia Feb 2017Dermatophytes evolve along with the geography and socioeconomic conditions. Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum audouinii and Trichophyton schoenleinii acted as the... (Review)
Review
Dermatophytes evolve along with the geography and socioeconomic conditions. Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum audouinii and Trichophyton schoenleinii acted as the major pathogens of superficial fungal diseases 100 years ago, but their frequency decreased dramatically since the middle of the twentieth century and they are limited to some less-developed countries nowadays; meanwhile, frequency of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton tonsurans and Microsporum canis increased gradually, and these fungi have become the major species globally. Some other dermatophytes, i.e., Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum ferrugineum, are mainly endemic in some parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. At present, T. rubrum is the leading pathogen for skin and nail fungal infections, whereas M. canis, T. tonsurans and T. violaceum present as the predominant dermatophytes involved in tinea capitis. Population mobility, changes in human lifestyle and advents of antifungal drugs will continually drive the dermatophyte evolution in the skin microenvironment. Comprehensive observation is needed to better understand this kind of organisms and prospect the trends of their changes in future.
Topics: Dermatomycoses; Epidermophyton; Humans; Microsporum; Prevalence; Trichophyton
PubMed: 27783316
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0082-8 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Oct 2016The identification of species in the Arthroderma otae complex is essential to determine the origin of infection and to eliminate the risk of transmission. Microsporum...
OBJECTIVES
The identification of species in the Arthroderma otae complex is essential to determine the origin of infection and to eliminate the risk of transmission. Microsporum canis is a zoophilic species, whereas Microsporum audouinii and Microsporum ferrugineum are anthropophilic species. In this paper, we propose alternative methods that permit species-specific identification of both anthropophilic and zoophilic members of the A. otae complex METHODS: Two PCR assays were designed based on differences in the DNA fragment encoding β-tubulin and were applied in both traditional and real-time PCR using DNA isolated by rapid method from culture.
RESULT
The two assays presented in this study enable the identification of M. canis and M. audouinii/M. ferrugineum with 100% sensitivity and specificity by both traditional and real-time PCR.
CONCLUSION
We developed a new diagnostic assay using specific primers and both traditional and real-time PCR reactions that can be applied in routine laboratory praxis as well as in epidemiological studies to detect M. canis and M. audouinii/M. ferrugineum DNA from a pure culture.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Humans; Microsporum; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Species Specificity
PubMed: 27306227
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13681 -
Medical Mycology Apr 2015Intra- and interspecies variations of the translation elongation factor 1-α (Tef-1α) gene were evaluated as a new identification marker in a wide range of...
Intra- and interspecies variations of the translation elongation factor 1-α (Tef-1α) gene were evaluated as a new identification marker in a wide range of dermatophytes, which included 167 strains of 30 species. An optimized pan-dermatophyte primer pair was designed, and the target was sequenced. Consensus sequences were used for multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis and the levels of intra- and interspecific nucleotide polymorphism were assessed. Between species, the analyzed part of the Tef-1α gene varied in length from 709 to 769 nucleotides. Significant numbers of species including Trichophyton rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. schoenleinii, T. concentricum, T. violaceum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum ferrugineum, M. canis, M. audouinii, T. equinum, T. eriotrephon, and T. erinacei were invariant in Tef-1α and had sufficient barcoding distance with neighboring species. Although overall consistency was found between ITS phylogeny as the current molecular marker of dermatophytes and Tef-1α, a higher discriminatory power of Tef-1α appeared particularly useful in some clades of closely related species such as the A. vanbreuseghemii, T. rubrum, A. benhamiae, and A. otae complexes. Nevertheless, we stress that a single gene can not specify species borderlines among dermatophytes and multiple lines of evidence based on a multilocus inquiry may ascertain an incontrovertible evaluation of kinship.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Fungal; Genetic Variation; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptide Elongation Factor 1; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 25550390
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu088 -
Journal of Huazhong University of... Dec 2013In this study, we used traditional morphological and molecular identification methods to preliminarily identify two strains of dermatophytes. The two strains were...
In this study, we used traditional morphological and molecular identification methods to preliminarily identify two strains of dermatophytes. The two strains were observed under the microscope. And then the dermatophytes were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA). The 18S rRNA regions of the two dermatophyte strains were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PCR products were sequenced and compared with GenBank data. BLAST tools and DNAMAN software were used to analyze the sequences. To further determine highly homologous sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method. The two strains of dermatophytes were identified by traditional morphological identification as Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum ferrugineum. The 18S rRNA sequence analyses showed high similarities to Cladosporium cladosporioides isolate C115LM-UFPR and Ascomycete sp. LB68A1A2. Epidermophyton and Cladosporium belong to dermatophyte, while Microsporum ferrugineum and Ascomycete belong to microsporum. The two novel strains of dermatophytes were therefore identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides isolate C115LM-UFPR (JN650537, Cladosporium) and Ascomycete sp. LB68A1A2 (AY770409, Ascomycete sp).
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Humans; Hyphae; RNA, Fungal; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Skin
PubMed: 24337859
DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1222-8 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Jan 2012Microsporum ferrugineum, an uncommon causative agent of dermatophytosis, has restricted endemicity. Iranian strains suspected to be M. ferrugineum from two patients with...
Microsporum ferrugineum, an uncommon causative agent of dermatophytosis, has restricted endemicity. Iranian strains suspected to be M. ferrugineum from two patients with tinea were analysed using the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the partial β-tubulin (BT2) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) genes. Strains were compared to reference strains to differentiate M. ferrugineum from its relatives Microsporum canis and Microsporum audouinii. Inter-species differences for TEF1 and BT2 were found to be higher than for the ITS region, which is the current molecular standard for species identification in dermatophytes. Intra-species variation was zero for each of the markers. In silico analysis showed that the restriction enzymes BanI and BshNI were together sufficient to differentiate the three species based on TEF1, whereas a two-step digestion was needed with BT2 or the ITS region. The prevalence of M. ferrugineum in clinical samples in Iran appeared to be higher than suspected on the basis of routine phenotypic identification.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Iran; Microsporum; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycological Typing Techniques; Peptide Elongation Factor 1; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Prevalence; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Tinea; Tubulin
PubMed: 21903828
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.036541-0 -
Prilozi 2010A total of 1742 clinically suspected samples was examined for the incidence and distribution of dermatophytes in the Republic of Macedonia from June 2007 to Jan. 2009....
A total of 1742 clinically suspected samples was examined for the incidence and distribution of dermatophytes in the Republic of Macedonia from June 2007 to Jan. 2009. 600 dermatophytes were isolated and identified. In the studied period 9 different dermatophyte species were isolated, namely Trichophyton rubrum (48.83%), Microsporum canis (20%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (16.83%), Epidermophyton floccosum (4.17%), Trichophyton verrucosum (3.83%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (3%), Trichophyton violaceum (1.67%), Microsporum ferrugineum (1%) and Microsporum gypseum (0.67%). The anthropophilic dermatophytic species are predominant. Tinea unguium (onychomycosis) (37.50%) is the most frequently diagnosed dermatophytosis followed by tinea pedis (19.17%), tinea corporis (15.33) and tinea capitis (15.17%). Furthermore there is an increased number of Microsporum canis isolates in tinea capitis patients. Microsporum canis infection of the scalp remains a serious epidemiological problem in R. Macedonia.
Topics: Dermatomycoses; Foot Dermatoses; Humans; Incidence; Republic of North Macedonia; Scalp Dermatoses
PubMed: 20693949
DOI: No ID Found -
Mycopathologia Jun 2009This is the first case of Microsporum ferrugineum isolated from a Tunisian patient. A 60-year-old man was admitted for tinea sycosis associated with circinate herpes of...
This is the first case of Microsporum ferrugineum isolated from a Tunisian patient. A 60-year-old man was admitted for tinea sycosis associated with circinate herpes of the hand. Examination disclosed diffuse erythematic and perifollicular papules and pustules in the beard area. Typical ringworm vesiculo-pustular lesions involved skin of the hand. Isolates were identified as Microsporum sp on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic colony characteristics. The diagnosis of M. ferrugineum was confirmed by PCR sequencing of Chitin Synthase1 gene. The patient was treated successfully with Griseofulvin, which was administered for 4 weeks.
Topics: Folliculitis; Griseofulvin; Humans; Male; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Tinea; Treatment Outcome; Tunisia
PubMed: 19184525
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9183-y -
Medical Mycology Aug 2008Tinea capitis is a common dermatophyte infection of the scalp of children in Western China, with the gray-patch from being the most prevalent. Twenty years ago, the most...
Tinea capitis is a common dermatophyte infection of the scalp of children in Western China, with the gray-patch from being the most prevalent. Twenty years ago, the most widespread etiologic agent was reported to be Trichophyton violaceum, which was later succeeded by Microsporum ferrugineum and Trichophyton schoenleinii. In the framework of our recent study, 97 isolates were collected from patients with clinically suspected tinea capitis. Identification was performed by conventional methods and by sequencing the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region. In the case of T. violaceum an additional microsatellite primer set (T1) was used. Five species (in order of frequency, Trichophyton violaceum, T. schoenleinii, Microsporum ferrugineum, zoophilic strains of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii, and Trichophyton tonsurans) were identified. Results of molecular and phenotypic ID of the same strains showed good correspondence. Comparison with earlier data showed that dermatophytes species in former rural societies must have migrated extremely slowly. Preponderance of local transmission from domesticated animals was proven by the occurrence of zoophilic strains of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii. Etiologic agents in the rural communities of Western China tend to be different from those of the other regions in the country, despite modern communication and traffic.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Child; China; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Humans; Phylogeny; Rural Population; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 18608883
DOI: 10.1080/13693780701883730 -
Mycoses Jul 2008Tinea capitis is the most common superficial mycosis in children of school age. Although it is of public health importance, it is not a reportable or notifiable disease;...
Tinea capitis is the most common superficial mycosis in children of school age. Although it is of public health importance, it is not a reportable or notifiable disease; therefore, actual prevalence figures are unknown in many endemic areas. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of tinea capitis among primary school children in two states in central Nigeria, highlighting the main aetiological agents of the infection and possible predisposing factors. A total of 28 505 primary school children aged between 3 and 16 years were recruited for the study, from 12 primary schools in two local government areas of Benue and Plateau States of Nigeria. Of them, 796 had lesions, which were clinically suggestive of tinea capitis out of which 248 (31.2%) were confirmed positive by microscopy and culture. Tinea capitis was more frequent in males, 194 (78.2%) than in females, 54 (21.8%). Children aged 10-14 years, followed by 5-9 years were predominantly infected, with 106 (42.7%) and 100 (40.3%) respectively. There was a significant correlation between age group and occurrence of tinea capitis in the study population at 95% confidence level (P = 0.004). Tinea capitis was significantly more frequent in Jos State (44.6%) than in Gboko State (23.2%) (t = .659; 95% confidence level). The prevalence of tinea capitis was influenced by social and cultural habits of the areas rather than by population density. The aetiological agent of tinea capitis in the study population was Trichophyton soudanense, 76 (30.6%), followed by Microsporum ferrugineum, 19 (7.7%) and Microsporum audouinii, 19 (7.7%). Differences in aetiology were observed for Gboko and Jos, except for T. soudanense, which predominated in both areas. The high prevalence of tinea capitis in the areas studied may be attributed to frequent interaction with soil and animals and low level of health education on personal and environmental hygiene. Aetiological agents varied from one geographical area to another.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Microsporum; Nigeria; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 18422924
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01476.x -
Mycopathologia Oct 2007A total of 4,287 primary school children, comprising 1,740 males and 2,547 females in Arochukwu local government area of Abia state Nigeria were examined for clinical...
A total of 4,287 primary school children, comprising 1,740 males and 2,547 females in Arochukwu local government area of Abia state Nigeria were examined for clinical signs of dermatophytoses. About 873 (20.4%), consisting of 505 males and 368 females had lesions consistent with dermatophytoses. The disease was more prevalent in males (29%) than females (14.4%) in a ratio of approximately 2:1 (P < 0.05). The infection rate increased from 16.8% in the 4-6 year age group to a peak of 28.1% in the 10-12 year age bracket and dropped sharply to 5.6% in the 16-18 year group. The highest prevalence (39%) was observed among males aged 10-12 years while females 16-18 years had the lowest prevalence (2.5%). Tinea capitis was the predominant clinical type of dermatophytoses, and occurred in 13.7% of the total population studied and 67% of lesion positive cases. Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton tonsurans the predominant aetiological agents of dermatophytoses with a prevalence of 26.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Others include Trichophyton mentagrophytes (18.8%), Epidermophyton floccosum (8.3%), Microsporum audouinii (6.4%), Microsporum gypseum (6.0%), Trichophyton rubrum (5.5%) and Microsporum ferrugineum (7.3%), which was isolated for the first time in Nigeria.
Topics: Adolescent; Africa; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatomycoses; Female; Geography; Humans; Male; Mitosporic Fungi; Nigeria; Prevalence; Review Literature as Topic; Rural Population; Sex Distribution; Temperature
PubMed: 17657581
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9038-3