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Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde May 2024Currently, there is a nationwide outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. M. pneumoniae is a bacterium that can cause atypical pneumonia, especially in children and...
Currently, there is a nationwide outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. M. pneumoniae is a bacterium that can cause atypical pneumonia, especially in children and young adults, and does not respond to the standard antibiotics prescribed for pneumonia. In addition, the bacterium regularly causes extra-pulmonary symptoms. In our hospitals, we have admitted 100 patients (including 20 children) with M. pneumoniae since the fall of 2023, many of which were young and had severe clinical symptoms. It is important to recognize the clinical picture to start effective antibiotic treatment. In this clinical lesson, we will provide two examples of recently admitted patients and discuss the characteristics of all inpatients who have presented to our hospitals during this epidemic. Finally, we pay attention to antibiotic policy and antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Humans; Netherlands; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Child; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Disease Outbreaks; Male; Female; Adult
PubMed: 38888406
DOI: No ID Found -
Avian Diseases Jun 2024Manufacturers of (MG) modified live vaccines usually recommend a single application at 8 wk of age. This makes 12-16-wk-old layer pullets suitable for challenge studies...
Manufacturers of (MG) modified live vaccines usually recommend a single application at 8 wk of age. This makes 12-16-wk-old layer pullets suitable for challenge studies intended to evaluate these vaccines. Numerous challenge models in different poultry species and ages have been reported. However, there is not an established layer pullet challenge model for this age. The aim of this study is to develop a suitable challenge model in 12-wk-old layer pullets. MG R strain was used as the challenge strain, and its ability to induce clinical signs and lesions in 12-wk-old Hy-Line W-36 layer pullets was evaluated. Three different doses (low, 7.95 × 10 color-changing units [CCU]/bird; medium, 7.95 × 10 CCU/bird; and high, 7.95 × 10 CCU/bird) via three different routes (eye drop, fine spray, and contact infection) were compared and evaluated using different parameters. At 14 days post-challenge, there were no mortalities in any of the groups throughout the study. Layer pullets directly challenged with the high dose via the fine spray route showed the clearest and most consistent results (clinical signs, positive quantitative real-time PCR [qPCR], seroconversion, air sac scoring, and histopathological changes of the tracheal mucosa). Medium and low challenge doses applied via fine spray or eye drop did not show consistent results. R strain was able to spread to the contact infection birds, as confirmed by the positive qPCR results; however, none of the contact-infected birds showed any clinical signs or gross or microscopic lesions. Our results suggest that a high dose (7.95 × 10 CCU/bird) administered through a fine spray route is the model of choice in any future MG vaccine evaluation trials in 12-wk-old layer pullets.
Topics: Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Animals; Poultry Diseases; Mycoplasma Infections; Chickens; Bacterial Vaccines; Female
PubMed: 38885057
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00045 -
Clinical Laboratory Jun 2024The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of the common spectrum of pathogen and the resistance of Mycoplasma in Sialidase-positive bacterial...
BACKGROUND
The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of the common spectrum of pathogen and the resistance of Mycoplasma in Sialidase-positive bacterial vaginosis.
METHODS
The vaginal secretion specimens collected from August 2018 to October 2018 for the analysis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) were subjected to various techniques. These included routine leukorrhea examination, bacterial vaginosis sialidase testing, routine culture for common pathogens, mass spectrometry identification, and Mycoplasma resistance testing.
RESULTS
A total of 238 patients with BV were identified. The cleanliness grading was mostly clean (+) and clean (2+), accounting for 38.24% and 30.67%, respectively. The bacterial vaginosis test for vaginal secretions showed leukocyte esterase positivity in 220 cases, resulting in a positivity rate of 92.44%. The spectrum of routine culture was analyzed and divided into four groups: A, B, C, and D. Group A consisted of Candidal vaginitis (13.45%); group B consisted of Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis (32.77%); group C consisted of gram-negative bacillus vaginitis (46.22%); and group D consisted of Streptococcus agalactiae vaginitis (7.56%). The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results for Mycoplasma showed a high detection rate of BV, with a positivity rate of 86.13%. There was a high sensitivity to tetracyclines for Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis, but a high resistance to macrolides and quinolones.
CONCLUSIONS
Bacterial vaginosis existed in various complex forms, including Candida, Gardnerella vaginalis, Gram-negative bacillus, and Streptococcus agalactiae types. Moreover, there was an increasing trend of multi-drug resistance in Mycoplasma hominis. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to this condition and make accurate judgments based on the etiological characteristics and common antimicrobial susceptibility tests. This will enable the implementation of effective therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Neuraminidase; Mycoplasma; Adult; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Vagina; Young Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycoplasma Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Adolescent
PubMed: 38868882
DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2024.230826 -
Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi =... Jun 2024Over the past two to three decades, the emergence and re-emergence of new infectious diseases, advances in molecular detection techniques of pathogens, antibiotic...
Over the past two to three decades, the emergence and re-emergence of new infectious diseases, advances in molecular detection techniques of pathogens, antibiotic resistance, changes in population lifestyle and immune status (including vaccination), and other factors have led to new evolutions in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). (1) Although remains a common pathogen of CAP, it is no longer the leading cause in China and the United States. According to the results of 2 multicenter studies in China in the early 21st century, accounted for 10.3% and 12.0% of adult CAP pathogens, respectively, ranking second. A study on key pathogens of adult CAP in nine cities in mainland China from 2014 to 2019 using real-time quantitative PCR and conventional culture on respiratory and blood specimens showed an overall prevalence of of 7.43%, ranking sixth. However, its ranking varied from third to seventh among the nine cities. (2) Challenges and concerns about viruses have increased. National surveillance of acute respiratory tract infections and epidemiology in China from 2009 to 2019 indicated that the positivity rates for viral infections in adult pneumonia was 20.5%. These rates were similar to the results of the CDC's CAP pathogen study in the United States, although the rankings were different (viruses ranked second in China and first in the United States). Over the past 20 years, the emergence of new viral respiratory infections caused by mutant strains or zoonotic strains has significantly increased the challenges and threats posed by viral respiratory infections. (3) The role of () in adult CAP and the need for routine empirical antibiotic coverage are controversial. In addition to the influence of epidemic cycles, the prevalence of is influenced by factors such as age, season, study design, and detection methods, and geographical distribution is also an important influencing factor. Although ranks first among CAP pathogens in mainland China (11.05%), there are significant regional differences. In Beijing, Xi'an, and Changchun ranks first, while in Harbin, Nanjing, and Fuzhou it ranks second to sixth. In Wuhan, Shenzhen, and Chengdu ranks after the tenth position. Available evidence supports the notion that routine coverage of is not necessary for empirical treatment of CAP, except in severe cases. In regions with a high prevalence of , the decision to cover atypical pathogens in patients with mild to moderate CAP should be based on local data and individualized. (4) CAP caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), has become a concern. According to a systematic review of Chinese literature, accounted for 8.12% of adult CAP patients, ranking fifth, and accounted for 4.7% (ninth). The China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS) reported an average resistance rate of 27.7% for to third-generation cephalosporins and a resistance rate of 10.0% to carbapenems in 2021. The average resistance rate of to carbapenems was 16.6%. Early empirical treatment should consider predicting the resistance profile using a "locally validated risk factor" scoring system. (5) Co-infections are common but under-reported. The development of non-culture detection techniques over the past 40 years has significantly increased the detection rate of respiratory pathogens, especially viruses, leading to an increasing number of reports of bacterial-viral co-infections in CAP. It has been reported that co-infections account for 39% of severe CAP cases on ventilators in the ICU. Currently, there is inconsistency and confusion regarding the definition and concept of co-infection, the choice of detection techniques, and the differentiation between co-detection and co-infection. Many reports of co-infections in COVID-19 lacked pathogenic evidence, and some even listed "effective antibiotic treatment" as one of the diagnostic criteria for viral-bacterial co-infections, suggesting to some extent an overuse of antibiotics in COVID-19. Due to the diverse etiological spectrum of CAP between regions in the recent years, it is challenging to develop unified guidelines for the management of CAP in large countries. This article provides recommendations for the development of local guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of CAP.
Topics: Humans; Community-Acquired Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Adult; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Coinfection; China; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38858211
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20231024-00264 -
Tropical Biomedicine Mar 2024In tropical regions, numerous tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) play a crucial role as causative agents of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Recently, the population...
In tropical regions, numerous tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) play a crucial role as causative agents of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Recently, the population of companion and pet dogs has significantly increased in Vietnam; however, information on the occurrence of TBPs is still limited. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the occurrence rate, risk factors, and phylogenetic characteristics of TBPs in dogs from northern Vietnam. Of 341 blood samples tested by PCR, the total infection of TBPs was 73.9% (252/341). Babesia vogeli (18SrRNA gene - 30.5%) was detected most frequently in studied dogs followed by Rickettsia spp. (OmpA gene - 27%), Anaplasma platys (groEL gene - 22%), Bartonella spp. (16SrRNA - 18.8%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (16SrRNA - 9.4%) and Hepatozoon canis (18SrRNA gene - 1.2%), respectively. All samples were negative for Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophylum. Co-infection was detected in 31.4% of the samples (107/341) of which, A. platys/Bartonella spp. (34/94,10%), Rickettsia spp./B. vogeli (19/94, 5.6%), and M. haemocanis/B. vogeli (19/94, 5.6%) were recorded as the three most frequent two species of co-infection types. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between TBP infection and several host variables regarding age, breed, and living area in the current study. The recent findings reported herein, for the first time in Vietnam, are essential for local veterinarians when considering the appropriate approaches for diagnosing these diseases. Furthermore, this data can be used to establish control measures for future surveillance and prevention strategies against canine TBPs in Vietnam.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Vietnam; Dog Diseases; Risk Factors; Phylogeny; Tick-Borne Diseases; Anaplasma; Babesia; Male; Female; Rickettsia; Bartonella; Mycoplasma; Coinfection
PubMed: 38852134
DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.1.007 -
BMC Microbiology Jun 2024Hemotropic Mycoplasma species (hemoplasmas) cause hemolytic anemia in cats worldwide and are recognized as emerging zoonotic pathogens. There is no comprehensive study...
BACKGROUND
Hemotropic Mycoplasma species (hemoplasmas) cause hemolytic anemia in cats worldwide and are recognized as emerging zoonotic pathogens. There is no comprehensive study on the prevalence and species diversity of hemoplasmas in domestic cat populations in different regions in Iran. Thus, the aims of the present study were to provide data on the prevalence and molecular characterization of hemotropic Mycoplasma species in apparently healthy cats from six Iranian provinces with different climates. In addition, potential risk factors associated with hemoplasmosis in cats were assessed.
RESULTS
Mycoplasma spp. DNA was detected in the blood of 56 / 361 cats (15.5%) using genus-specific PCR. Further examinations with species-specific PCR and Sanger sequencing showed that 38 cats (10.5%) tested positive for Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (CMhm), 8 cats (2.2%) tested positive for Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), and 2 cats (0.6%) tested positive for Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis (CMt). Co-infection with CMhm, and Mhf was observed in 7 cats (1.9%). One cat (0.3%) showed mixed infection with CMhm, Mhf, and CMt. There were statistically significant relationships between Mycoplasma positivity and being female, living in shelter (cattery), and being over 3 years old (P < 0.05). No significant association was observed for the cat breed and sampling localities.
CONCLUSIONS
Current study findings revealed that hemoplasma infections are common among Iran cat populations. Considering the impact of such emerging zoonotic pathogens on the One Health, routine screenings, increasing public awareness, effective control, and prophylactic strategies for minimizing infection in cats and subsequently in human are strongly recommended.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Iran; Mycoplasma Infections; Cat Diseases; Mycoplasma; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Female; Male; DNA, Bacterial; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Risk Factors; Coinfection
PubMed: 38849724
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03356-8 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jun 2024The impact of chickens on maintaining the economy and livelihood of rural communities cannot be overemphasized. In recent years, mycoplasmosis has become one of the...
BACKGROUND
The impact of chickens on maintaining the economy and livelihood of rural communities cannot be overemphasized. In recent years, mycoplasmosis has become one of the diseases that affect the success of South African chicken production. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are the most prevalent strains of Mycoplasma in South Africa. MG and MS are significant respiratory pathogens affecting the productivity of chickens. The present study aimed to molecularly detect using qPCR and characterize the presence of MG and MS using phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis was utilized to clarify general evolutionary relationships between related taxa of different MG and MS observed in tracheal swabs from South African chicken breeds.
METHODS
Forty-five tracheal swabs of the Lohmann Brown (n = 9), Rhode Island Red (n = 9), Ovambo (n = 9), Venda (n = 9), and Potchefstroom Koekoek (n = 9) breeds were collected from symptomatic chickens present in the commercial farm. To detect MG and MS, DNA was extracted from tracheal swabs and faecal samples, and qPCR was performed with a 16 s rRNA (310 bp) and vlhA (400 bp) gene fragment. Following the sequencing of all the amplicons, MG, and MS dendrograms showing the evolutionary relationships among the five South African chicken breeds and the GeneBank reference population were constructed.
RESULTS
The qPCR revealed the presence of MG and MS in 22% (2/9) of the tracheal swab samples tested for MS only in Rhode Island Red breeds; 66.6% (6/9) and 33% (3/9) of the tested samples in Ovambo breeds; and 11.1% (1/9) and 44.4% (4/9) of the tested samples in Venda breeds. No MG or MS were detected in the Lohmann Brown or Potchefstroom Koekoek breed. Furthermore, qPCR revealed the presence of MG in pooled faecal samples from Lohmann Brown and Ovambo breeds. Eight different bacterial isolates were recognized from both samples. Four isolates were of the 16 s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene (named PT/MG51/ck/00, PT/MG48/ck/00, PT/MG41/ck/00 and PT/MG71/ck/00) gene of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and the other was Mycoplasma Synoviae variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A (vlhA) gene (named PT/MSA22/ck/01, PT/MS41/ck/01, PT/MS74/ck/01 and PT/MS46/ck/01) which were available in GenBank. These isolates were successfully sequenced with 95-100% similarity to the isolates from the gene bank.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed the presence of both MG and MS in the chicken breeds sampled. Furthermore, the different breeds of chicken were found to be susceptible to infection under the intensive or commercial management system. Therefore, continuous surveillance is encouraged to prevent the spread and outbreak of MG and MS in the poultry industry in South Africa.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; South Africa; Mycoplasma Infections; Poultry Diseases; Mycoplasma synoviae; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Phylogeny; Trachea; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; DNA, Bacterial; Feces
PubMed: 38840040
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09437-3 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024The present study aimed to investigate endothelial glycocalyx (eGCx) damage in cats with feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis using selected...
The present study aimed to investigate endothelial glycocalyx (eGCx) damage in cats with feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis using selected biomarkers and to determine the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these biomarkers. The study included 25 cats with feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis and 10 healthy cats. Clinical examination, blood gas analysis, complete blood count, and biochemical analysis were performed. Hemotropic mycoplasmosis diagnosed by microscopic examination and molecularly confirmed by PCR targeting the Mycoplasma haemofelis 16s rRNA gene. To evaluate endothelial glycocalyx damage, syndecan-1, endothelin-1 (ET-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) concentrations were measured using cat-specific commercial ELISA kits. Of the cats with feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis, 14 (56%) survived and 11 (44%) died. While syndecan-1 and ET-1 concentrations were significantly higher in cats with hemotropic mycoplasmosis compared to the control group (p < 0.001), no statistically significant difference was found for ADMA and VEGF-A concentrations (p > 0.05). Endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers showed significant correlations with each other and with hematological parameters (p < 0.01). The results of the ROC analysis showed that ET-1 with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.821 (p < 0.01) and VEGF-A with AUC of 0.805 (p < 0.010) were found to be significant prognostic indicators. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that serum syndecan-1 and ET-1 can be used as diagnostic and serum ET-1 and VEGF-A as prognostic biomarkers in cats with hemotropic mycoplasmosis. Our results indicate the development of eGCx damage in feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis and suggest that glycocalyx disruption may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Glycocalyx; Biomarkers; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Cat Diseases; Mycoplasma; Male; Female; Mycoplasma Infections; Endothelin-1; Syndecan-1; Arginine
PubMed: 38839816
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62359-7 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024The recommended first-line treatment for Mycoplasma genitalium infections is azithromycin. However, the prevalence of macrolide resistance for M. genitalium has...
The recommended first-line treatment for Mycoplasma genitalium infections is azithromycin. However, the prevalence of macrolide resistance for M. genitalium has increased to more than 50% worldwide. In 2013, Australia introduced a resistance-guided therapy (RGT) strategy to manage M. genitalium infections. This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of the RGT approach compared to no RGT (i.e., without macrolide resistance profile test) in women, men who have sex with men (MSM), and men who have sex with women (MSW) in Australia. We constructed dynamic transmission models of M. genitalium infections in women, MSM, and MSW in Australia, each with a population of 100,000. These models compared the costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained between RGT and no RGT scenarios from a healthcare perspective over ten years. All costs are reported in 2022 Australian dollars (Australian $). In our model, RGT is cost saving in women and MSM, with the incremental net monetary benefit of $1.3 million and $17.9 million, respectively. In MSW, the RGT approach is not cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of -$106.96 per QALY gained. RGT is cost saving compared to no RGT for M. genitalium infections in women and MSM, supporting its adoption as the national management strategy for these two population groups.
Topics: Mycoplasma genitalium; Humans; Australia; Mycoplasma Infections; Female; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Male; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Azithromycin; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Adult; Macrolides
PubMed: 38834637
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63056-1 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health Jul 2024Current clinical care for common bacterial STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG)) involves empiric antimicrobial...
BACKGROUND
Current clinical care for common bacterial STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG)) involves empiric antimicrobial therapy when clients are symptomatic, or if asymptomatic, waiting for laboratory testing and recall if indicated. Near-to-patient testing (NPT) can improve pathogen-specific prescribing and reduce unnecessary or inappropriate antibiotic use in treating sexually transmitted infections (STI) by providing same-day delivery of results and treatment.
METHODS
We compared the economic cost of NPT to current clinic practice for managing clients with suspected proctitis, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), or as an STI contact, from a health provider's perspective. With a microsimulation of 1000 clients, we calculated the cost per client tested and per STI- and pathogen- detected for each testing strategy. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the main outcomes. Costs are reported as Australian dollars (2023).
RESULTS
In the standard care arm, cost per client tested for proctitis, NGU in men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexual men were the highest at $247.96 (95% Prediction Interval (PI): 246.77-249.15), $204.23 (95% PI: 202.70-205.75) and $195.01 (95% PI: 193.81-196.21) respectively. Comparatively, in the NPT arm, it costs $162.36 (95% PI: 161.43-163.28), $158.39 (95% PI: 157.62-159.15) and $149.17 (95% PI: 148.62-149.73), respectively. Using NPT resulted in cost savings of 34.52%, 22.45% and 23.51%, respectively. Among all the testing strategies, substantial difference in cost per client tested between the standard care arm and the NPT arm was observed for contacts of CT or NG, varying from 27.37% to 35.28%.
CONCLUSION
We found that NPT is cost-saving compared with standard clinical care for individuals with STI symptoms and sexual contacts of CT, NG, and MG.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Gonorrhea; Australia; Adult; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mass Screening; Mycoplasma Infections; Urethritis
PubMed: 38824739
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.05.004